木质素磺酸盐对硅酸盐水泥凝结时间的影响及其作用机理研究
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摘要
木质素磺酸盐减水剂来源于制浆造纸废液，具有价格低、引气性与缓凝性好的优点，从资源、环境和安全等绿色化发展的角度考虑，它是一种具有广泛应用潜力的环保型产品。但它存在减水率低、提高混凝土强度少，同时与水泥相容性差，有时会引起混凝土速凝或不凝等问题，限制其应用范围。经化学改性后木质素磺酸盐减水率提高，可较大程度地提高混凝土的工作性能，但与掺硬石膏的硅酸盐水泥相容性差，易引起水泥速凝（异常凝结）的问题还是不能得到解决，这会导致施工困难和混凝土性能急剧下降，使其应用受到了一定的限制。
要改善木质素磺酸盐减水剂与水泥的相容性、提高其应用范围，首先需要揭示其引起水泥速凝的原因及作用机理。由于水泥的凝结与水化紧密相关，因此，速凝机理的研究应结合凝结时间与水化过程两个方面来开展。
本论文首先系统研究了木质素磺酸钙（简称木钙）的超滤级分、石膏形态、碱含量和C_3A含量对硅酸盐水泥凝结时间的影响，发现木钙中的低分子量级分、水泥中的硬石膏和C_3A含量是导致速凝的主要因素。当硅酸盐水泥中调凝剂是硬石膏且C_3A含量较高时，掺加0.4%的低分子量木钙级分能使水泥的初凝时间从不掺时的57min急剧缩短至5min，终凝时间从103min急剧缩短至9min。
通过UV、HPLC和AAS等测试手段，分析了木钙及其不同分子量级分的木质素、还原糖的含量及其单糖组分和无机盐成分，结果表明，使用截留分子量为2500和150的滤膜超滤分级后，高分子量级分的木钙（CL-A）得到提纯，而低分子量级分木钙（CL-C）含有大部分的还原糖和无机盐。木钙中所含还原糖单糖组分主要是葡萄糖、甘露糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖。进一步研究了还原性单糖及无机盐对硅酸盐水泥凝结时间的影响，得出木钙中的五种单糖是造成水泥CEM-II（调凝剂是硬石膏且C_3A含量较高）速凝的主要成分。
为了深入揭示木质素磺酸盐引起掺硬石膏硅酸盐水泥速凝的原因与作用机理，以液相为研究目标，通过IC、AAS和精密pH计等测试手段，研究了木钙及其不同分子量级分对C_3A-CaSO_4体系液相离子浓度的影响；以固相为研究目标，通过XRD、TG-DSC和SEM等测试手段，研究了木钙及其不同分子量级分对C_3A-CaSO_4体系不同时间水化产物物相组成和微观形貌的影响。结合木钙对掺二水石膏和硬石膏硅酸盐水泥两种体系凝结时间的不同影响进行分析，得到以下结论：
（1）在C_3A-二水石膏体系中掺加粗木钙时，液相SO_4~(2-)浓度、Ca~(2+)浓度和CaSO_4饱和率都不同程度地增加。
在C_3A-二水石膏体系初始水化30min时，与空白样相比，掺加粗木钙的样品中，针棒状钙矾石晶体数量增加，长度为1~2μm，相互搭接紧密；掺加高分子量级分CL-A的样品中，钙矾石数量与空白样接近，但针、棒状钙矾石晶体尺寸更小，长度为0.5~1.5μm，相互搭接更紧密。掺加粗木钙或CL-A级分的样品生成更多或更细的针棒状钙矾石晶体，可在C_3A颗粒表面形成更加密实的保护层，从而延缓C_3A的水化。因此，CL-A级分对水泥P·II42.5R有较强的缓凝作用，木钙掺量较高（≥1.0%）时，水泥P·II42.5R长时间不凝，发生过度缓凝现象。
与之不同的是，低分子量级分CL-C对水泥P·II42.5R凝结时间的影响很小。水化研究发现，在C_3A-二水石膏体系初始水化30min时，掺加CL-C级分的样品中钙矾石晶体的数量和尺寸与空白样差别不大，因而对C_3A水化的延缓不明显，不影响水泥凝结时间。
（2）在C_3A-硬石膏体系，与空白水化样相比，掺加粗木钙和CL-C级分的样品液相Ca~(2+)浓度增加，但由于钙矾石晶体的快速形成消耗了大量的硫酸盐，SO_4~(2-)浓度和CaSO_4饱和率都不同程度地降低，尤其在初始水化1min时，液相SO_4~(2-)浓度和CaSO_4饱和率几乎降至零。
高分子量级分CL-A和低掺量（≤0.3%）的粗木钙能使水泥CEM-II凝结时间延长，但延长幅度较小。水化研究发现，在C_3A-硬石膏体系初始水化30min时，与空白样相比，掺加CL-A级分和木钙的样品中，钙矾石晶体数量大幅度增加，晶体尺寸大于空白样（掺木钙的长度为2~4μm，掺CL-A级分的长度为2μm左右），相互搭接不够紧密。分析认为，这种数量多但较大的钙矾石晶体在C_3A颗粒表面能形成保护层，但不够密实，因此对C_3A和水泥CEM-II水化具有较弱的延缓作用。
当掺加1.0%的粗木钙或0.4%的低分子量级分CL-C时，水泥CEM-II凝结时间仅10min左右，发生速凝现象。研究发现，在C_3A-硬石膏体系初始水化30min时，掺加CL-C级分的样品与空白样相比，钙矾石晶体数量大幅度增加，呈长棒状且尺寸更大（长度为6~8μm），晶体间有明显孔隙，因此难以在C_3A颗粒周围形成可以阻止液相扩散的密实的保护层，C_3A与硬石膏快速反应，导致水泥CEM-II迅速凝结。
论文还通过XRD、TG-DSC和SEM等测试手段，研究了低分子量木钙级分CL-C和五种单糖对不同水化时间水泥CEM-II水化产物物相组成和微观形貌的影响，发现低分子量木钙级分CL-C和阿拉伯糖引起水泥CEM-II速凝时，针棒状的钙矾石晶体发育不好，尺寸较小，没有相互搭接呈松散分布，进一步说明由于钙矾石晶体没有在水泥颗粒表面上形成保护层，不能延缓水泥颗粒特别是C_3A的继续水化，引起水泥CEM-II快速凝结。
Lignosulfonate water reducer, recovered from spent sulfite pulping liquor, has theadvantages of low-price, good air-entraining and retarding performances. From the point ofresource, environment and security, it is a kind of eco-friendly product with the potential ofwidespread use. However, there are some problems limiting its application, such as lowwater-reducing efficiency, low-efficiency in improving concrete strength, and poorcompatibility between lignosulfonate and cement which can sometimes lead to quick set orexcessive retarding of concrete. By chemical modification, lignosulfonate water-reducershows a higher water-reducing efficiency, and a better workability of concrete, but theproblem of quick set (abnormal setting) induced by the poor compatibility betweenlignosulfonate and cement containing anhydrite remains unsolved, and in this case,construction becomes very difficult and properties of concrete decline sharply, which addscertain constraints to the application.
In order to improve the compatibility between lignosulfonate and cement, and extend theapplication of lignosulfonate water-reducer, the reason and action mechanism of the quick setinduced by the use of lignosulfonate should be first revealed. The setting of cement is muchrelated to its hydration, so the research of action mechanism of quick set should be carried outfrom two aspects of setting time and hydration process.
Firstly, the effects of ultrafiltration fraction of calcium lignosulfonate (CL), the form ofcalcium sulfate, the alkali content and the C_3A content on setting time of Portland cementhave been systematically investigated in this paper. The result shows that the major factorsthat lead to the quick set are the low molecular weight fraction of CL, the anhydrite and C_3Acontent in cement. When the retarder is anhydrite and the C_3A content is relatively high inPortland cement, the addition of0.4%CL fraction with a low molecular weight can sharplyshorten initial set from57min to5min and final set from103min to9min.
By UV, HPLC and AAS, the contents of lignin, the contents of reducing sugar and itsmonosaccharide components and the compositions of inorganic salt of the CL with differentmolecular weight fractions have been analyzed. The result shows that by ultrafiltration andfractionation, the CL fraction with a high molecular weight (CL-A) is purified, and the CLfraction with a low molecular weight (CL-C) contains most of reducing sugar and inorganicsalt. The main monosaccharide components of reducing sugar in CL are glucose, mannose,xylose, arabinose and galactose. The effects of the reductive monosaccharides and inorganic salt on setting time of Portland cement have been further studied. The result shows that theabove-mentioned five monosaccharides in the CL are the principal components of inducingthe quick set of CEM-II (the cement containing anhydrite as a retarder and relatively highC_3A content).
In order to thoroughly reveal the reason and action mechanism of quick set of the cementcontaining anhydrite induced by the use of lignosulfonate, regarding liquid phase as theresearch target, by IC, AAS and pH meter, the effects of CL and its different molecular weightfractions on the ion concentration of liquid phase in the C_3A-CaSO_4system have been studied;regarding solid phase as the research target, by XRD, TG-DSC and SEM, the effects of theCL and its different molecular weight fractions on the phase compositions and morphology ofhydration products at different time in the C_3A-CaSO_4system have been studied. Based onthe analysis of the different effects of the CL on setting times of the cement containinggypsum and another cement containing anhydrite, the following conclusions have beendrawn:
When the CL is added to the C_3A-gypsum system, SO_4~(2-)concentration, Ca~(2+)concentration and CaSO_4saturation ratio in the liquid phase all increase to some extent.
At the first30min of hydration in the C_3A-gypsum system, compared with the blanksample, in the sample containing the CL, ettringite crystals of needle and rod increase in theamount, are about1~2μm in length, overlap each other closely; in the sample containing theCL-A fraction with a high molecular weight, the amount of ettringite is close to that of theblank sample, but ettringite crystals of needle and rod are smaller in size, are about0.5~1.5μm in length, overlap each other more closely. In the sample containing the CL or the CL-A,ettringite crystals of needle and rod are more or smaller, which can form covering layeraround the C_3A grains more tightly, and delay the hydration of the C_3A. So, the CL-A hasrelatively strong setting retarding effect on the P·II42.5R, in the high dosage of CL (≥1.0%),the P·II42.5R cannot coagulate for a long time, and the phenomenon of excessive retardinghappens.
Unlike the CL-A, the CL-C fraction with a low molecular weight has little effect on thesetting time of P·II42.5R. The result of hydration research shows that at the first30min ofhydration in the C_3A-gypsum system, in the sample containing the CL-C, the amount and sizeof ettringite crystals have little difference from that of the blank sample. As a result, the CL-Ccannot delay the hydration of the C_3A obviously, and has little effect on the setting time.
In the C_3A-anhydrite system, compared with the blank sample, in the sample containingthe CL or the CL-C, Ca~(2+)concentration in the liquid phase increases, but due to the rapid formation of ettringite crystal depletes large amount of sulfate, SO_4~(2-)concentration andCaSO_4saturation ratio in the liquid phase all decrease to some extent, especially during thefirst1min of hydration, SO_4~(2-)concentration and CaSO_4saturation ratio are close to zero.
The CL-A fraction with a high molecular weight and the low dosage of CL (≤0.3%) canprolong the setting time of CEM-II, but within a relatively small range. The result ofhydration research shows that at the first30min of hydration in the C_3A-anhydrite system,compared with the blank sample, in the sample containing the CL-A or the CL, the amount ofettringite crystals substantially increase, the crystal sizes are bigger than that of the blanksample (the lengths are about2~4μm in the presence of CL, and about2μm in the presenceof CL-A), and the ettringite crystals do not overlap each other closely. The analysis suggeststhat the ettringite crystals are large in the amount, but big in size, which can form coveringlayer around the C_3A grains, but the covering layer is not tight, so the setting retarding effecton the C_3A and the CEM-II is weak.
When the CL is added in the dosage of1.0%or the CL-C fraction with a low molecularweight is added in the dosage of0.4%, the setting time of CEM-II is about10min, and thephenomenon of excessive retarding happens. The result of hydration research shows that atthe first30min of hydration in the C_3A-anhydrite system, compared with the blank sample, inthe sample containing the CL-C, ettringite crystals substantially increase in the amount, andare mostly present in the form of long rods, and are much bigger than that of the blank sample(about6~8μm in length), and there are pore spaces between the crystals, so it is hard to formtight covering layer around the C_3A grains to hinder the diffusion of the liquid phase, and theC_3A continues to react with the anhydrite rapidly, leading to the quick set of CEM-II.
By XRD, TG-DSC and SEM, the effects of the CL-C fraction with a low molecularweight and the above-mentioned five monosaccharides on the phase compositions andmorphology of hydration products of CEM-II at different time have been studied too in thispaper. The result shows that in the case of the quick set of CEM-II induced by the CL-Cfraction with a low molecular weight and arabinose, relatively fine ettringite crystals of needleand rod do not get a well growth or overlap each other. It is further demonstrated that due toettringite crystals do not form complete covering layer around the cement grains to delay thesubsequent hydration of cement and C_3A, the CEM-II reaches to setting quickly.
要改善木质素磺酸盐减水剂与水泥的相容性、提高其应用范围，首先需要揭示其引起水泥速凝的原因及作用机理。由于水泥的凝结与水化紧密相关，因此，速凝机理的研究应结合凝结时间与水化过程两个方面来开展。
本论文首先系统研究了木质素磺酸钙（简称木钙）的超滤级分、石膏形态、碱含量和C_3A含量对硅酸盐水泥凝结时间的影响，发现木钙中的低分子量级分、水泥中的硬石膏和C_3A含量是导致速凝的主要因素。当硅酸盐水泥中调凝剂是硬石膏且C_3A含量较高时，掺加0.4%的低分子量木钙级分能使水泥的初凝时间从不掺时的57min急剧缩短至5min，终凝时间从103min急剧缩短至9min。
通过UV、HPLC和AAS等测试手段，分析了木钙及其不同分子量级分的木质素、还原糖的含量及其单糖组分和无机盐成分，结果表明，使用截留分子量为2500和150的滤膜超滤分级后，高分子量级分的木钙（CL-A）得到提纯，而低分子量级分木钙（CL-C）含有大部分的还原糖和无机盐。木钙中所含还原糖单糖组分主要是葡萄糖、甘露糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖。进一步研究了还原性单糖及无机盐对硅酸盐水泥凝结时间的影响，得出木钙中的五种单糖是造成水泥CEM-II（调凝剂是硬石膏且C_3A含量较高）速凝的主要成分。
为了深入揭示木质素磺酸盐引起掺硬石膏硅酸盐水泥速凝的原因与作用机理，以液相为研究目标，通过IC、AAS和精密pH计等测试手段，研究了木钙及其不同分子量级分对C_3A-CaSO_4体系液相离子浓度的影响；以固相为研究目标，通过XRD、TG-DSC和SEM等测试手段，研究了木钙及其不同分子量级分对C_3A-CaSO_4体系不同时间水化产物物相组成和微观形貌的影响。结合木钙对掺二水石膏和硬石膏硅酸盐水泥两种体系凝结时间的不同影响进行分析，得到以下结论：
（1）在C_3A-二水石膏体系中掺加粗木钙时，液相SO_4~(2-)浓度、Ca~(2+)浓度和CaSO_4饱和率都不同程度地增加。
在C_3A-二水石膏体系初始水化30min时，与空白样相比，掺加粗木钙的样品中，针棒状钙矾石晶体数量增加，长度为1~2μm，相互搭接紧密；掺加高分子量级分CL-A的样品中，钙矾石数量与空白样接近，但针、棒状钙矾石晶体尺寸更小，长度为0.5~1.5μm，相互搭接更紧密。掺加粗木钙或CL-A级分的样品生成更多或更细的针棒状钙矾石晶体，可在C_3A颗粒表面形成更加密实的保护层，从而延缓C_3A的水化。因此，CL-A级分对水泥P·II42.5R有较强的缓凝作用，木钙掺量较高（≥1.0%）时，水泥P·II42.5R长时间不凝，发生过度缓凝现象。
与之不同的是，低分子量级分CL-C对水泥P·II42.5R凝结时间的影响很小。水化研究发现，在C_3A-二水石膏体系初始水化30min时，掺加CL-C级分的样品中钙矾石晶体的数量和尺寸与空白样差别不大，因而对C_3A水化的延缓不明显，不影响水泥凝结时间。
（2）在C_3A-硬石膏体系，与空白水化样相比，掺加粗木钙和CL-C级分的样品液相Ca~(2+)浓度增加，但由于钙矾石晶体的快速形成消耗了大量的硫酸盐，SO_4~(2-)浓度和CaSO_4饱和率都不同程度地降低，尤其在初始水化1min时，液相SO_4~(2-)浓度和CaSO_4饱和率几乎降至零。
高分子量级分CL-A和低掺量（≤0.3%）的粗木钙能使水泥CEM-II凝结时间延长，但延长幅度较小。水化研究发现，在C_3A-硬石膏体系初始水化30min时，与空白样相比，掺加CL-A级分和木钙的样品中，钙矾石晶体数量大幅度增加，晶体尺寸大于空白样（掺木钙的长度为2~4μm，掺CL-A级分的长度为2μm左右），相互搭接不够紧密。分析认为，这种数量多但较大的钙矾石晶体在C_3A颗粒表面能形成保护层，但不够密实，因此对C_3A和水泥CEM-II水化具有较弱的延缓作用。
当掺加1.0%的粗木钙或0.4%的低分子量级分CL-C时，水泥CEM-II凝结时间仅10min左右，发生速凝现象。研究发现，在C_3A-硬石膏体系初始水化30min时，掺加CL-C级分的样品与空白样相比，钙矾石晶体数量大幅度增加，呈长棒状且尺寸更大（长度为6~8μm），晶体间有明显孔隙，因此难以在C_3A颗粒周围形成可以阻止液相扩散的密实的保护层，C_3A与硬石膏快速反应，导致水泥CEM-II迅速凝结。
论文还通过XRD、TG-DSC和SEM等测试手段，研究了低分子量木钙级分CL-C和五种单糖对不同水化时间水泥CEM-II水化产物物相组成和微观形貌的影响，发现低分子量木钙级分CL-C和阿拉伯糖引起水泥CEM-II速凝时，针棒状的钙矾石晶体发育不好，尺寸较小，没有相互搭接呈松散分布，进一步说明由于钙矾石晶体没有在水泥颗粒表面上形成保护层，不能延缓水泥颗粒特别是C_3A的继续水化，引起水泥CEM-II快速凝结。
Lignosulfonate water reducer, recovered from spent sulfite pulping liquor, has theadvantages of low-price, good air-entraining and retarding performances. From the point ofresource, environment and security, it is a kind of eco-friendly product with the potential ofwidespread use. However, there are some problems limiting its application, such as lowwater-reducing efficiency, low-efficiency in improving concrete strength, and poorcompatibility between lignosulfonate and cement which can sometimes lead to quick set orexcessive retarding of concrete. By chemical modification, lignosulfonate water-reducershows a higher water-reducing efficiency, and a better workability of concrete, but theproblem of quick set (abnormal setting) induced by the poor compatibility betweenlignosulfonate and cement containing anhydrite remains unsolved, and in this case,construction becomes very difficult and properties of concrete decline sharply, which addscertain constraints to the application.
In order to improve the compatibility between lignosulfonate and cement, and extend theapplication of lignosulfonate water-reducer, the reason and action mechanism of the quick setinduced by the use of lignosulfonate should be first revealed. The setting of cement is muchrelated to its hydration, so the research of action mechanism of quick set should be carried outfrom two aspects of setting time and hydration process.
Firstly, the effects of ultrafiltration fraction of calcium lignosulfonate (CL), the form ofcalcium sulfate, the alkali content and the C_3A content on setting time of Portland cementhave been systematically investigated in this paper. The result shows that the major factorsthat lead to the quick set are the low molecular weight fraction of CL, the anhydrite and C_3Acontent in cement. When the retarder is anhydrite and the C_3A content is relatively high inPortland cement, the addition of0.4%CL fraction with a low molecular weight can sharplyshorten initial set from57min to5min and final set from103min to9min.
By UV, HPLC and AAS, the contents of lignin, the contents of reducing sugar and itsmonosaccharide components and the compositions of inorganic salt of the CL with differentmolecular weight fractions have been analyzed. The result shows that by ultrafiltration andfractionation, the CL fraction with a high molecular weight (CL-A) is purified, and the CLfraction with a low molecular weight (CL-C) contains most of reducing sugar and inorganicsalt. The main monosaccharide components of reducing sugar in CL are glucose, mannose,xylose, arabinose and galactose. The effects of the reductive monosaccharides and inorganic salt on setting time of Portland cement have been further studied. The result shows that theabove-mentioned five monosaccharides in the CL are the principal components of inducingthe quick set of CEM-II (the cement containing anhydrite as a retarder and relatively highC_3A content).
In order to thoroughly reveal the reason and action mechanism of quick set of the cementcontaining anhydrite induced by the use of lignosulfonate, regarding liquid phase as theresearch target, by IC, AAS and pH meter, the effects of CL and its different molecular weightfractions on the ion concentration of liquid phase in the C_3A-CaSO_4system have been studied;regarding solid phase as the research target, by XRD, TG-DSC and SEM, the effects of theCL and its different molecular weight fractions on the phase compositions and morphology ofhydration products at different time in the C_3A-CaSO_4system have been studied. Based onthe analysis of the different effects of the CL on setting times of the cement containinggypsum and another cement containing anhydrite, the following conclusions have beendrawn:
When the CL is added to the C_3A-gypsum system, SO_4~(2-)concentration, Ca~(2+)concentration and CaSO_4saturation ratio in the liquid phase all increase to some extent.
At the first30min of hydration in the C_3A-gypsum system, compared with the blanksample, in the sample containing the CL, ettringite crystals of needle and rod increase in theamount, are about1~2μm in length, overlap each other closely; in the sample containing theCL-A fraction with a high molecular weight, the amount of ettringite is close to that of theblank sample, but ettringite crystals of needle and rod are smaller in size, are about0.5~1.5μm in length, overlap each other more closely. In the sample containing the CL or the CL-A,ettringite crystals of needle and rod are more or smaller, which can form covering layeraround the C_3A grains more tightly, and delay the hydration of the C_3A. So, the CL-A hasrelatively strong setting retarding effect on the P·II42.5R, in the high dosage of CL (≥1.0%),the P·II42.5R cannot coagulate for a long time, and the phenomenon of excessive retardinghappens.
Unlike the CL-A, the CL-C fraction with a low molecular weight has little effect on thesetting time of P·II42.5R. The result of hydration research shows that at the first30min ofhydration in the C_3A-gypsum system, in the sample containing the CL-C, the amount and sizeof ettringite crystals have little difference from that of the blank sample. As a result, the CL-Ccannot delay the hydration of the C_3A obviously, and has little effect on the setting time.
In the C_3A-anhydrite system, compared with the blank sample, in the sample containingthe CL or the CL-C, Ca~(2+)concentration in the liquid phase increases, but due to the rapid formation of ettringite crystal depletes large amount of sulfate, SO_4~(2-)concentration andCaSO_4saturation ratio in the liquid phase all decrease to some extent, especially during thefirst1min of hydration, SO_4~(2-)concentration and CaSO_4saturation ratio are close to zero.
The CL-A fraction with a high molecular weight and the low dosage of CL (≤0.3%) canprolong the setting time of CEM-II, but within a relatively small range. The result ofhydration research shows that at the first30min of hydration in the C_3A-anhydrite system,compared with the blank sample, in the sample containing the CL-A or the CL, the amount ofettringite crystals substantially increase, the crystal sizes are bigger than that of the blanksample (the lengths are about2~4μm in the presence of CL, and about2μm in the presenceof CL-A), and the ettringite crystals do not overlap each other closely. The analysis suggeststhat the ettringite crystals are large in the amount, but big in size, which can form coveringlayer around the C_3A grains, but the covering layer is not tight, so the setting retarding effecton the C_3A and the CEM-II is weak.
When the CL is added in the dosage of1.0%or the CL-C fraction with a low molecularweight is added in the dosage of0.4%, the setting time of CEM-II is about10min, and thephenomenon of excessive retarding happens. The result of hydration research shows that atthe first30min of hydration in the C_3A-anhydrite system, compared with the blank sample, inthe sample containing the CL-C, ettringite crystals substantially increase in the amount, andare mostly present in the form of long rods, and are much bigger than that of the blank sample(about6~8μm in length), and there are pore spaces between the crystals, so it is hard to formtight covering layer around the C_3A grains to hinder the diffusion of the liquid phase, and theC_3A continues to react with the anhydrite rapidly, leading to the quick set of CEM-II.
By XRD, TG-DSC and SEM, the effects of the CL-C fraction with a low molecularweight and the above-mentioned five monosaccharides on the phase compositions andmorphology of hydration products of CEM-II at different time have been studied too in thispaper. The result shows that in the case of the quick set of CEM-II induced by the CL-Cfraction with a low molecular weight and arabinose, relatively fine ettringite crystals of needleand rod do not get a well growth or overlap each other. It is further demonstrated that due toettringite crystals do not form complete covering layer around the cement grains to delay thesubsequent hydration of cement and C_3A, the CEM-II reaches to setting quickly.
引文
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