荷电液体雾化的研究与应用
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摘要
本文围绕荷电液体雾化过程进行了系统而深入的理论和试验研究,研究内容包括荷电机理、荷电射流雾化机理、双流体喷嘴雾化特性、液滴电荷衰减规律,液滴破碎,并在此基础上研制开发了高压静电喷洒灭蝗车。本文的研究工作得到了国家发展和改革委员会高新技术产业化项目的资助。
1、系统地研究了荷电机理,研究了电导率、电压、液滴粒径等参数对荷质比的影响。对针电极、环电极诱导电场进行了数值模拟,并以此为依据设计了针—环组合电极,并对电极电场、荷电液滴群空间电荷诱导电场进行了分析,得出了目标物表面感应电荷分布规律。
2、建立了接触式充电的荷电射流雾化试验系统,通过流量特性试验发现,荷电毛细管流量仅与压强有关,与电压无关,并结合双电层模型进行了理论分析。研究了不同流量、电压下的雾化模式,着重分析了锥—射流模式下液体流动特征,分析了电导率、粘度、电压等参数对射流破碎长度的影响。根据静电理论建立了作用在液体上的静电应力张力,从受力平衡角度分析了液锥形状及其影响因素,研究发现流量越高,液锥锥角越小,电极电压越高,液锥锥角越大,并与其他研究者的实验拍摄的图像进行了对比验证。
3、以线性不稳定性理论为基础,根据静电理论、连续性方程以及欧拉运动微分方程建立了小扰动下荷电射流雾化的数学模型,推导了色散方程,为荷电射流雾化的深入研究提供了理论基础。
4、设计了两种新型的双流体喷嘴,1号双流体喷嘴气液直接混合,2号双流体喷嘴先将气体分成多股小径气流,之后再与液体混合。安装了双流体喷嘴雾化试验系统,进行了流量特性、雾化特性试验,考察了高压静电场对液滴粒径、液滴速度分布特性的影响。试验结果显示,气液直接混合的双流体喷嘴具有更宽的流量调节范围,雾化均匀性更好;两种喷嘴外部流场中,轴向速度、径向速度分布规律相同,轴向速度在轴心处最大,沿径向逐渐减小,而径向速度在轴心处为0,沿径向逐渐增加。
5、首次结合荷电液滴的库仑分裂特性、电荷衰减以及蒸发过程,分析了液滴与周围环境气体间的传热传质,输运过程中液滴带电量的衰减规律,建立了气动力、静电力和表面张力共同作用下的荷电液滴破碎数学模型。研究表明,气液相对速度、液滴温度的增加,使荷电液滴破碎的临界荷质比降低。蒸发作用下液滴粒径下降,对于电荷衰减缓慢的液体,荷质比明显增加,一旦达到临界荷质比,液滴就开始破碎,实现二次雾化。对气流作用下的荷电液滴破碎进行了数值模拟,结果表明,随着We数的增加,依次出现袋形破碎、剪切破碎以及爆炸破碎。
6、在以上研究的基础上,整合了荷电雾化技术、双流体雾化技术、轴流风送技术,研制开发了高压静电喷洒灭蝗车,进行了系统的整车性能试验和实地灭蝗试验。试验结果表明,高压静电灭蝗车的雾滴粒径与沉积分布均呈现双峰特性,荷电喷雾的灭蝗效果远远高于传统喷雾,药液种类、喷量、电极电压等参数对杀灭效果有很大影响;喂毒性药剂的灭蝗效果比触杀性药剂好,当喷量为1.0L/min时蝗虫杀灭率可达93%以上。高压静电喷洒灭蝗车的成功开发,为大型地面植保机械的设计与改进提供了基础。
Based on series fundamental experiments and theoretical analyses, the charged atomization is studied systematically and comprehensively in this thesis. The research involves charge mechanism, charged atomization mechanism, atomization characteristics of two-fluid spray nozzle, charge decay and droplet breakup. On the foundation of the research, high voltage electrostatic spraying locust-killing machine is developed. The research work is supported by high and new technology industrialization project from national development and reform commission.
1. Charge mechanism is studied systematically and the impact of conductivity, voltage, droplet and viscosity on the charge-mass ratio is analyzed. Base on the simulation of electrostatic field induced by needle electrode and ring electrode, a new needles and ring combined electrode is designed. By studying the electrostatic field of combined electrode and space charge of droplets, the distribution of the inductive charge on the objects surface is presented.
2. An experimental system of electrostatic atomization with contacted charging method is established. The flux characteristics and atomization model with different flux and voltage are studied. The flow structure of cone-jet model, and the influencing factors of jet break length, such as conductivity, voltage and viscosity, are investigated. Cone shape and its influencing factor are analyzed theoretically by getting electrostatic stress tensor according to electrostatic theory. The result indicated that lower voltage and higher voltage would make the cone angle greater. The analysis is validated by comparing with other researcher's picture of cone jet.
3. Based on linear unsteady theory, electrostatic theory, continuity equation and Euler differential equation, mathematic model of charged jet is established. By instability analysis, the dispersion equation is obtained.
4. Two new two-fluid spray nozzles with different mixing model are designed. In the one nozzle, gas and liquid mixed directly, and in the other, gas is divided into many sections first, and then mixed with liquid. The flux characteristics, atomization characteristics, droplet velocity distribution and droplet diameter distribution are researched by experiment. The result shows that two-fluid nozzle in which gas and liquid mixed directly has bigger flux adjustable range and more uniform droplet diameter. The two nozzles share the same velocity distribution characteristics. The axial velocity is fastest in axle center, and gets slower in radial direction. The radial velocity is zero in axle center, and gets faster in radial direction. These works give a deep insight on two-fluid atomization mechanism.
5. The droplet breakup caused by electrostatic force, air force and interfacial force is analyzed by comprehensive study on charged droplet coulombic fission, charge decay and droplet evaporation process for the first time, and the mathematic model of charged droplet breakup is established. The research indicates that large gas-liquid relative velocity and high temperature make critical charge-mass ration of charged droplet smaller. For some liquid such as diesel, droplet diameter gets smaller during evaporation, while charge decay very slowly, and then the charge-mass ratio turns higher. Once the charge-mass ration reach the critical, droplet breaks. The simulation on charged droplet breakup in high velocity gas flow indicates that with increasing of We, bag breakup, shear breakup and explosion breakup in turn.
6. A high voltage electrostatic spraying locust-killing machine is developed by integrating electrostatic atomization technology, two-fluid atomization technology and axial gas flow assisted transport technology. By the performance experiments and locust killing experiments of the machine, the best locust killing pesticide and the most economic dosage is obtained. The results show droplet diameter distribution and deposition distribution with two peaks. The best locust-killing effect of the machine can reach 93% when the flux is 1.0L/min. The successful development of high voltage electrostatic spraying locust-killing machine gives the foundation to the design and improvement of good-sized plant protecting machine.
1、系统地研究了荷电机理,研究了电导率、电压、液滴粒径等参数对荷质比的影响。对针电极、环电极诱导电场进行了数值模拟,并以此为依据设计了针—环组合电极,并对电极电场、荷电液滴群空间电荷诱导电场进行了分析,得出了目标物表面感应电荷分布规律。
2、建立了接触式充电的荷电射流雾化试验系统,通过流量特性试验发现,荷电毛细管流量仅与压强有关,与电压无关,并结合双电层模型进行了理论分析。研究了不同流量、电压下的雾化模式,着重分析了锥—射流模式下液体流动特征,分析了电导率、粘度、电压等参数对射流破碎长度的影响。根据静电理论建立了作用在液体上的静电应力张力,从受力平衡角度分析了液锥形状及其影响因素,研究发现流量越高,液锥锥角越小,电极电压越高,液锥锥角越大,并与其他研究者的实验拍摄的图像进行了对比验证。
3、以线性不稳定性理论为基础,根据静电理论、连续性方程以及欧拉运动微分方程建立了小扰动下荷电射流雾化的数学模型,推导了色散方程,为荷电射流雾化的深入研究提供了理论基础。
4、设计了两种新型的双流体喷嘴,1号双流体喷嘴气液直接混合,2号双流体喷嘴先将气体分成多股小径气流,之后再与液体混合。安装了双流体喷嘴雾化试验系统,进行了流量特性、雾化特性试验,考察了高压静电场对液滴粒径、液滴速度分布特性的影响。试验结果显示,气液直接混合的双流体喷嘴具有更宽的流量调节范围,雾化均匀性更好;两种喷嘴外部流场中,轴向速度、径向速度分布规律相同,轴向速度在轴心处最大,沿径向逐渐减小,而径向速度在轴心处为0,沿径向逐渐增加。
5、首次结合荷电液滴的库仑分裂特性、电荷衰减以及蒸发过程,分析了液滴与周围环境气体间的传热传质,输运过程中液滴带电量的衰减规律,建立了气动力、静电力和表面张力共同作用下的荷电液滴破碎数学模型。研究表明,气液相对速度、液滴温度的增加,使荷电液滴破碎的临界荷质比降低。蒸发作用下液滴粒径下降,对于电荷衰减缓慢的液体,荷质比明显增加,一旦达到临界荷质比,液滴就开始破碎,实现二次雾化。对气流作用下的荷电液滴破碎进行了数值模拟,结果表明,随着We数的增加,依次出现袋形破碎、剪切破碎以及爆炸破碎。
6、在以上研究的基础上,整合了荷电雾化技术、双流体雾化技术、轴流风送技术,研制开发了高压静电喷洒灭蝗车,进行了系统的整车性能试验和实地灭蝗试验。试验结果表明,高压静电灭蝗车的雾滴粒径与沉积分布均呈现双峰特性,荷电喷雾的灭蝗效果远远高于传统喷雾,药液种类、喷量、电极电压等参数对杀灭效果有很大影响;喂毒性药剂的灭蝗效果比触杀性药剂好,当喷量为1.0L/min时蝗虫杀灭率可达93%以上。高压静电喷洒灭蝗车的成功开发,为大型地面植保机械的设计与改进提供了基础。
Based on series fundamental experiments and theoretical analyses, the charged atomization is studied systematically and comprehensively in this thesis. The research involves charge mechanism, charged atomization mechanism, atomization characteristics of two-fluid spray nozzle, charge decay and droplet breakup. On the foundation of the research, high voltage electrostatic spraying locust-killing machine is developed. The research work is supported by high and new technology industrialization project from national development and reform commission.
1. Charge mechanism is studied systematically and the impact of conductivity, voltage, droplet and viscosity on the charge-mass ratio is analyzed. Base on the simulation of electrostatic field induced by needle electrode and ring electrode, a new needles and ring combined electrode is designed. By studying the electrostatic field of combined electrode and space charge of droplets, the distribution of the inductive charge on the objects surface is presented.
2. An experimental system of electrostatic atomization with contacted charging method is established. The flux characteristics and atomization model with different flux and voltage are studied. The flow structure of cone-jet model, and the influencing factors of jet break length, such as conductivity, voltage and viscosity, are investigated. Cone shape and its influencing factor are analyzed theoretically by getting electrostatic stress tensor according to electrostatic theory. The result indicated that lower voltage and higher voltage would make the cone angle greater. The analysis is validated by comparing with other researcher's picture of cone jet.
3. Based on linear unsteady theory, electrostatic theory, continuity equation and Euler differential equation, mathematic model of charged jet is established. By instability analysis, the dispersion equation is obtained.
4. Two new two-fluid spray nozzles with different mixing model are designed. In the one nozzle, gas and liquid mixed directly, and in the other, gas is divided into many sections first, and then mixed with liquid. The flux characteristics, atomization characteristics, droplet velocity distribution and droplet diameter distribution are researched by experiment. The result shows that two-fluid nozzle in which gas and liquid mixed directly has bigger flux adjustable range and more uniform droplet diameter. The two nozzles share the same velocity distribution characteristics. The axial velocity is fastest in axle center, and gets slower in radial direction. The radial velocity is zero in axle center, and gets faster in radial direction. These works give a deep insight on two-fluid atomization mechanism.
5. The droplet breakup caused by electrostatic force, air force and interfacial force is analyzed by comprehensive study on charged droplet coulombic fission, charge decay and droplet evaporation process for the first time, and the mathematic model of charged droplet breakup is established. The research indicates that large gas-liquid relative velocity and high temperature make critical charge-mass ration of charged droplet smaller. For some liquid such as diesel, droplet diameter gets smaller during evaporation, while charge decay very slowly, and then the charge-mass ratio turns higher. Once the charge-mass ration reach the critical, droplet breaks. The simulation on charged droplet breakup in high velocity gas flow indicates that with increasing of We, bag breakup, shear breakup and explosion breakup in turn.
6. A high voltage electrostatic spraying locust-killing machine is developed by integrating electrostatic atomization technology, two-fluid atomization technology and axial gas flow assisted transport technology. By the performance experiments and locust killing experiments of the machine, the best locust killing pesticide and the most economic dosage is obtained. The results show droplet diameter distribution and deposition distribution with two peaks. The best locust-killing effect of the machine can reach 93% when the flux is 1.0L/min. The successful development of high voltage electrostatic spraying locust-killing machine gives the foundation to the design and improvement of good-sized plant protecting machine.
引文
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