高分辨率层序地层学在开发早期储层描述与建模中的应用
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摘要
本文以吐哈盆地台北凹陷红台-疙瘩台油气田为例,针对陆相辫状河三角洲相变快、多物源、砂体连通性差的地质特点,提出了一套开发早期将高分辨率层序地层学与储层描述和建模技术相结合的研究思路和方法。在高分辨率层序地层学研究的基础上,强调了“等时对比,分级控制”的原则,集中研究了中期和短期基准面旋回的沉积特征和控制因素。中期旋回控制了亚相的分布规律,短期旋回决定了砂体的成因类型。前者决定了储层结构及砂体的空间叠置,后者影响了砂体层内非均质性及其展布。
本文首先以地震、测井和地质资料为基础,将研究层段中侏罗统三间房组和西山窑组中上部划分为4 个中期基准面旋回,继而在中期旋回格架内系统地研究了沉积相类型、特征和演化规律,并首次提出了沉积物体积分配系数的概念,对该系数的地质意义进行了分析。研究层段属于湖盆短轴方向缓坡带河控型粗粒辫状河三角洲沉积,分为疙瘩台和红台两个三角洲沉积体,物源分别来自西南和东南两个方向。构造、气候和物源供给控制了三角洲的发育及其特征。缓坡带地形高差小、物源供给不充分,河口作用以摩擦作用为主,因而导致本区河口坝不发育,而三角洲平原辫状分流河道和三角洲前缘水下分流河道是主要的储集砂体类型。
其次,应用岩芯观察和测井相分析的方法,确定了中期旋回内不同A/S 值条件下短期旋回的叠置特征与沉积序列,划分了41 个短期旋回(小层)。从成岩作用和沉积作用入手,分析了相对优质储层的垂向分布规律和控制因素。压实作用是造成宏观上储层物性随埋深增加而变差的原因;沉积作用则是导致砂体层内非均质性的根本原因。随着A/S 值的变化,在中期旋回格架内,储层结构类型和砂体层内非均质性特征的变化具有相应的规律。本区A/S 值的变化主要受沉积物供给量变化控制。
最后,应用等时相控随机模拟方法建立了三维可视化的储层地质模型。采用截断高斯方法建立了三维亚相地质模型,反映了本区三角洲沉积体的演化规律;采用标点过程建立了以分流河道为目标的微相地质模型,以此为基础建立了参数模型。本论文的研究为油田开发方案设计提供了重要的地质科学依据。
This paper is focused on the application of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy in the reservoir characterization and modeling at the early stage of development in Hongtai-Gedatai gas and oil field, Turpan Basin, northwestern China. In the application of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, the sedimentary features and the controlling factors were analyzed in mid-term base-level cycles and in short-term base-level cycles. The mid-term base-level cycles controlled the distribution of subfacies and thus controlled the reservoir architecture; while the short-term base level cycles controlled the microfacies type of sand bodies and thus the heterogeneities inside sand bodies.
Base on seismic, logging and geological data, four mid-term base-level cycles were distinguished from Middle-upper Xishanyao Formation and Sanjianfang Formation of the middle Jurassic, inside which the types, characters and evaluation pattern of sedimentary facies were analyzed. The concept of Coefficient of Sediment Volume Partitioning (CSVP) was put forward and used in the analysis of provenance. According to the research, the target formations were belonged to tow channel-controlled coarse-grain braided river deltas on the southern gentle slope of Turpan Basin. The provenance of Hongtai delta was from the southeast, Gedatai from the southwest. The evaluation of delta was divided into two stages, retrogradation and progradation, which was controlled by structure, climate and sediment supply. Owing to the gentle slope and the insufficiency of sediment supply, mouth bars were developed not very well. The main microfacies were braided distributary channels on delta plain and subaqueous distributary channel on delta front.
Inside the mid-term base-level cycles, 41 short-term cycles (members) were distinguished on the basis of stack patterns and sedimentary sequences under different A/S. There were tow types of reservoir architecture, labyrinth and jig-saw puzzle. Digenesis was the main factor which caused the macroscopic variance of reservoir quality; while sedimentation was the reason for microscopic heterogeneities inside sand bodies. The change of reservoir architecture and the microscopic heterogeneities of sand bodies were correlative with the change of A/S. The decrease of sediment supply is the primary reason for the change of A/S value.
Finally, isochronal facies-restrained stochastic modeling method is used to build up the 3-D reservoir model. Truncated Gaussian field simulation was used in the modeling of subfacies geologic model. Marked point process was used in the modeling of microfacies. 3-D reservoir parameter model was built up on the basis of microfacies model.
This research provides an important geological basis for oilfield development management.
本文首先以地震、测井和地质资料为基础,将研究层段中侏罗统三间房组和西山窑组中上部划分为4 个中期基准面旋回,继而在中期旋回格架内系统地研究了沉积相类型、特征和演化规律,并首次提出了沉积物体积分配系数的概念,对该系数的地质意义进行了分析。研究层段属于湖盆短轴方向缓坡带河控型粗粒辫状河三角洲沉积,分为疙瘩台和红台两个三角洲沉积体,物源分别来自西南和东南两个方向。构造、气候和物源供给控制了三角洲的发育及其特征。缓坡带地形高差小、物源供给不充分,河口作用以摩擦作用为主,因而导致本区河口坝不发育,而三角洲平原辫状分流河道和三角洲前缘水下分流河道是主要的储集砂体类型。
其次,应用岩芯观察和测井相分析的方法,确定了中期旋回内不同A/S 值条件下短期旋回的叠置特征与沉积序列,划分了41 个短期旋回(小层)。从成岩作用和沉积作用入手,分析了相对优质储层的垂向分布规律和控制因素。压实作用是造成宏观上储层物性随埋深增加而变差的原因;沉积作用则是导致砂体层内非均质性的根本原因。随着A/S 值的变化,在中期旋回格架内,储层结构类型和砂体层内非均质性特征的变化具有相应的规律。本区A/S 值的变化主要受沉积物供给量变化控制。
最后,应用等时相控随机模拟方法建立了三维可视化的储层地质模型。采用截断高斯方法建立了三维亚相地质模型,反映了本区三角洲沉积体的演化规律;采用标点过程建立了以分流河道为目标的微相地质模型,以此为基础建立了参数模型。本论文的研究为油田开发方案设计提供了重要的地质科学依据。
This paper is focused on the application of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy in the reservoir characterization and modeling at the early stage of development in Hongtai-Gedatai gas and oil field, Turpan Basin, northwestern China. In the application of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, the sedimentary features and the controlling factors were analyzed in mid-term base-level cycles and in short-term base-level cycles. The mid-term base-level cycles controlled the distribution of subfacies and thus controlled the reservoir architecture; while the short-term base level cycles controlled the microfacies type of sand bodies and thus the heterogeneities inside sand bodies.
Base on seismic, logging and geological data, four mid-term base-level cycles were distinguished from Middle-upper Xishanyao Formation and Sanjianfang Formation of the middle Jurassic, inside which the types, characters and evaluation pattern of sedimentary facies were analyzed. The concept of Coefficient of Sediment Volume Partitioning (CSVP) was put forward and used in the analysis of provenance. According to the research, the target formations were belonged to tow channel-controlled coarse-grain braided river deltas on the southern gentle slope of Turpan Basin. The provenance of Hongtai delta was from the southeast, Gedatai from the southwest. The evaluation of delta was divided into two stages, retrogradation and progradation, which was controlled by structure, climate and sediment supply. Owing to the gentle slope and the insufficiency of sediment supply, mouth bars were developed not very well. The main microfacies were braided distributary channels on delta plain and subaqueous distributary channel on delta front.
Inside the mid-term base-level cycles, 41 short-term cycles (members) were distinguished on the basis of stack patterns and sedimentary sequences under different A/S. There were tow types of reservoir architecture, labyrinth and jig-saw puzzle. Digenesis was the main factor which caused the macroscopic variance of reservoir quality; while sedimentation was the reason for microscopic heterogeneities inside sand bodies. The change of reservoir architecture and the microscopic heterogeneities of sand bodies were correlative with the change of A/S. The decrease of sediment supply is the primary reason for the change of A/S value.
Finally, isochronal facies-restrained stochastic modeling method is used to build up the 3-D reservoir model. Truncated Gaussian field simulation was used in the modeling of subfacies geologic model. Marked point process was used in the modeling of microfacies. 3-D reservoir parameter model was built up on the basis of microfacies model.
This research provides an important geological basis for oilfield development management.
引文
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[2] Cross T A. 2000. Stratigraphic contrals on reservoir attributes in continental strata, Earth Science Frontiers. Vol. 7, No. 4, 322～350 .
[3] Cross T A. Application of high resolution sequence stratigraphy to reservoir analysis [A]. Subsurface Reservoir Characterization from Outcrop Observations Proceedings of the 7th E&P R search Conference Paris, Tecchni, 1993. 11～33.
[4] Cross T. A Stratigraphic Architecture, Correlation Concepts, Volumetric Partioning, Facies Differentiation, and Reservoir Compartmentalization from the Perspective of High Resolutiong Sequence Stratigraphy. Research report of the genetic stratigrphy research group, DGGE, CSM, 1994: 28～41.
[5] Cross, T. A., 1993, Applications of High～Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy in Petroleum Exploration and Production
[7] Cross, T. A., and Lessenger, M. A., 1998, Sediment volume partitioning; rationale for stratigraphic model evaluation and high～resolution stratigraphic correlation, in F. M. Gradstein, K. O. Sandvik, and N. J. Milton, eds., Sequence Sequence Stratigraphy
[10] O. Dubrule. Introducing more geology in stochastic Reservoir Modeling. In A. Soares, editor, Geostatistics～Troia, volume 1, pages 351～370. Kluwer, 1993.
[11] Reading H G. 1996. Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy, Blackwell Science, 688p.
[12] 陈波, 李孝军. 油田开发阶段砂岩储集层横向对比及预测方法. 石油勘探与开发, 2000, 27(1): 95～97.
[13] 陈建达, 李莉. 高分辨率层序地层学在油田开发中的应用. 江汉石油职工大学学报, 2002, 15, (3): 15～17.
[14] 陈新军, 黄仁平, 刘月兰. 油藏模拟中的层序地层学. 断块油气田, 2000, 7(6): 5～7.
[15] 邓宏文, 王洪亮, Cross T A. 等. 高分辨率层序学—原理及应用. 北京: 地质出版社,2002.
[16] 杜春彦, 郑荣才. 陕北长6 油层组短期基准面旋回与储层非均质性的关系. 成都理工学院学报, 1999, 26(1): 17～22.
[17] 何义中, 郑荣才, 吴朝容, 等. 湖泊三角洲研究的回顾与展望. 岩相古地理, 1999, 19(3): 40～43.
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