关于黑龙江省西北部朝鲜族农村历史的民族学考察
摘要
本论文是对黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市的朝鲜族村落的开拓与建设历史的民族学考察。亦是以1950年代为起点,经过改革开放到现在,村民对朝鲜族村落进行开拓和建设的经验总结和记录,是村民所经历的历史。
以前,包括朝鲜族村民的基层民众无法记录自己的历史或对历史的看法。原因在于：首先,他们不具备进行记录的文化素质,在为了生计而奔波的同时,只是将亲历的历史作为记忆来。其次也是最重要的原因,以往以文献为主的历史叙述中,基层民众都被排除在外,他们的认识被忽视。
随着研究方法越来越丰富,人们对历史的认识也不断加深,民众的历史和认识渐渐浮出水面。随着分散的个人历史和事迹出现在公众领域,个人记忆逐渐转变成公众领域的公众回忆。
本研究是按照口述史研究方法进行的。作为一种研究方法,口述史在以前很长时间内没有受到重视,仅仅被当作对事实的补充。本论文中,以口述史资料为依托,更注重口述者的个人记忆。
口述史研究出现后,经历了学界对它的质疑——反驳——讨论——验证——定论这一过程。目前,学界已经对其意义做出了充分肯定,并应用于在了人文和社科诸多领域的研究。笔者就是基于这样的研究方法,对村民的回忆和个人历史、村落历史进行整理,更进一步地分析他们所理解的历史究竟是什么。
此前,学界对朝鲜族的研究,大多局限于于移民和政策变化。以时间为序,以村落为单位进行现象整理和解释的研究占大多数。笔者所关注的不仅是纵向部分,还包括对朝鲜族的横向研究。要对实际存在的民族状况进行细分。笔者力图将历史事件的过程与它所依存的空间因素结合并进行分析,得出科学的结论。
本论文的具体研究对象是位于齐齐哈尔的两个1950年代开辟的朝鲜族村落——明光村和鲜明村。对两个村落历史的分析,解决了笔者两方面的疑问：一是朝鲜族是如何进行奋斗和开拓,才在中国扎下如此深厚的民族根基；二是朝鲜族如何融入中国主流社会。这两个认识可以帮助当今的朝鲜族克服危机。
1950年代,是朝鲜族作为一个完整的民族共同体的形成时问,也是它作为少数民族巩固自身的合法地位的时期。对这一时期的朝鲜族历史进行关注,能够学界的空白,对理解朝鲜族历史的起点有着非常重要的意义。
现在分别位于齐齐哈尔龙沙区和梅里斯区的明星村和鲜明村是从1950年代开始正式开拓的村落,直到今天也依然是100%的朝鲜族民族村。同东北的其他朝鲜族聚居区一样,这里从1930年代开始就有朝鲜族移民迁入。但是因为农业环境和人文地理条件的恶化,1930年代至1950年代,朝鲜族不断迁徙,很难真正定居。
朝鲜族开拓明星村和鲜明村并建设家园的过程,是可歌可泣的勤劳奋斗的历史过程。最初当地水利设施不够完善,饱受洪水泛滥之苦。但朝鲜族人没有气馁,而是更加勤劳地进行堤防建设,最终开辟出了附近前所未有宽广的水田。因为农业地理相对优越,此地还被评为齐齐哈尔地区10大强村。
由于对这两个村落的建设就发生在半个多世纪前,事件的亲历人还有很多仍然存活。他们的个人记忆集中到一起,便构成了公众回忆。对那些曾亲历历史的朝鲜族村民进行访谈,构成了本论文口述史研究的扎实基础。现在朝鲜族村落正面临消失的危机,对那段开拓和建设的历史,也越来越少有人知道。笔者试图通过本论文研究,让学界和朝鲜族更加全面具体地认识朝鲜族先民开拓建设自己家园的艰难历程。
This thesis is an ethnological study on the history of Korean-Chinese towns'exploitation and construction in the northwest Heilungkiang. It is not only a document of villagers'exploitation and construction but also of the history that they wrote for themselves from the1950's to the period of reformation and opening.
Until now, the common people including the Korean-Chinese have not been able to get the opportunities to record their own history or express their recognition for themselves. That's because the common people didn't have the cultural abilities to record their own history; their history has remained only in their memories, while they devoted themselves to their occupations to suivive. However, the biggest reason is the repeated mistake that common people's history has been neglected in contents as well as forms under the conditions that villagers have been excluded completely because of historical structure and paradigm.
However, the history of common people and historical consciousness started to appear finally with the help of the reflection on this mistake and with the extensive application of the qualitative approach in methodology. Personal memories and scattered pieces in private areas were moved into public areas in the name of society. After personal memories were converted into public memories, we could classify the past events and previous experiences more systematically and realistically. The power that made it possible was an oral history method, which is one of the qualitative approaches. In the past, an oral history method was ignored totally or used as only a supplementary basis for truth in most cases; but it now makes modern humanities more fertile and colorful as the mainstream method.
My study is based on the oral history method. The village of xianming published'the abridged version of its history', but it was not possible for most Korean-Chinese towns to record their own history. Moreover, it's like a mere drop in the ocean to find these records among common people who spent their entire lives working in the fields. It was the oral history method that overcame all these difficulties.
Now the oral history method surpasses the stage'Problem Objection-Debates-Verification-Establishment'. Its importance is acknowledged widely and it plays various roles in humanities and social fields.
I am trying to extract villagers'memories based on this method, to organize an individual or village history, and to analyze the way they realize historical meanings.
When we begin, I would like to suppose and pose three points.
First, vertical and horizontal examinations which are essential methods in Chinese ethnologic study have to be preceded. Let's apply these methods to the Korean-Chinese. The previous Korean-Chinese study had focused on explaining their movement, their settlement and the Korean-Chinese town but it hasn't attracted much attention with the temporal aspect. However, I found a lot of limits when I considered only vertical aspects in analyzing the diverse ethnic situations in details. To overcome these limits, we need to consider both the temporal aspect and the spatial aspect(horizontal examination) at the same time. After that, we can achieve a more scientific study.
From this point of view, I wanted to pay attention to two Korean-Chinese towns which developed in Qiqihar in the1950's. How did they go through their strife and exploitation? How could the Korean-Chinese take ethnic roots so deeply and play the main role in Chinese society? To find answers will be helpful to overcome the present Korean-Chinese crisis wisely. Therefore, we need to pay attention to the1950's and the2nd period, when they enhanced their legal status as a minority group. This could fill in the empty parts of the study and have an important part in understanding the starting points of the Korean-Chinese history.
Both mingxing villlage and xianming villange which are located in Longsha and MeilisiQu of Qiqihar were newly developed towns in the1950's. mingxing villlage and xianming villange have kept the aspect of the Korean-Chinese ethnic village, but they are in the process of changing for a new era.
As in other areas of northeast China, the Korean-Chinese moved in and settled in northwest Heilong Jiang including Qiqihar, in inner Mongolia(near Nunkiang and Great Khingan), in Liaoning, and in the northwest Jilin prior to1930. However, from the1930's to the1950's, they had to wander and move repeatedly because of poor agricultural conditions and poor human geographic situation. Consequently, they were always ready to move. Any places were acceptable as long as the people had better surroundings to survive and could meet more Korean-Chinese people.
Some pioneers moved to Nen river neighboring Qiqihar. They experienced several floods and confronted serious crises but they started to develop mingxing villlage and xianming villange At that time, they experienced flooding and the overflowing in Nen river almost every year because of few irrigation facilities. However, they never became frustrated and overcame these challenges continuously. They also accepted the neighboring Korean-Chinese people widely and cooperated with them.
Unfortunately, there came a time when they couldn't get a grain to survive due to severe flooding. However, they finally built a strong river bank to stop the flooding after they fought barehanded against poor facilities and cooperated with each other. As a result, they gained an extensive paddy field. This was an event unprecedented in neighboring areas in the case of a single town, so villagers enjoyed wealth and honor as one of the No.10towns in Heilungkiang.
The villagers'memories are in progress now. The memories about its best days begin to stir more strongly at a critical time for this disappearing Korean-Chinese town. If we ignore and overlook this point, their memories will disappear before there is an opportunity to talk to our descendants who are familiar with the modern market economy. The final decision depends on our descendant and on the academic world. If we don't look at those alive in the present and only stick to look back on the remote past, we may be too busy with finding disappeared materials, because the present will soon turn into the faraway past someday.
Public memories of mingxing villlage and xianming villange contain a complete history of exploitation and construction. The process is being reproduced constantly, with the memories of the river bank, flood and a Rag.
以前,包括朝鲜族村民的基层民众无法记录自己的历史或对历史的看法。原因在于：首先,他们不具备进行记录的文化素质,在为了生计而奔波的同时,只是将亲历的历史作为记忆来。其次也是最重要的原因,以往以文献为主的历史叙述中,基层民众都被排除在外,他们的认识被忽视。
随着研究方法越来越丰富,人们对历史的认识也不断加深,民众的历史和认识渐渐浮出水面。随着分散的个人历史和事迹出现在公众领域,个人记忆逐渐转变成公众领域的公众回忆。
本研究是按照口述史研究方法进行的。作为一种研究方法,口述史在以前很长时间内没有受到重视,仅仅被当作对事实的补充。本论文中,以口述史资料为依托,更注重口述者的个人记忆。
口述史研究出现后,经历了学界对它的质疑——反驳——讨论——验证——定论这一过程。目前,学界已经对其意义做出了充分肯定,并应用于在了人文和社科诸多领域的研究。笔者就是基于这样的研究方法,对村民的回忆和个人历史、村落历史进行整理,更进一步地分析他们所理解的历史究竟是什么。
此前,学界对朝鲜族的研究,大多局限于于移民和政策变化。以时间为序,以村落为单位进行现象整理和解释的研究占大多数。笔者所关注的不仅是纵向部分,还包括对朝鲜族的横向研究。要对实际存在的民族状况进行细分。笔者力图将历史事件的过程与它所依存的空间因素结合并进行分析,得出科学的结论。
本论文的具体研究对象是位于齐齐哈尔的两个1950年代开辟的朝鲜族村落——明光村和鲜明村。对两个村落历史的分析,解决了笔者两方面的疑问：一是朝鲜族是如何进行奋斗和开拓,才在中国扎下如此深厚的民族根基；二是朝鲜族如何融入中国主流社会。这两个认识可以帮助当今的朝鲜族克服危机。
1950年代,是朝鲜族作为一个完整的民族共同体的形成时问,也是它作为少数民族巩固自身的合法地位的时期。对这一时期的朝鲜族历史进行关注,能够学界的空白,对理解朝鲜族历史的起点有着非常重要的意义。
现在分别位于齐齐哈尔龙沙区和梅里斯区的明星村和鲜明村是从1950年代开始正式开拓的村落,直到今天也依然是100%的朝鲜族民族村。同东北的其他朝鲜族聚居区一样,这里从1930年代开始就有朝鲜族移民迁入。但是因为农业环境和人文地理条件的恶化,1930年代至1950年代,朝鲜族不断迁徙,很难真正定居。
朝鲜族开拓明星村和鲜明村并建设家园的过程,是可歌可泣的勤劳奋斗的历史过程。最初当地水利设施不够完善,饱受洪水泛滥之苦。但朝鲜族人没有气馁,而是更加勤劳地进行堤防建设,最终开辟出了附近前所未有宽广的水田。因为农业地理相对优越,此地还被评为齐齐哈尔地区10大强村。
由于对这两个村落的建设就发生在半个多世纪前,事件的亲历人还有很多仍然存活。他们的个人记忆集中到一起,便构成了公众回忆。对那些曾亲历历史的朝鲜族村民进行访谈,构成了本论文口述史研究的扎实基础。现在朝鲜族村落正面临消失的危机,对那段开拓和建设的历史,也越来越少有人知道。笔者试图通过本论文研究,让学界和朝鲜族更加全面具体地认识朝鲜族先民开拓建设自己家园的艰难历程。
This thesis is an ethnological study on the history of Korean-Chinese towns'exploitation and construction in the northwest Heilungkiang. It is not only a document of villagers'exploitation and construction but also of the history that they wrote for themselves from the1950's to the period of reformation and opening.
Until now, the common people including the Korean-Chinese have not been able to get the opportunities to record their own history or express their recognition for themselves. That's because the common people didn't have the cultural abilities to record their own history; their history has remained only in their memories, while they devoted themselves to their occupations to suivive. However, the biggest reason is the repeated mistake that common people's history has been neglected in contents as well as forms under the conditions that villagers have been excluded completely because of historical structure and paradigm.
However, the history of common people and historical consciousness started to appear finally with the help of the reflection on this mistake and with the extensive application of the qualitative approach in methodology. Personal memories and scattered pieces in private areas were moved into public areas in the name of society. After personal memories were converted into public memories, we could classify the past events and previous experiences more systematically and realistically. The power that made it possible was an oral history method, which is one of the qualitative approaches. In the past, an oral history method was ignored totally or used as only a supplementary basis for truth in most cases; but it now makes modern humanities more fertile and colorful as the mainstream method.
My study is based on the oral history method. The village of xianming published'the abridged version of its history', but it was not possible for most Korean-Chinese towns to record their own history. Moreover, it's like a mere drop in the ocean to find these records among common people who spent their entire lives working in the fields. It was the oral history method that overcame all these difficulties.
Now the oral history method surpasses the stage'Problem Objection-Debates-Verification-Establishment'. Its importance is acknowledged widely and it plays various roles in humanities and social fields.
I am trying to extract villagers'memories based on this method, to organize an individual or village history, and to analyze the way they realize historical meanings.
When we begin, I would like to suppose and pose three points.
First, vertical and horizontal examinations which are essential methods in Chinese ethnologic study have to be preceded. Let's apply these methods to the Korean-Chinese. The previous Korean-Chinese study had focused on explaining their movement, their settlement and the Korean-Chinese town but it hasn't attracted much attention with the temporal aspect. However, I found a lot of limits when I considered only vertical aspects in analyzing the diverse ethnic situations in details. To overcome these limits, we need to consider both the temporal aspect and the spatial aspect(horizontal examination) at the same time. After that, we can achieve a more scientific study.
From this point of view, I wanted to pay attention to two Korean-Chinese towns which developed in Qiqihar in the1950's. How did they go through their strife and exploitation? How could the Korean-Chinese take ethnic roots so deeply and play the main role in Chinese society? To find answers will be helpful to overcome the present Korean-Chinese crisis wisely. Therefore, we need to pay attention to the1950's and the2nd period, when they enhanced their legal status as a minority group. This could fill in the empty parts of the study and have an important part in understanding the starting points of the Korean-Chinese history.
Both mingxing villlage and xianming villange which are located in Longsha and MeilisiQu of Qiqihar were newly developed towns in the1950's. mingxing villlage and xianming villange have kept the aspect of the Korean-Chinese ethnic village, but they are in the process of changing for a new era.
As in other areas of northeast China, the Korean-Chinese moved in and settled in northwest Heilong Jiang including Qiqihar, in inner Mongolia(near Nunkiang and Great Khingan), in Liaoning, and in the northwest Jilin prior to1930. However, from the1930's to the1950's, they had to wander and move repeatedly because of poor agricultural conditions and poor human geographic situation. Consequently, they were always ready to move. Any places were acceptable as long as the people had better surroundings to survive and could meet more Korean-Chinese people.
Some pioneers moved to Nen river neighboring Qiqihar. They experienced several floods and confronted serious crises but they started to develop mingxing villlage and xianming villange At that time, they experienced flooding and the overflowing in Nen river almost every year because of few irrigation facilities. However, they never became frustrated and overcame these challenges continuously. They also accepted the neighboring Korean-Chinese people widely and cooperated with them.
Unfortunately, there came a time when they couldn't get a grain to survive due to severe flooding. However, they finally built a strong river bank to stop the flooding after they fought barehanded against poor facilities and cooperated with each other. As a result, they gained an extensive paddy field. This was an event unprecedented in neighboring areas in the case of a single town, so villagers enjoyed wealth and honor as one of the No.10towns in Heilungkiang.
The villagers'memories are in progress now. The memories about its best days begin to stir more strongly at a critical time for this disappearing Korean-Chinese town. If we ignore and overlook this point, their memories will disappear before there is an opportunity to talk to our descendants who are familiar with the modern market economy. The final decision depends on our descendant and on the academic world. If we don't look at those alive in the present and only stick to look back on the remote past, we may be too busy with finding disappeared materials, because the present will soon turn into the faraway past someday.
Public memories of mingxing villlage and xianming villange contain a complete history of exploitation and construction. The process is being reproduced constantly, with the memories of the river bank, flood and a Rag.
引文
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38 王树楠等,1982,《奉川通志》卷115,第2595页。)
65 管彦波,2005,<试论东北朝鲜族的稻作>《黑龙江民族丛刊》第二期
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[2].杨圣民,丁宏,2003,《中国民族志》,中央民族大学出版社。
[3].宋蜀华,满都尔图,2004,《中国民族学五十年》,人民出版社。
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