美国社区学院办学模式研究
摘要
美国社区学院从19世纪末20世纪初创建以来,经过100多年的发展,成为美国高等教育领域中最富有活力的一个层次,它对推动美国高等教育的大众化、普及化、民主化进程起到了举足轻重的作用。它是美国人民奉献给世界的一项伟大创造,也是国际高等教育的一朵奇葩。鉴于此,本文首先将社区学院作为一个问题提出来研究。其次,从办学模式的构成要素出发,对美国社区学院的教学模式、管理体制、经费筹措、招生和毕业生就业制度、教师管理这五个方面进行了分析思考。最后,借鉴社区学院办学模式的成功经验和做法,得出对我国高等职业教育发展的启示。
In recent years, with the popularization development of higher education, China's number of colleges increased every year and higher vocational colleges also made a historic development, gradually from the edge of higher education toward center. Its have formed half of the higher education from the size significance. The community's strong demand and the unique functions of higher vocational education show that in building a well-off society and accelerating the great cause of socialist modernization process higher vocational education has the basic role which can not substitute and strategic position. Vigorously developing higher vocational education is no longer expedient, but a real action bearing on the livelihood. However, because of cultural traditions and the impact of educational concepts, especially the long-standing neglect and contempt for vocational education in social constraints, higher vocational education develops very difficult and a lot of problems appear, such as: teaching pattern and management system can not meet the economic construction and social development needs; relatively poor school conditions caused by lack of education funding sources; students are developed not so high-quality, the employment situation is not ideal; the lack of qualified teachers and insufficient number of“Shuangshi Type“professional teachers. How to effectively address these issues before us is a major issue and urgent task.
Higher vocational education must have a clear strategic direction in order to produce good results and have vitality. Throughout the development of higher vocational education all over the world, community colleges in the United States are a starting earlier, relatively perfect system as a pattern. In a hundred years from founding to the present, community colleges become an indispensable component of education in the higher education system of United States by virtue of its unique characteristics and also a beautiful landscape in the American education. It trains a large number of skilled personnel for industries and business a large number of skilled personnel, which have promoted social development, and received extensive recognition and support. Community colleges have a great impact whether in the country or abroad. Its pattern will undoubtedly play an important reference of development of China's higher vocational education and we should be thinking and analysis. This paper is divided into four parts:
The first part is the introduction. Description of the main issues raised, literature review, the significance of research, research methods and concepts defined.
The second part is the development survey of community colleges in the United States. First of all, from a historical perspective, reviewed the development of community colleges in the course of centuries, and made a brief exposition on the characteristics of the various stages of its development. Second, analysis its development causes from four aspects: the philosophical foundation, economic factors, political factors and demographic factors. The third part is the study on the schooling pattern of community colleges.
Mainly select teaching pattern, management system, funding sources, enrollment and graduates employment system, teachers’management five elements to give a detailed summary description of the community colleges schooling pattern. First, Teaching pattern is the central link in achieve higher vocational education goal, mainly select these four aspects in the teaching process to analysis: teaching plans, teaching process, teaching methods and teaching evaluation; Second, the United States is a typical implementation of the decentralization system countries. The federal state does not have uified leadership and management over community college, and this paper has analyzed the responsibility of the federal, the state educational department, the community college management committee and the community college leaders in developing the community college; Third, the community colleges in the financing of the history of his inspection tour, summed up the funding of community colleges from the state government funding, local government funding and student tuition fees and its funding channels are to do a detailed description; Fourth, the paper in the community college enrollment and the system of employment of graduates, focusing on open and flexible system of the community college enrollment and the entire, multidimensional employment guidance, community colleges, practicing an open admission policy, and easy graduate placement, enhanced the attractiveness to the majority of students, which is welcome by more and more young people; Fifth, in the management of teachers, this paper made exposition to the community colleges’teacher profile, the appointment of qualified management and appointments. The strict management system and the appointment of a large number of part-time teachers, not only guarantee its strong faculty, but also enhance the training is targeted.
The fourth part is the thinking to the development of China's higher vocational education. From a comparative perspective, using the current status of China’s vocational education as the starting point, borrowing the successful experience from community colleges in the United States, discussed the recommendations in development of China vocational education. Mainly are: First, as China's education has long followed the impact of traditional concept, higher vocational colleges follow the traditional pattern of education, heavy theory, and light practice in the teaching content. Theory-based teaching, put the practice teaching in a secondary position, reflected not vocational education’s characteristics, resulting in their students lack of practical skills, without strong actual practical ability, can not meet the social needs of higher vocational talents. Practice teaching should be made to strengthen and improve the quality of teaching, which is raised in this paper; Second, in view of the market economic system has just set up in China, the shortcomings of government controls too much and too rigid in schools under the planned economic system and the school market-oriented ability is not strong and so on, raised strengthen the higher vocational education management system innovation, and expand the autonomy schooling right. Construction the coordination of the multi-management system among the macro-management of central government departments, the overall management of local governments, the control management of vocational education departments and the micro-management of the higher vocational institutions; Third, higher vocational education for a long time did not get much attention in the government and society, which makes its problems of funds shortage can not get fundamental solution. In accordance with China's current national conditions, through increasing government input, guiding enterprises and social organizations increase investment, the establishment of vocational education funds and other measures to increase the input of higher vocational education and expand sources of funding channels; Fourth, in the light of currently most higher vocational institutions’enrollment and their graduates employment difficulties, through expand the vocational college students sources, and gradually reform vocational enrollment system, deepen the reform of labor employment system and establish and perfect the mechanism graduate employment guidance and other measures to reform higher vocational college students enrollment and graduates employment system; Fifth, against China's higher vocational institutions are prevalent in the tendency of ignoring the professional skills of teachers. insufficient number of "Shuangshi Type" professional teacher and part-time teachers conditions, raised that change the teachers management pattern and strengthen the teachers troop construct. Through the implementation of teachers’appointment system, strengthen the building of "Shuangshi Type" and part-time teachers teams.
This paper attempts to broaden and deepen our understanding of the community colleges around the pattern of the five elements on the basis of the existing research in the country. Grasp some characteristics, discussed the experience of its worth. ultimately from the experience, put forward relevant countermeasures and proposals to develop our higher vocational education.
In recent years, with the popularization development of higher education, China's number of colleges increased every year and higher vocational colleges also made a historic development, gradually from the edge of higher education toward center. Its have formed half of the higher education from the size significance. The community's strong demand and the unique functions of higher vocational education show that in building a well-off society and accelerating the great cause of socialist modernization process higher vocational education has the basic role which can not substitute and strategic position. Vigorously developing higher vocational education is no longer expedient, but a real action bearing on the livelihood. However, because of cultural traditions and the impact of educational concepts, especially the long-standing neglect and contempt for vocational education in social constraints, higher vocational education develops very difficult and a lot of problems appear, such as: teaching pattern and management system can not meet the economic construction and social development needs; relatively poor school conditions caused by lack of education funding sources; students are developed not so high-quality, the employment situation is not ideal; the lack of qualified teachers and insufficient number of“Shuangshi Type“professional teachers. How to effectively address these issues before us is a major issue and urgent task.
Higher vocational education must have a clear strategic direction in order to produce good results and have vitality. Throughout the development of higher vocational education all over the world, community colleges in the United States are a starting earlier, relatively perfect system as a pattern. In a hundred years from founding to the present, community colleges become an indispensable component of education in the higher education system of United States by virtue of its unique characteristics and also a beautiful landscape in the American education. It trains a large number of skilled personnel for industries and business a large number of skilled personnel, which have promoted social development, and received extensive recognition and support. Community colleges have a great impact whether in the country or abroad. Its pattern will undoubtedly play an important reference of development of China's higher vocational education and we should be thinking and analysis. This paper is divided into four parts:
The first part is the introduction. Description of the main issues raised, literature review, the significance of research, research methods and concepts defined.
The second part is the development survey of community colleges in the United States. First of all, from a historical perspective, reviewed the development of community colleges in the course of centuries, and made a brief exposition on the characteristics of the various stages of its development. Second, analysis its development causes from four aspects: the philosophical foundation, economic factors, political factors and demographic factors. The third part is the study on the schooling pattern of community colleges.
Mainly select teaching pattern, management system, funding sources, enrollment and graduates employment system, teachers’management five elements to give a detailed summary description of the community colleges schooling pattern. First, Teaching pattern is the central link in achieve higher vocational education goal, mainly select these four aspects in the teaching process to analysis: teaching plans, teaching process, teaching methods and teaching evaluation; Second, the United States is a typical implementation of the decentralization system countries. The federal state does not have uified leadership and management over community college, and this paper has analyzed the responsibility of the federal, the state educational department, the community college management committee and the community college leaders in developing the community college; Third, the community colleges in the financing of the history of his inspection tour, summed up the funding of community colleges from the state government funding, local government funding and student tuition fees and its funding channels are to do a detailed description; Fourth, the paper in the community college enrollment and the system of employment of graduates, focusing on open and flexible system of the community college enrollment and the entire, multidimensional employment guidance, community colleges, practicing an open admission policy, and easy graduate placement, enhanced the attractiveness to the majority of students, which is welcome by more and more young people; Fifth, in the management of teachers, this paper made exposition to the community colleges’teacher profile, the appointment of qualified management and appointments. The strict management system and the appointment of a large number of part-time teachers, not only guarantee its strong faculty, but also enhance the training is targeted.
The fourth part is the thinking to the development of China's higher vocational education. From a comparative perspective, using the current status of China’s vocational education as the starting point, borrowing the successful experience from community colleges in the United States, discussed the recommendations in development of China vocational education. Mainly are: First, as China's education has long followed the impact of traditional concept, higher vocational colleges follow the traditional pattern of education, heavy theory, and light practice in the teaching content. Theory-based teaching, put the practice teaching in a secondary position, reflected not vocational education’s characteristics, resulting in their students lack of practical skills, without strong actual practical ability, can not meet the social needs of higher vocational talents. Practice teaching should be made to strengthen and improve the quality of teaching, which is raised in this paper; Second, in view of the market economic system has just set up in China, the shortcomings of government controls too much and too rigid in schools under the planned economic system and the school market-oriented ability is not strong and so on, raised strengthen the higher vocational education management system innovation, and expand the autonomy schooling right. Construction the coordination of the multi-management system among the macro-management of central government departments, the overall management of local governments, the control management of vocational education departments and the micro-management of the higher vocational institutions; Third, higher vocational education for a long time did not get much attention in the government and society, which makes its problems of funds shortage can not get fundamental solution. In accordance with China's current national conditions, through increasing government input, guiding enterprises and social organizations increase investment, the establishment of vocational education funds and other measures to increase the input of higher vocational education and expand sources of funding channels; Fourth, in the light of currently most higher vocational institutions’enrollment and their graduates employment difficulties, through expand the vocational college students sources, and gradually reform vocational enrollment system, deepen the reform of labor employment system and establish and perfect the mechanism graduate employment guidance and other measures to reform higher vocational college students enrollment and graduates employment system; Fifth, against China's higher vocational institutions are prevalent in the tendency of ignoring the professional skills of teachers. insufficient number of "Shuangshi Type" professional teacher and part-time teachers conditions, raised that change the teachers management pattern and strengthen the teachers troop construct. Through the implementation of teachers’appointment system, strengthen the building of "Shuangshi Type" and part-time teachers teams.
This paper attempts to broaden and deepen our understanding of the community colleges around the pattern of the five elements on the basis of the existing research in the country. Grasp some characteristics, discussed the experience of its worth. ultimately from the experience, put forward relevant countermeasures and proposals to develop our higher vocational education.
引文
① 李志宏、王伟、李津石:《高等职业教育:积极发展规范管理》[J],《中国高等教育》,2003 年第 7 期,第 39-40 页。
① 温家宝:《大力发展中国特色的职业教育》[N],《中国教育报》,2005 年 11 月 8 日,第 1 版。
② 房剑森:《高等教育发展的理论与中国的实践》[M],复旦大学出版社,1999 年版,第 219 页。
① 查有梁:《教育模式》[M],教育科学出版社,1993 年版,第 1 页。
① 潘懋元、邬大光:《世纪之交中国高等教育办学模式的变化与走向》[J],《教育研究》,2001 年第 3 期,第 3 页。
① 吴雪萍:《基础与应用—高等职业教育政策研究》[M],浙江教育出版社,2007 年版,第 22 页。
② 张家勇:《美国社区学院对我国发展高职的启示》[J],《职教通讯》,2001 年第 8 期,第 59 页。
③ 殷翔文:《社区学院—美国高等教育最具活力的一个办学层次》[J],《江苏高教》,1998 年第 4期,第 72 页。
① [美]约翰·S·布鲁贝尔:《高等教育哲学》[M],王承绪等译,浙江教育出版社,1987 年版,第 12-15 页。
① 吴雪萍、蒋新峰:《美国社区学院的高等职业教育管窥》[J],《教育与职业》,2002 年第 2 期,第 57 页。
① 万秀兰:《美国社区学院的改革与发展》[M],人民教育出版社,2003 年版,第 384-385 页。
① 张婷姝:《自治与干预的动态平衡—对美国高校与联邦政府关系的历史考察》[D],河北大学,2002 年,第 55 页。
② 王英杰:《美国高等教育的发展与改革》[M],人民教育出版社,2002 年版,第 273-286 页。
① Cohen,A.M.and Brawer,F.B.The American Community College[M].San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publishers,1996,P140.
② 戈飞平:《美国高等教育财政政策分析及其启示》[J],《华东经济管理》,2004 年第 3 期,第 196页。
① 查卫平:《美国社区学院学生多为已工作的成人》[N],《中国教育报》,2006 年 6 月 30 日,第 5版。
② 杨习超:《美国社区学院与我国高等职业技术院校比较研究》[J],《继续教育》,2007 年第 12期,第 55 页。
① 杨习超:《美国社区学院与我国高等职业技术院校比较研究》[J],《继续教育》,2007 年第 12期,第 56 页。.
① 王建初:《美国社区学院的师资队伍建设研究》[J],《比较教育研究》,2003 年第 3 期,第 35页。
② 王建初:《美国社区学院的师资队伍建设研究》[J],《比较教育研究》,2003 年第 3 期,第 36页。
① 教育部、国家统计局、财政部:《2006 年全国教育经费执行情况统计公告》[N],《中国教育报》,2007 年 12 月 29 日,第 2 版。
① 匡瑛:《比较高等职业教育:发展与变革》[M],上海教育出版社,2006 年版,第 215 页。
[1] [美]约翰·S·布鲁贝克:《高等教育哲学》[M],王承绪等译,浙江教育出版社,1998 年版。
[2] [美]罗伯特·M·赫钦斯:《美国高等教育》[M],汪利兵译,浙江教育出版社,2001 年版。
[3] [荷]弗兰斯·F·范富格特:《国际高等教育政策比较研究》[M],王承绪等译,浙江教育出版社,2001 年版。
[4] 辞海编辑委员会:《辞海》[M],上海辞书出版社,1989 年版。
[5] 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室:《现代汉语词典》[M],商务印书馆,2002 年版。
[6] 李岚清:《李岚清教育访谈录》[M],人民教育出版社,2003 年版。
[7] 石伟平:《比较职业技术教育》[M],华东师范大学出版社,2001 年版。
[8] 查有梁:《教育模式》[M],教育科学出版社,1993 年版。
[9] 房剑森:《高等教育发展的理论与中国的实践》[M],复旦大学出版社,1999 年版。
[10] 王英杰:《美国高等教育的发展与改革》[M],人民教育出版社,2002年版。
[11] 匡瑛:《比较高等职业教育:发展与变革》[M],上海教育出版社,2006 年版。
[12] 赵庆典:《高等学校办学模式研究》[M],人民教育出版社,2005 年版。
[13] 姜惠:《当代国际高等职业技术教育概论》[M],兰州大学出版社,2002 年版。
[14] 陈彬:《知识经济与大学办学模式改革研究》[M],华中师范大学出版社,2002 年版。
[15] 吴雪萍:《基础与应用-高等职业教育政策研究》[M],浙江教育出版社,2007 年版。
[16] 周光勇、宋全政:《高等职业教育导论》[M],山东教育出版社,2003年版。
[17] 吴雪萍:《国际职业技术教育研究》[M],浙江大学出版社,2004 年版。
[18] 毛澹然:《美国社区学院》[M],高等教育出版社,1989 年版。
[19] 万秀兰:《美国社区学院的改革与发展》[M],人民教育出版社,2003年版。
[20] 续润华:《美国社区学院发展研究》[M],中国档案出版社,2000 年版。
[21] 张婷姝:《自治与干预的动态平衡—对美国高校与联邦政府关系的历史考察》[D],河北大学,2002 年。
[22] 郝有隽:《美国社区学院的发展历程与启示》[D],西北师范大学,2003 年。
[23] 尹小宁:《美国社区学院经费来源研究》[D],西南师范大学,2002年。
[24] 牛蒙刚:《美国社区学院发展的政策因素研究》[D],山东师范大学,2006 年。
[25] 温家宝:《大力发展中国特色的职业教育》[N],《中国教育报》,2005年 11 月 8 日。
[26] 教育部、国家统计局、财政部:《2006 年全国教育经费执行情况统计公告》[N],《中国教育报》,2007 年 12 月 29 日。
[27] 王晓初:《大力发展中国特色的职业教育》[N],《中国教育报》,2005年 12 月 6 日。
[28] 潘懋元、邬大光:《中国高等教育办学模式的变化和走向》[J],《教育科学研究》,2001 年第 1 期。
[29] 李志宏、王伟、李津石:《高等职业教育:积极发展规范管理》[J],《中国高等教育》,2003 年第 7 期。
[30] 田玉兰、田玉晶:《高等职业教育办学模式的比较研究》[J],《哈尔 滨金融高等专科学校学报》,2003 年第 9 期。
[31] 蔡泽寰:《高职教育办学模式的再思考》[J],《中国高教研究》,2007年第 3 期。
[32] 屈孝初:《高职教育办学模式改革的探索》[J],《教育与职业》,2004年第 31 期。
[33] 张新明、付宁:《关于高职办学模式的思考》[J],《职业教育研究》,2006 年第 10 期。
[34] 周建松:《关于高职教育办学定位和办学模式的思考》[J],《中国高等教育》,2005 年第 20 期。
[35] 李志峰、赵玉林:《我国高职教育办学模式研究》[J],《理论月刊》,2004 年第 5 期。
[36] 吕柯、何农:《论高职院校的办学模式》[J],《金华职业技术学院学报》,2003 年第 3 期。
[37] 靳润奇:《高等职业教育校企合作办学模式研究》[J],《石家庄职业技术学院学报》,2005 年第 3 期。
[38] 谭谊:《高等职业技术学院订单式办学模式探讨》[J],《职业教育研究》,2005 年第 9 期。
[39] 方华:《职业教育集团化办学模式的实践与思考》[J],《教育发展研究》,2006 年第 6 期。
[40] 罗·泰勒:《谈社区学院在美国职教改革中的角色》[J],《中国职业技术教育》,1998 年第 5 期。
[41] 张家勇:《美国社区学院对我国发展高职的启示》[J],《职教通讯》,2001 年第 8 期。
[42] 戈飞平:《美国高等教育财政政策分析及其启示》[J],《华东经济管理》,2004 年第 3 期。
[43] 殷翔文:《社区学院—美国高等教育最具活力的一个办学层次》[J],《江苏高教》,1998 年第 4 期。
[44] 王建初《:美国社区学院的师资队伍建设研究》[J],《比较教育研究》, 2003 年第 3 期。
[45] 易红郡:《美国社区学院的高等职业技术教育及启示》[J],《现代大学教育》,2002 年第 3 期。
[46] 胡健梅:《美国社区学院职业教育的特色及启示》[J],《中国培训》,2002 年第 12 期。
[47] 杨习超:《美国社区学院与我国高等职业技术院校比较研究》[J],《继续教育》,2007 年第 12 期。
[48] 黄鸿鸿:《高等职业教育办学模式的国际比较》[J],《职业技术教育》(教科版),2002 年第 19 期。
[49] 张铁岩、刘铁雷等:《高职高专“双师型”师资建设的几点思考》[J],《高等工程教育研究》,2003 年第 6 期。
[50] Cohen,A.M.and Brawer,F.B.The American Community College[M].San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publishers,1996.
[51] Scott Wright.Not Just an American Thing Anymore[J].Black Issues in Higher Education,2000,(13).
[52] Richard D.Heffner.A Documentary History of The United States[M].New York:Penguin Books Ltd,2002.
[53] Howard R.D.GordorL.The history and growth of vocational education in America[M].Boston:Allynand Bacon,1999.
[54] Chery Darrup,Boychuck.Trends and Techniques in International Students Enrollments[J].Community College Journal,2001,(21).
[55] Valadez,James R.Transformation of the community college for the 21st century[J].Educational Resercher,Mar 2002.
① 温家宝:《大力发展中国特色的职业教育》[N],《中国教育报》,2005 年 11 月 8 日,第 1 版。
② 房剑森:《高等教育发展的理论与中国的实践》[M],复旦大学出版社,1999 年版,第 219 页。
① 查有梁:《教育模式》[M],教育科学出版社,1993 年版,第 1 页。
① 潘懋元、邬大光:《世纪之交中国高等教育办学模式的变化与走向》[J],《教育研究》,2001 年第 3 期,第 3 页。
① 吴雪萍:《基础与应用—高等职业教育政策研究》[M],浙江教育出版社,2007 年版,第 22 页。
② 张家勇:《美国社区学院对我国发展高职的启示》[J],《职教通讯》,2001 年第 8 期,第 59 页。
③ 殷翔文:《社区学院—美国高等教育最具活力的一个办学层次》[J],《江苏高教》,1998 年第 4期,第 72 页。
① [美]约翰·S·布鲁贝尔:《高等教育哲学》[M],王承绪等译,浙江教育出版社,1987 年版,第 12-15 页。
① 吴雪萍、蒋新峰:《美国社区学院的高等职业教育管窥》[J],《教育与职业》,2002 年第 2 期,第 57 页。
① 万秀兰:《美国社区学院的改革与发展》[M],人民教育出版社,2003 年版,第 384-385 页。
① 张婷姝:《自治与干预的动态平衡—对美国高校与联邦政府关系的历史考察》[D],河北大学,2002 年,第 55 页。
② 王英杰:《美国高等教育的发展与改革》[M],人民教育出版社,2002 年版,第 273-286 页。
① Cohen,A.M.and Brawer,F.B.The American Community College[M].San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publishers,1996,P140.
② 戈飞平:《美国高等教育财政政策分析及其启示》[J],《华东经济管理》,2004 年第 3 期,第 196页。
① 查卫平:《美国社区学院学生多为已工作的成人》[N],《中国教育报》,2006 年 6 月 30 日,第 5版。
② 杨习超:《美国社区学院与我国高等职业技术院校比较研究》[J],《继续教育》,2007 年第 12期,第 55 页。
① 杨习超:《美国社区学院与我国高等职业技术院校比较研究》[J],《继续教育》,2007 年第 12期,第 56 页。.
① 王建初:《美国社区学院的师资队伍建设研究》[J],《比较教育研究》,2003 年第 3 期,第 35页。
② 王建初:《美国社区学院的师资队伍建设研究》[J],《比较教育研究》,2003 年第 3 期,第 36页。
① 教育部、国家统计局、财政部:《2006 年全国教育经费执行情况统计公告》[N],《中国教育报》,2007 年 12 月 29 日,第 2 版。
① 匡瑛:《比较高等职业教育:发展与变革》[M],上海教育出版社,2006 年版,第 215 页。
[1] [美]约翰·S·布鲁贝克:《高等教育哲学》[M],王承绪等译,浙江教育出版社,1998 年版。
[2] [美]罗伯特·M·赫钦斯:《美国高等教育》[M],汪利兵译,浙江教育出版社,2001 年版。
[3] [荷]弗兰斯·F·范富格特:《国际高等教育政策比较研究》[M],王承绪等译,浙江教育出版社,2001 年版。
[4] 辞海编辑委员会:《辞海》[M],上海辞书出版社,1989 年版。
[5] 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室:《现代汉语词典》[M],商务印书馆,2002 年版。
[6] 李岚清:《李岚清教育访谈录》[M],人民教育出版社,2003 年版。
[7] 石伟平:《比较职业技术教育》[M],华东师范大学出版社,2001 年版。
[8] 查有梁:《教育模式》[M],教育科学出版社,1993 年版。
[9] 房剑森:《高等教育发展的理论与中国的实践》[M],复旦大学出版社,1999 年版。
[10] 王英杰:《美国高等教育的发展与改革》[M],人民教育出版社,2002年版。
[11] 匡瑛:《比较高等职业教育:发展与变革》[M],上海教育出版社,2006 年版。
[12] 赵庆典:《高等学校办学模式研究》[M],人民教育出版社,2005 年版。
[13] 姜惠:《当代国际高等职业技术教育概论》[M],兰州大学出版社,2002 年版。
[14] 陈彬:《知识经济与大学办学模式改革研究》[M],华中师范大学出版社,2002 年版。
[15] 吴雪萍:《基础与应用-高等职业教育政策研究》[M],浙江教育出版社,2007 年版。
[16] 周光勇、宋全政:《高等职业教育导论》[M],山东教育出版社,2003年版。
[17] 吴雪萍:《国际职业技术教育研究》[M],浙江大学出版社,2004 年版。
[18] 毛澹然:《美国社区学院》[M],高等教育出版社,1989 年版。
[19] 万秀兰:《美国社区学院的改革与发展》[M],人民教育出版社,2003年版。
[20] 续润华:《美国社区学院发展研究》[M],中国档案出版社,2000 年版。
[21] 张婷姝:《自治与干预的动态平衡—对美国高校与联邦政府关系的历史考察》[D],河北大学,2002 年。
[22] 郝有隽:《美国社区学院的发展历程与启示》[D],西北师范大学,2003 年。
[23] 尹小宁:《美国社区学院经费来源研究》[D],西南师范大学,2002年。
[24] 牛蒙刚:《美国社区学院发展的政策因素研究》[D],山东师范大学,2006 年。
[25] 温家宝:《大力发展中国特色的职业教育》[N],《中国教育报》,2005年 11 月 8 日。
[26] 教育部、国家统计局、财政部:《2006 年全国教育经费执行情况统计公告》[N],《中国教育报》,2007 年 12 月 29 日。
[27] 王晓初:《大力发展中国特色的职业教育》[N],《中国教育报》,2005年 12 月 6 日。
[28] 潘懋元、邬大光:《中国高等教育办学模式的变化和走向》[J],《教育科学研究》,2001 年第 1 期。
[29] 李志宏、王伟、李津石:《高等职业教育:积极发展规范管理》[J],《中国高等教育》,2003 年第 7 期。
[30] 田玉兰、田玉晶:《高等职业教育办学模式的比较研究》[J],《哈尔 滨金融高等专科学校学报》,2003 年第 9 期。
[31] 蔡泽寰:《高职教育办学模式的再思考》[J],《中国高教研究》,2007年第 3 期。
[32] 屈孝初:《高职教育办学模式改革的探索》[J],《教育与职业》,2004年第 31 期。
[33] 张新明、付宁:《关于高职办学模式的思考》[J],《职业教育研究》,2006 年第 10 期。
[34] 周建松:《关于高职教育办学定位和办学模式的思考》[J],《中国高等教育》,2005 年第 20 期。
[35] 李志峰、赵玉林:《我国高职教育办学模式研究》[J],《理论月刊》,2004 年第 5 期。
[36] 吕柯、何农:《论高职院校的办学模式》[J],《金华职业技术学院学报》,2003 年第 3 期。
[37] 靳润奇:《高等职业教育校企合作办学模式研究》[J],《石家庄职业技术学院学报》,2005 年第 3 期。
[38] 谭谊:《高等职业技术学院订单式办学模式探讨》[J],《职业教育研究》,2005 年第 9 期。
[39] 方华:《职业教育集团化办学模式的实践与思考》[J],《教育发展研究》,2006 年第 6 期。
[40] 罗·泰勒:《谈社区学院在美国职教改革中的角色》[J],《中国职业技术教育》,1998 年第 5 期。
[41] 张家勇:《美国社区学院对我国发展高职的启示》[J],《职教通讯》,2001 年第 8 期。
[42] 戈飞平:《美国高等教育财政政策分析及其启示》[J],《华东经济管理》,2004 年第 3 期。
[43] 殷翔文:《社区学院—美国高等教育最具活力的一个办学层次》[J],《江苏高教》,1998 年第 4 期。
[44] 王建初《:美国社区学院的师资队伍建设研究》[J],《比较教育研究》, 2003 年第 3 期。
[45] 易红郡:《美国社区学院的高等职业技术教育及启示》[J],《现代大学教育》,2002 年第 3 期。
[46] 胡健梅:《美国社区学院职业教育的特色及启示》[J],《中国培训》,2002 年第 12 期。
[47] 杨习超:《美国社区学院与我国高等职业技术院校比较研究》[J],《继续教育》,2007 年第 12 期。
[48] 黄鸿鸿:《高等职业教育办学模式的国际比较》[J],《职业技术教育》(教科版),2002 年第 19 期。
[49] 张铁岩、刘铁雷等:《高职高专“双师型”师资建设的几点思考》[J],《高等工程教育研究》,2003 年第 6 期。
[50] Cohen,A.M.and Brawer,F.B.The American Community College[M].San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publishers,1996.
[51] Scott Wright.Not Just an American Thing Anymore[J].Black Issues in Higher Education,2000,(13).
[52] Richard D.Heffner.A Documentary History of The United States[M].New York:Penguin Books Ltd,2002.
[53] Howard R.D.GordorL.The history and growth of vocational education in America[M].Boston:Allynand Bacon,1999.
[54] Chery Darrup,Boychuck.Trends and Techniques in International Students Enrollments[J].Community College Journal,2001,(21).
[55] Valadez,James R.Transformation of the community college for the 21st century[J].Educational Resercher,Mar 2002.