微波法合成高效纳米复合光催化剂及其在光催化中的应用
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摘要
半导体光催化技术作为一种新型的环境治理技术,具有氧化能力强、降解彻底、对污染物没有选择性、无二次污染、能耗低、操作简单、催化剂可以重复利用等优点,在产氢、有机物降解和空气净化等领域展现了广阔的应用前景,成为当前研究的热点。基于光催化机理,影响光催化性能的主要因素是污染物吸附、光吸收和光生电子-空穴的复合。本论文主要围绕高效光催化剂的制备和性能进行研究,以提高光催化过程中光催化剂表面污染物吸附和光吸收,抑制光生电子-空穴的复合为目的,主要研究内容如下：
一、使用微波法制备了ZnO、Bi2O3和SnO2,用于光催化领域,并对不同反应条件对光催化性能的影响进行了研究和分析。当微波反应时间为5min时,合成的ZnO光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值81%；当Bi2O3前驱体溶液pH值为7时,合成的Bi203光催化降解甲基蓝(MB)的效率达到最大值76%；当SnO2前驱体溶液pH值为5时,合成的SnO2光催化降解MB的效率达到最大值90%。
二、使用微波法制备了ZnO-光致发光材料Y3Al5O12:Ce3+、Y2O2S:Eu3+和NaSrBO3:Eu3+复合物,用于可见光催化领域,并研究了不同掺杂比例对光催化性能的影响。这些光致发光材料能作为较好的下转换材料,吸收高能光子,发射低能可见光子,从而提高染料对光的吸收,增强染料的自敏化降解。当掺杂Y3Al5O12:Ce3+的比例为3wt.%时,ZnO-Y3Al5O12:Ce3+复合物光催化降解MB的效率达到最大值93%；当掺杂Y2O2S:Eu3+的比例为0.5wt.%时,ZnO-Y2O2S:Eu3+复合物光催化降解MB的效率达到最大值95%；当掺杂NaSrBO3:Eu3+的比例为1wt.%时,ZnO-NaSrBO3:Eu3+复合物光催化降解MB的效率达到最大值97%。
三、使用微波和紫外辅助光催化还原法制备了ZnO-石墨烯(RGO)、TiO2-RGO、 ZnO-TiO2-RGO、CdS-RGO、Bi2O3-RGO和ZnO-TiO2-CNTs复合物,用于光催化领域,并研究了不同掺杂比例对光催化性能的影响。在半导体中掺杂RGO或CNTs,不仅可以提高光吸收,也有利于光生电荷的转移,抑制光生电子-空穴的复合,从而提高光催化性能。当掺杂RGO的比例为1.0wt.%时,微波法制备的ZnO-RGO复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值98%,而紫外辅助光催化还原法制备的ZnO-RGO复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率为96%；当掺杂RGO的比例为0.8wt.%时,TiO2-RGO复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值91%；当掺杂TiO2的比例为10wt.%时,ZnO-TiO2-RGO复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值99.4%；当掺杂RGO的比例为1.5wt.%时,CdS-RGO复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值92%；当掺杂RGO的比例为2wt.%时,Bi2O3-RGO复合物光催化降解MO和MB的效率达到最大值,分别为93%和96%；当掺杂CNTs的比例为3wt.%时,ZnO-TiO2-CNTs复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值90%。
四、使用溶胶凝胶法制备了Au-TiO2和Au/N-TiO2复合物,用于光催化领域,并研究了不同掺杂比例对光催化性能的影响。在Ti02中掺杂Au和N,不仅可以将TiO2的光吸收拓展到可见光区域,也有利于光生电荷的转移,抑制光生电子-空穴的复合,从而提高光催化性能。当掺杂Au的比例为0.5wt.%时,TiO2-Au复合物光催化还原Cr (VI)的效率达到最大值91%；当掺杂Au的比例为0.3wt.%时,Au/N-TiO2复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值90%。
Semiconductor photocatalysis as a novel and environmentally-friendly technology has attracted considerable attention due to its wide applications such as in the degradation of organic pollutants, reduction of heavy metals, air purification, and hydrogen production. Based on the working mechanism of photocatalysis, the crucial factors for the photocatalytic activity are the adsorption of pollutants, the light absorption and the charge transportation and separation. In the thesis, we explored and synthesized the novel photocatalysts to improve the adsorption of pollutants and the visible light absorption as well as the reduction of electron-hole pair recombination, and the major contents of the thesis is summarized as follows:
1. ZnO, Bi2O3and SnO2were fabricated via microwave-assisted method for photocatalysis. ZnO synthesized in5min achieves a highest Cr(VI) removal efficiency of81%under UV light irradiation; Bi2O3synthesized at pH value of7and SnO2QDs synthesized at pH value of5achieve the highest MB degradation rate of76%and90%under visible light irradiation.
2. ZnO-Y3Al5O12:Ce3+, ZnO-Y2O2S:Eu3+and ZnO-NaSrBO3:Eu3+composites were synthesized via a microwave-assisted method for visible light photocatalysis. When phosphors are doped into ZnO, they can absorb the high energy photons well and emit the low energy photons, which can be easily absorbed by the dye and thus effectively excite the dye to generate more electron-hole pairs, resulting in the obvious improvement of the self-sensitized degradation of dye. ZnO-Y3Al5O12:Ce3+composite with3wt.%Y3Al5O12:Ce3+, ZnO-Y2O2S:Eu3+composite with0.5wt.%Y2O2S:Eu3+, and ZnO-NaSrBO3:Eu3+composite with1wt.%NaSrBO3:Eu3+achieve the highest MB degradation rate of93%,95%, and97%under visible light irradiation.
3. ZnO-reduced grapheme oxide (RGO), TiO2-RGO, ZnO-TiO2-RGO, CdS-RGO, Bi2O3-RGO and ZnO-TiO2-CNTs composites were synthesized via microwave-assisted method and UV-assisted photocatalytic synthesis for photocatalysis. The RGO or CNTs can act as an excellent electron-acceptor/transport material to effectively facilitate the migration of photo-induced electrons and hinder the charge recombination, which is beneficial for the photocatalytic performance. ZnO-graphene composite fabricated by microwave-assisted method and UV-assisted photocatalytic synthesis with1.0wt.%RGO achieve the highest Cr(VI) removal rate of98%and96%under UV light irradiation; TiO2-graphene composite with0.8wt.%RGO, ZnO-TiO2-RGO composite with10wt.%TiO2, and ZnO-TiO2-CNTs composite with3wt.%CNTs achieve the highest Cr(VI) removal rate of91%,99.4%, and90%under UV light irradiation; CdS-graphene composite with1.5wt.%RGO achieves a highest Cr(VI) removal rate of92%under visible light irradiation; Bi2O3-RGO composite with2wt.%RGO achieves a highest MO degradation rate of93%and a MB degradation rate of96%under visible light irradiation.
4. Au-TiO2and AU/N-T1O2composites were synthesized via a simple sol-gel method for photocatalysis. In the photocatalysis process, Au can act as excellent electron-acceptor/transport materials to effectively facilitate the migration of photo-induced electrons and hinder the charge recombination, which enhances the photocatalytic performance, while N elements can tune the band gap and extend the photo-response of TiO2into the visible light region. Au-TiO2composite with0.5wt.%Au achieves a highest Cr(VI) reduction rate of91%under UV light irradiation; Au/N-TiO2composite with0.3wt.%Au achieves a highest Cr(VI) reduction rate of90%under visible light irradiation.
一、使用微波法制备了ZnO、Bi2O3和SnO2,用于光催化领域,并对不同反应条件对光催化性能的影响进行了研究和分析。当微波反应时间为5min时,合成的ZnO光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值81%；当Bi2O3前驱体溶液pH值为7时,合成的Bi203光催化降解甲基蓝(MB)的效率达到最大值76%；当SnO2前驱体溶液pH值为5时,合成的SnO2光催化降解MB的效率达到最大值90%。
二、使用微波法制备了ZnO-光致发光材料Y3Al5O12:Ce3+、Y2O2S:Eu3+和NaSrBO3:Eu3+复合物,用于可见光催化领域,并研究了不同掺杂比例对光催化性能的影响。这些光致发光材料能作为较好的下转换材料,吸收高能光子,发射低能可见光子,从而提高染料对光的吸收,增强染料的自敏化降解。当掺杂Y3Al5O12:Ce3+的比例为3wt.%时,ZnO-Y3Al5O12:Ce3+复合物光催化降解MB的效率达到最大值93%；当掺杂Y2O2S:Eu3+的比例为0.5wt.%时,ZnO-Y2O2S:Eu3+复合物光催化降解MB的效率达到最大值95%；当掺杂NaSrBO3:Eu3+的比例为1wt.%时,ZnO-NaSrBO3:Eu3+复合物光催化降解MB的效率达到最大值97%。
三、使用微波和紫外辅助光催化还原法制备了ZnO-石墨烯(RGO)、TiO2-RGO、 ZnO-TiO2-RGO、CdS-RGO、Bi2O3-RGO和ZnO-TiO2-CNTs复合物,用于光催化领域,并研究了不同掺杂比例对光催化性能的影响。在半导体中掺杂RGO或CNTs,不仅可以提高光吸收,也有利于光生电荷的转移,抑制光生电子-空穴的复合,从而提高光催化性能。当掺杂RGO的比例为1.0wt.%时,微波法制备的ZnO-RGO复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值98%,而紫外辅助光催化还原法制备的ZnO-RGO复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率为96%；当掺杂RGO的比例为0.8wt.%时,TiO2-RGO复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值91%；当掺杂TiO2的比例为10wt.%时,ZnO-TiO2-RGO复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值99.4%；当掺杂RGO的比例为1.5wt.%时,CdS-RGO复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值92%；当掺杂RGO的比例为2wt.%时,Bi2O3-RGO复合物光催化降解MO和MB的效率达到最大值,分别为93%和96%；当掺杂CNTs的比例为3wt.%时,ZnO-TiO2-CNTs复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值90%。
四、使用溶胶凝胶法制备了Au-TiO2和Au/N-TiO2复合物,用于光催化领域,并研究了不同掺杂比例对光催化性能的影响。在Ti02中掺杂Au和N,不仅可以将TiO2的光吸收拓展到可见光区域,也有利于光生电荷的转移,抑制光生电子-空穴的复合,从而提高光催化性能。当掺杂Au的比例为0.5wt.%时,TiO2-Au复合物光催化还原Cr (VI)的效率达到最大值91%；当掺杂Au的比例为0.3wt.%时,Au/N-TiO2复合物光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的效率达到最大值90%。
Semiconductor photocatalysis as a novel and environmentally-friendly technology has attracted considerable attention due to its wide applications such as in the degradation of organic pollutants, reduction of heavy metals, air purification, and hydrogen production. Based on the working mechanism of photocatalysis, the crucial factors for the photocatalytic activity are the adsorption of pollutants, the light absorption and the charge transportation and separation. In the thesis, we explored and synthesized the novel photocatalysts to improve the adsorption of pollutants and the visible light absorption as well as the reduction of electron-hole pair recombination, and the major contents of the thesis is summarized as follows:
1. ZnO, Bi2O3and SnO2were fabricated via microwave-assisted method for photocatalysis. ZnO synthesized in5min achieves a highest Cr(VI) removal efficiency of81%under UV light irradiation; Bi2O3synthesized at pH value of7and SnO2QDs synthesized at pH value of5achieve the highest MB degradation rate of76%and90%under visible light irradiation.
2. ZnO-Y3Al5O12:Ce3+, ZnO-Y2O2S:Eu3+and ZnO-NaSrBO3:Eu3+composites were synthesized via a microwave-assisted method for visible light photocatalysis. When phosphors are doped into ZnO, they can absorb the high energy photons well and emit the low energy photons, which can be easily absorbed by the dye and thus effectively excite the dye to generate more electron-hole pairs, resulting in the obvious improvement of the self-sensitized degradation of dye. ZnO-Y3Al5O12:Ce3+composite with3wt.%Y3Al5O12:Ce3+, ZnO-Y2O2S:Eu3+composite with0.5wt.%Y2O2S:Eu3+, and ZnO-NaSrBO3:Eu3+composite with1wt.%NaSrBO3:Eu3+achieve the highest MB degradation rate of93%,95%, and97%under visible light irradiation.
3. ZnO-reduced grapheme oxide (RGO), TiO2-RGO, ZnO-TiO2-RGO, CdS-RGO, Bi2O3-RGO and ZnO-TiO2-CNTs composites were synthesized via microwave-assisted method and UV-assisted photocatalytic synthesis for photocatalysis. The RGO or CNTs can act as an excellent electron-acceptor/transport material to effectively facilitate the migration of photo-induced electrons and hinder the charge recombination, which is beneficial for the photocatalytic performance. ZnO-graphene composite fabricated by microwave-assisted method and UV-assisted photocatalytic synthesis with1.0wt.%RGO achieve the highest Cr(VI) removal rate of98%and96%under UV light irradiation; TiO2-graphene composite with0.8wt.%RGO, ZnO-TiO2-RGO composite with10wt.%TiO2, and ZnO-TiO2-CNTs composite with3wt.%CNTs achieve the highest Cr(VI) removal rate of91%,99.4%, and90%under UV light irradiation; CdS-graphene composite with1.5wt.%RGO achieves a highest Cr(VI) removal rate of92%under visible light irradiation; Bi2O3-RGO composite with2wt.%RGO achieves a highest MO degradation rate of93%and a MB degradation rate of96%under visible light irradiation.
4. Au-TiO2and AU/N-T1O2composites were synthesized via a simple sol-gel method for photocatalysis. In the photocatalysis process, Au can act as excellent electron-acceptor/transport materials to effectively facilitate the migration of photo-induced electrons and hinder the charge recombination, which enhances the photocatalytic performance, while N elements can tune the band gap and extend the photo-response of TiO2into the visible light region. Au-TiO2composite with0.5wt.%Au achieves a highest Cr(VI) reduction rate of91%under UV light irradiation; Au/N-TiO2composite with0.3wt.%Au achieves a highest Cr(VI) reduction rate of90%under visible light irradiation.
引文
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