高职生归因风格、应对方式与心理健康关系研究
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摘要
近年来高职教育迅速发展,高职生心理健康研究越来越多的引起教育学和心理学研究者的重视,在众多影响心理健康的因素中,归因风格、应对方式具有独特的影响,考察归因风格、应对方式与心理健康的关系,不仅对于改善高职生归因风格、提高应对策略具有十分重要的意义,而且可以为高职院校的心理健康工作提供干预依据。
本研究在文献研究的基础上,通过分层整群抽样的方法抽取宁德师范高等专科学校310名高职学生作为研究对象,采用多维度—多归因因果量表(MMCS)、应对方式问卷和症状自评量表(SCL90)作为测量工具,探讨高职生应对方式、归因风格和心理健康的关系。结果表明:
(1)高职生心理健康水平整体上低于普通大学生常模,其中最明显的症状依次为强迫症状、人际关系敏感、焦虑和敌对;高职生心理健康水平有显著的文理、生源和年级差异,文科高职生在总分、强迫症状、人际交往敏感因子上得分显著高于理科生,城市高职生在躯体化、敌对、焦虑方面健康水平显著低于农村高职生,高年级学生心理健康水平显著低于低年级学生。
(2)高职生归因风格总体上与普通大学生一致,归因呈明显的内控倾向,倾向做出稳定的、内控的能力和努力归因,并且着重于对努力因素的归因,相对忽视能力因素,但对于人际失败的归因有外控趋势,并且归因风格存在显著的性别、生源、年级、独生与非独生子女差异,男生在人际交往归因比女生更倾向于做出能力归因和运气归因,理科学生比文科生在学业上倾向于做出能力归因,城市学生比农村学生在人际交往中更倾向于能力归因,农村学生比城市学生在学业上倾向于做出学运气归因,独生子女学生比非独生子女在人际交往中倾向于做出努力、情境归因。
(3)高职生总体上能够采用较成熟的应对方式,其顺序依次为:解决问题、求助、幻想、退避、合理化、自责,但相对于普通大学生更倾向于选择自责、退避的应对方式。高职生应对方式存在显著的性别、城乡、独生与非独生子女差异。男生比女生更多采用解决问题的应对方式,城市高职生比农村高职生更多采用求助、幻想、合理化的应对方式,独生子女比非独生子女能多采用求助应对方式。
(4)研究表明高职生归因风格、应对方式各因子与心理健康有密切的联系,其中归因风格中学业运气归因、人际努力归因、应对方式中解决问题、自责与心理健康关系最密切,四者对高职生心理健康的解释度达20.8%。
In recent years, with the rapid development of the higher technical and vocational education, researchers on the pedagogics and the psychics have paid more and more attention to the research as to the mental health of students from the college for higher technical and vocational education. Among the various factors that affect the mental health, the attributional style and the coping styles are of special influence. Therefore, the research on the relationship between them and the mental health is not only of great significance to improve students' attributional style and coping strategy, but also able to provide backing to the intervention on the mental health.
With the basis of the document research, this essay probes into the relationship mentioned above by the approach of sampling in stratification within whole groups adopted to investigate --- with 310 students from Ningde Teachers' College to be the object of study, and with the MMCS, the Questionnaire on the Coping Styles and SCL90 (the Scale of Self-evaluation on SCL-90 Symptoms) to be the survey tools. The results are:
(1) In view of the overall situation, the mental health status of students in the colleges for higher technical and vocational education is lower than that of students in ordinary universities, with the most distinguishing symptoms listed in sequence: the compulsiveness, the sensitiveness to the interpersonal relationship, the anxiety and the hostility. And the status differs with the variation of grades, majors and students' circumstances. Students in Arts get higher marks in the aspects of the total score, the compulsiveness and the sensitiveness to the interpersonal relationship than those in Science. And students from urban area are lower in the health status in the aspects of躯体化, the hostility and the anxiety than those from rural area. And the status of the senior students is observably lower than that of the junior students.
(2) The attributional style of the students from colleges for higher technical and vocational education is approximately in agreement with that of the students from ordinary universities. The style shows an outstanding trend of internal control. And therefore students are likely to enjoy the ability of stability and internal control. And they emphasize attribution to effort factors while neglecting capability factors relatively. But as to the failure in the interpersonal communication, there is a trend of external control. What's more, the attributional styles vary with sex, grades, the difference between the urban area and rural area, and the difference between the only-one child and the non-only-one child. In the aspect of interpersonal communication, the male students are more likely to make the capability attribution and the chance attribution than females , and students from rural areas are more likely to make capability attribution than those from urban areas, but students from the only-one-child families are more likely to make the endeavor attribution and the attribution of assignment difficulty than those from the non-only-one-child families. In the aspect of studying, students in Science are more likely to make the capability attribution than those in Arts, students from rural areas are more likely to make the chance attribution than those from urban areas.
(3) As a whole,the students can take quite mature coping strategies. And in sequence they are problem solving, help seeking, fantasy, withdrawal, rationalization and self-accusation. But comparing to the students in ordinary universities, they'd be more inclined to choose self-accusation and withdrawal. And their coping strategies vary in sex, the difference between the urban area and the rural area, and the difference between the only-one child and the non-only-one child. And the males students take more of the problem solving while the females take more of the help seeking, fantasy and rationalization. And students from the only-one-child family take more of the help seeking than those from the non-only-one-child family.
(4) The research shows that the factors of the attributional style and the coping style are closely connected with the mental health. And the chance attribution and the endeavor attribution of the attributional style, together with the problem soling and self accusation of the copying style are intimately connected with the mental health. And those four factors can almost explain 20.8% of the reasons to the mental health.
本研究在文献研究的基础上,通过分层整群抽样的方法抽取宁德师范高等专科学校310名高职学生作为研究对象,采用多维度—多归因因果量表(MMCS)、应对方式问卷和症状自评量表(SCL90)作为测量工具,探讨高职生应对方式、归因风格和心理健康的关系。结果表明:
(1)高职生心理健康水平整体上低于普通大学生常模,其中最明显的症状依次为强迫症状、人际关系敏感、焦虑和敌对;高职生心理健康水平有显著的文理、生源和年级差异,文科高职生在总分、强迫症状、人际交往敏感因子上得分显著高于理科生,城市高职生在躯体化、敌对、焦虑方面健康水平显著低于农村高职生,高年级学生心理健康水平显著低于低年级学生。
(2)高职生归因风格总体上与普通大学生一致,归因呈明显的内控倾向,倾向做出稳定的、内控的能力和努力归因,并且着重于对努力因素的归因,相对忽视能力因素,但对于人际失败的归因有外控趋势,并且归因风格存在显著的性别、生源、年级、独生与非独生子女差异,男生在人际交往归因比女生更倾向于做出能力归因和运气归因,理科学生比文科生在学业上倾向于做出能力归因,城市学生比农村学生在人际交往中更倾向于能力归因,农村学生比城市学生在学业上倾向于做出学运气归因,独生子女学生比非独生子女在人际交往中倾向于做出努力、情境归因。
(3)高职生总体上能够采用较成熟的应对方式,其顺序依次为:解决问题、求助、幻想、退避、合理化、自责,但相对于普通大学生更倾向于选择自责、退避的应对方式。高职生应对方式存在显著的性别、城乡、独生与非独生子女差异。男生比女生更多采用解决问题的应对方式,城市高职生比农村高职生更多采用求助、幻想、合理化的应对方式,独生子女比非独生子女能多采用求助应对方式。
(4)研究表明高职生归因风格、应对方式各因子与心理健康有密切的联系,其中归因风格中学业运气归因、人际努力归因、应对方式中解决问题、自责与心理健康关系最密切,四者对高职生心理健康的解释度达20.8%。
In recent years, with the rapid development of the higher technical and vocational education, researchers on the pedagogics and the psychics have paid more and more attention to the research as to the mental health of students from the college for higher technical and vocational education. Among the various factors that affect the mental health, the attributional style and the coping styles are of special influence. Therefore, the research on the relationship between them and the mental health is not only of great significance to improve students' attributional style and coping strategy, but also able to provide backing to the intervention on the mental health.
With the basis of the document research, this essay probes into the relationship mentioned above by the approach of sampling in stratification within whole groups adopted to investigate --- with 310 students from Ningde Teachers' College to be the object of study, and with the MMCS, the Questionnaire on the Coping Styles and SCL90 (the Scale of Self-evaluation on SCL-90 Symptoms) to be the survey tools. The results are:
(1) In view of the overall situation, the mental health status of students in the colleges for higher technical and vocational education is lower than that of students in ordinary universities, with the most distinguishing symptoms listed in sequence: the compulsiveness, the sensitiveness to the interpersonal relationship, the anxiety and the hostility. And the status differs with the variation of grades, majors and students' circumstances. Students in Arts get higher marks in the aspects of the total score, the compulsiveness and the sensitiveness to the interpersonal relationship than those in Science. And students from urban area are lower in the health status in the aspects of躯体化, the hostility and the anxiety than those from rural area. And the status of the senior students is observably lower than that of the junior students.
(2) The attributional style of the students from colleges for higher technical and vocational education is approximately in agreement with that of the students from ordinary universities. The style shows an outstanding trend of internal control. And therefore students are likely to enjoy the ability of stability and internal control. And they emphasize attribution to effort factors while neglecting capability factors relatively. But as to the failure in the interpersonal communication, there is a trend of external control. What's more, the attributional styles vary with sex, grades, the difference between the urban area and rural area, and the difference between the only-one child and the non-only-one child. In the aspect of interpersonal communication, the male students are more likely to make the capability attribution and the chance attribution than females , and students from rural areas are more likely to make capability attribution than those from urban areas, but students from the only-one-child families are more likely to make the endeavor attribution and the attribution of assignment difficulty than those from the non-only-one-child families. In the aspect of studying, students in Science are more likely to make the capability attribution than those in Arts, students from rural areas are more likely to make the chance attribution than those from urban areas.
(3) As a whole,the students can take quite mature coping strategies. And in sequence they are problem solving, help seeking, fantasy, withdrawal, rationalization and self-accusation. But comparing to the students in ordinary universities, they'd be more inclined to choose self-accusation and withdrawal. And their coping strategies vary in sex, the difference between the urban area and the rural area, and the difference between the only-one child and the non-only-one child. And the males students take more of the problem solving while the females take more of the help seeking, fantasy and rationalization. And students from the only-one-child family take more of the help seeking than those from the non-only-one-child family.
(4) The research shows that the factors of the attributional style and the coping style are closely connected with the mental health. And the chance attribution and the endeavor attribution of the attributional style, together with the problem soling and self accusation of the copying style are intimately connected with the mental health. And those four factors can almost explain 20.8% of the reasons to the mental health.
引文
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[2]Sherry A.Benton,Ph.D.,John M.Robertson,"Changes in Counseling Center Client Problems Across 13 Years," Professional Psychology,vol.34(2003),pp.66-72.
[3]贡希庭、郑涌等者:《当代中国大学生心理特点与教育》,上海教育出版社,2002年版,第291-293页。
[4]张学民,林崇德、申继亮、郭德俊;.动机定向、成就归因、自我效能感与学业成就之间的关系研究综述[J].教育科学研究,2007,3.
[5]张爱卿.归因理论研究的新进展[J].教育科心理研究,2003,1.
[6]Lazarus,R.S.& Folkrnan,S,Stress,Appraisal and coping.New York:Springer,1984
[7]Plant,W.J.A stochastic multiscale model of microwave backscatter from the ocean[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2002,Vol.107(C9):3-1-3-21.
[8]陶沙,刘霞,认知倾向在大学生压力与负性情绪关系中的中介作用,中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(2),107-110
[9]叶一舵,申艳娥应对及应对方式研究综述心理科学2002年第25卷第6期755
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