高速公路建设期环境污染监测方法研究及应用
|
摘要
研究了高速公路建设期环境污染的监测与常规监测的区别；按不同施工期具有的不同污染特征进行了研究；确定了研究的因子及其确定原则、理由；监测频率的确定；敏感点确定原则；事故应急监测；各监测因子的布点原则；实验室监测分析方法研究；底质监测及评价；最后对依托项目的环境现状进行了评价。本研究分为现场调查、实验室监测分析及理论研究两大部分。具体技术路线为：根据高速公路的污染特征进行理论分析，形成初步思路——现场调查——监测计划设计——布点——样品采集——运送保存——分析测试——数据处理——现状评价。
现场调查了沿线的污染源(水、气、声部分)，大气和噪声污染源有：桥头预制厂、爆破点、施工便道、取弃土场、路基面、隧道作业、材料堆及拌和站等；水污染源有：施工营地、桥梁施工。了解了各敏感点的现场布点条件、各敏感点的大小、各水体的水体功能等，为理论研究打下了坚实的基础。
接着进行了理论探讨及实验室分析研究。确定了监测因子、监测频率、如何布点、敏感点确定原则、在比较各监测分析方法的基础上提出最佳实验室监测分析方法。根据高速公路建设项目的实际情况，最终确定监测情况应根据工期的不同作相应的调整。具体是：在一期工程期间，水质监测的频率为1次／月，大气及噪声的监测频率依次为1次／月和4次／月；第二及第三期工程期间，水质监测按丰、平、枯水期进行划分，大气及噪声的监测频率变为1次／季和4次／季，但大气部分应增加沥青烟监测。在实验室分析阶段注意到了现有分析方法需改进的地方，对BOD、I_(Mn)、SS、石油类的分析方法做了探索性研究，为以后的监测分析部门节省大量的人力、物力。
完成了大量的监测任务，为世界银行环保办提供了科学、完整的月、季及年度监测评价报告。
This thesis has studied the difference between the environmental monitoring of expressway and routine monitoring of environmental pollution. Has carried on research according to different pollution characteristic of 3 construction phases. Has determined the factors being studied and their principles an reasons for adoption. Studies the frequency of monitoring, how to locate sensitive spots. Accident contingency monitoring, the principles of laying out factors, monitor and analytical methods in the laboratory, sediment monitoring and assessment on the environmental current situation are also studied. This research is divided into two large parts, laboratory monitoring analysis and theoretical research. The concrete technological route is: theory analysis according to pollution
characteristics of expressway , forming the preliminary thought--on the spot
investigating--design monitoring plans--layout--sampling-transporting and keeping ------analysis and test --data processing------current
situation assessment.
Having investigated the pollution sources (water , air , noise ) along the line at the scene, atmospheric and noisy pollution sources are: bridge prefabricate places , explosion spot, makeshifts , site of earth cutting and discarded earth, the road bed, material pile, mixing and stiring stations etc. Water pollution sources are: construction encampments, bridge construction. Understands the laying out situation of every sensitive spot, every water body's function ,etc. Which have laid a solid foundation for the theoretical research.
Then carries on the theory study and analysis study in the laboratory, has confirmed the monitoring factors, monitor frequency, how to lay out, sensitive spots' confirming principles.
Proposes the best laboratory monitoring and analytical methods on the basis of analyzing other monitoring analytical methods. According to actual conditions of expressway construction project, it has adjusted monitoring according to the different phases of the project. During the first phase of the project, the frequency of water quality monitoring is once per month, the monitoring frequencies of the air and noise are successively once per month and 4 times per
month. And during the second and the third phase of the project, rate of water quality monitoring depends on the summer , normal and dry season, the rates of air and noise monitoring turn into once per season and 4 times per season, we should add pitch smoke monitoring. In lab analysis , the existing analytical methods have been improved. Especially for BOD , Imn , SS ,petroleum,which will save a large amount of manpower, material resources for the monitoring in the future.
A large number of monitoring tasks have been done, which has submitted seasonal and annual monitoring reports for the World Bank's Environmental Protection Agency.
现场调查了沿线的污染源(水、气、声部分)，大气和噪声污染源有：桥头预制厂、爆破点、施工便道、取弃土场、路基面、隧道作业、材料堆及拌和站等；水污染源有：施工营地、桥梁施工。了解了各敏感点的现场布点条件、各敏感点的大小、各水体的水体功能等，为理论研究打下了坚实的基础。
接着进行了理论探讨及实验室分析研究。确定了监测因子、监测频率、如何布点、敏感点确定原则、在比较各监测分析方法的基础上提出最佳实验室监测分析方法。根据高速公路建设项目的实际情况，最终确定监测情况应根据工期的不同作相应的调整。具体是：在一期工程期间，水质监测的频率为1次／月，大气及噪声的监测频率依次为1次／月和4次／月；第二及第三期工程期间，水质监测按丰、平、枯水期进行划分，大气及噪声的监测频率变为1次／季和4次／季，但大气部分应增加沥青烟监测。在实验室分析阶段注意到了现有分析方法需改进的地方，对BOD、I_(Mn)、SS、石油类的分析方法做了探索性研究，为以后的监测分析部门节省大量的人力、物力。
完成了大量的监测任务，为世界银行环保办提供了科学、完整的月、季及年度监测评价报告。
This thesis has studied the difference between the environmental monitoring of expressway and routine monitoring of environmental pollution. Has carried on research according to different pollution characteristic of 3 construction phases. Has determined the factors being studied and their principles an reasons for adoption. Studies the frequency of monitoring, how to locate sensitive spots. Accident contingency monitoring, the principles of laying out factors, monitor and analytical methods in the laboratory, sediment monitoring and assessment on the environmental current situation are also studied. This research is divided into two large parts, laboratory monitoring analysis and theoretical research. The concrete technological route is: theory analysis according to pollution
characteristics of expressway , forming the preliminary thought--on the spot
investigating--design monitoring plans--layout--sampling-transporting and keeping ------analysis and test --data processing------current
situation assessment.
Having investigated the pollution sources (water , air , noise ) along the line at the scene, atmospheric and noisy pollution sources are: bridge prefabricate places , explosion spot, makeshifts , site of earth cutting and discarded earth, the road bed, material pile, mixing and stiring stations etc. Water pollution sources are: construction encampments, bridge construction. Understands the laying out situation of every sensitive spot, every water body's function ,etc. Which have laid a solid foundation for the theoretical research.
Then carries on the theory study and analysis study in the laboratory, has confirmed the monitoring factors, monitor frequency, how to lay out, sensitive spots' confirming principles.
Proposes the best laboratory monitoring and analytical methods on the basis of analyzing other monitoring analytical methods. According to actual conditions of expressway construction project, it has adjusted monitoring according to the different phases of the project. During the first phase of the project, the frequency of water quality monitoring is once per month, the monitoring frequencies of the air and noise are successively once per month and 4 times per
month. And during the second and the third phase of the project, rate of water quality monitoring depends on the summer , normal and dry season, the rates of air and noise monitoring turn into once per season and 4 times per season, we should add pitch smoke monitoring. In lab analysis , the existing analytical methods have been improved. Especially for BOD , Imn , SS ,petroleum,which will save a large amount of manpower, material resources for the monitoring in the future.
A large number of monitoring tasks have been done, which has submitted seasonal and annual monitoring reports for the World Bank's Environmental Protection Agency.
引文
[1] 孔繁羚主编．环境生物学．北京：高等教育出版社．2000．1～2，138～139
[2] 吴邦灿．环境监测管理(第二版)．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1997．1～79
[3] 湖北省环保局．湖北省建设项目环境影响管理办法．1993，10
[4] Briggs R. and Gratten K. T. V. Measurement and sensing of water quality: a review. Trans. Inst. M&C, 1990. 12(2): 1-40
[5] Chambers B. and Jones G. Optimization and up-rating of activated sludge plants by ell cient process de-sign. Water Sci. Tech. 1988. 20(4/5): 121-132.
[6] Dobbs R. A., Wise R. H. and Dean R. B. The use of UV absorption measurement for monitoring the total organic carbon content of water and waste water. Water Res. 1972,6. 1173-1180.
[7] 王慧觉．污染物概念和公路污染源界定．交通环保，1999，1．20(1)：30～33
[8] 曾凡刚．大气环境监测．北京：化学工业出版社，2003．1～25
[9] 奚旦立、孙裕生、刘秀英编．环境监测(修订版)．北京：高等教育出版社，1995．1～2，19～37，104～126
[10] 叶立虎、栾胜基编．环境质量评价学．高等教育出版社，1999．1～12，83～132
[11] 王大力．河流水质监测控制断面设置探讨．环境监测管理与技．2001，8．11(4)：41～42
[12] Jemielniak, K. Warsaw. Commercial tool condition monitoring systems International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 15(10) 1999. 711-721
[13] Ohannes H. Andersen, Roger S. Powell Implicit state-estimation technique for water network monitoring Urban Water, 2000, 2. 123-130
[14] S. R. AHMAD and D. M. REYNOLDS Monitoring of Water Quality Using Fluorescence Technique: Prospect on-line Process Control Wat. Res. 1999. Vol. 33,No. 9: 2069-2074
[15] Ahmad S. R., Foster V. G. and Reynolds D.M. Laser scattering technique for the noninvasive analysis of wastewater. Proc. Conf. Substance Identi(R)cation Detection SPIE 2092, 1993. 353-359.
[16] 刘宝红，孔继烈，陈蕾等．BOD快速测定器的微生物膜固定方法研究．环境科学，1994．15(6)：8～13
[17] 迟玉霞，刘宏之．OxiTop测量系统测定BOD_5方法之探讨．山东化工，2002．第31卷：38～40
[18] 李业辉、杨汉．BOD快速测定方法的研究．干旱环境监测，1997，12．11(4)：13～15
[19] 谭少华，何青山、赵志明．BOD_5稀释方法的分析与研究．酿酒，1999，5．总134：59～61
[20] 王爱一、周汾涛．在BOD_5分析中水样稀释比确定方法的研究．环境工程，2003，4．21(2)：68～70
[21] 陈花果、黄彩海．测定BOD5确定水样稀释倍数的各种方法．中国环境监测，1994．10(4)：35～38
[22] 倪红梅．测定BOD5确定稀释比的优选方法．陕西环境，2000，9．第7卷第3期：18～20
[23] 韩相奎、刘颖、金贞子．BOD5快速测定方法研究．中国环境监测，1994．10(3)：13～15
[24] 陈乐欣．CODCr的快速测定方法．环境监测管理与技术，1994．3．第6卷第1期：34～36
[25] 林静．COD_(Cr)催化快速测定法与标准方法对比试验．工业水处理，2001年9月，第21卷第9期：34～36
[26] 孙会彦．环境水样中的COD快速测定方法研究．河北化工，2002年第1期．45～46
[27] 谢镜明．快速测定COD方法比较分析．中国环境监测，1996．12(5)：27
[28] 聂麦茜主编．环境监测与分析实践教程．北京：化学工业出版社，2003，9．103～104，107～108，134～136
[29] 张吉荣、陈震东．滤膜抽滤法测定工业废水中悬浮物的探讨．仪器仪表与分析监测，2002年第1期．38～39
[30] 林小鸣．取样量与烘干时间对总悬浮物测定结果的影响．中国环境监测，1999．15(4)：64-65．
[31] 徐衍忠．悬浮物测定应注意的问题．中国环境监测，1993．9(4)：58-59
[32] 孙廷春．中速定量滤纸水溶物干扰悬浮物测定的研究与校正．干旱环境监测，1996．10(1)：55-57
[33] 国家环保总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会．水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)．323～499
[34] 交通部．公路建设项目环境影响评价规范(试行)．1996，7，8
[35] 国家环保总局．关于湖北省汉口至十堰高速公路孝感至随州段及随州至襄樊段环境影响评价大纲审查意见的复函．1999，6，28
[36] 湖北省环保局．湖北省环保局关于汗十高速公路孝感至随州段及随州至襄樊段工程环境影响评价执行标准的复函．1999，12，14
[37] 张长寿．底质全量方法的改进．中国环境监测，2003年4月．第19卷第2期：22
[38] 闫百兴、何岩．汉水沉积物中元素的地球化学特征．地理科学，1996，11．16(4)：312～316
[39] MULLER G Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River.Geojournal 1969, 2(3): 108-118
[40] H Lars Hakanson, An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Control-A Sediment logical Approach. Water Research, 1980, 14: 975-1000
[41] Mc Cauley Dennis J, De Graeve G M, Linton T K. Sediment quality guidelines and assessment: overview and research needs Environment Science and Policy, 2000, (3): S133-S144
[42] Muller H W Schwaighofer B Kalman W Heavy metals contents Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1994 72: 191-203
[43] 贾振邦、赵智杰、扬小毛等．洋涌河、茅洲河和东宝河沉积物中重金属的污染评价．环境化学，2001，5．第20卷第3期：212-219
[44] 刘研华、魏复盛．突发性环境污染事故应急监测．中国环境监测，1995．11(6)：59～62
[45] Yasuhito Igarashi!,*, Takashi Miyao!, Michio Aoyama!,Radioactive noble gases in surface air monitored atMRI, Tsukuba, beforeand after the JCO accident Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 50(2000) 107-118
[46] Tetsuji Imanaka Neutron dose and power released by the JCO criticality accident in Tokai-mura Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 50(2000) 15-20
[47] Nicholson, Alan. NZ accident investigation monitoring system Proceedings of the Conference on Traffic and Transportation Studies, ICTTS 2000. ASCE, Reston, VA, USA. 910-917
[48] Stanley S. Grossel. Hazardous gas monitoring: a guide for semiconductor and other hazardous occupancies(2000)Logan T. White, Noyes Publications/William Andrew Publishing, 100-120
[2] 吴邦灿．环境监测管理(第二版)．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1997．1～79
[3] 湖北省环保局．湖北省建设项目环境影响管理办法．1993，10
[4] Briggs R. and Gratten K. T. V. Measurement and sensing of water quality: a review. Trans. Inst. M&C, 1990. 12(2): 1-40
[5] Chambers B. and Jones G. Optimization and up-rating of activated sludge plants by ell cient process de-sign. Water Sci. Tech. 1988. 20(4/5): 121-132.
[6] Dobbs R. A., Wise R. H. and Dean R. B. The use of UV absorption measurement for monitoring the total organic carbon content of water and waste water. Water Res. 1972,6. 1173-1180.
[7] 王慧觉．污染物概念和公路污染源界定．交通环保，1999，1．20(1)：30～33
[8] 曾凡刚．大气环境监测．北京：化学工业出版社，2003．1～25
[9] 奚旦立、孙裕生、刘秀英编．环境监测(修订版)．北京：高等教育出版社，1995．1～2，19～37，104～126
[10] 叶立虎、栾胜基编．环境质量评价学．高等教育出版社，1999．1～12，83～132
[11] 王大力．河流水质监测控制断面设置探讨．环境监测管理与技．2001，8．11(4)：41～42
[12] Jemielniak, K. Warsaw. Commercial tool condition monitoring systems International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 15(10) 1999. 711-721
[13] Ohannes H. Andersen, Roger S. Powell Implicit state-estimation technique for water network monitoring Urban Water, 2000, 2. 123-130
[14] S. R. AHMAD and D. M. REYNOLDS Monitoring of Water Quality Using Fluorescence Technique: Prospect on-line Process Control Wat. Res. 1999. Vol. 33,No. 9: 2069-2074
[15] Ahmad S. R., Foster V. G. and Reynolds D.M. Laser scattering technique for the noninvasive analysis of wastewater. Proc. Conf. Substance Identi(R)cation Detection SPIE 2092, 1993. 353-359.
[16] 刘宝红，孔继烈，陈蕾等．BOD快速测定器的微生物膜固定方法研究．环境科学，1994．15(6)：8～13
[17] 迟玉霞，刘宏之．OxiTop测量系统测定BOD_5方法之探讨．山东化工，2002．第31卷：38～40
[18] 李业辉、杨汉．BOD快速测定方法的研究．干旱环境监测，1997，12．11(4)：13～15
[19] 谭少华，何青山、赵志明．BOD_5稀释方法的分析与研究．酿酒，1999，5．总134：59～61
[20] 王爱一、周汾涛．在BOD_5分析中水样稀释比确定方法的研究．环境工程，2003，4．21(2)：68～70
[21] 陈花果、黄彩海．测定BOD5确定水样稀释倍数的各种方法．中国环境监测，1994．10(4)：35～38
[22] 倪红梅．测定BOD5确定稀释比的优选方法．陕西环境，2000，9．第7卷第3期：18～20
[23] 韩相奎、刘颖、金贞子．BOD5快速测定方法研究．中国环境监测，1994．10(3)：13～15
[24] 陈乐欣．CODCr的快速测定方法．环境监测管理与技术，1994．3．第6卷第1期：34～36
[25] 林静．COD_(Cr)催化快速测定法与标准方法对比试验．工业水处理，2001年9月，第21卷第9期：34～36
[26] 孙会彦．环境水样中的COD快速测定方法研究．河北化工，2002年第1期．45～46
[27] 谢镜明．快速测定COD方法比较分析．中国环境监测，1996．12(5)：27
[28] 聂麦茜主编．环境监测与分析实践教程．北京：化学工业出版社，2003，9．103～104，107～108，134～136
[29] 张吉荣、陈震东．滤膜抽滤法测定工业废水中悬浮物的探讨．仪器仪表与分析监测，2002年第1期．38～39
[30] 林小鸣．取样量与烘干时间对总悬浮物测定结果的影响．中国环境监测，1999．15(4)：64-65．
[31] 徐衍忠．悬浮物测定应注意的问题．中国环境监测，1993．9(4)：58-59
[32] 孙廷春．中速定量滤纸水溶物干扰悬浮物测定的研究与校正．干旱环境监测，1996．10(1)：55-57
[33] 国家环保总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会．水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)．323～499
[34] 交通部．公路建设项目环境影响评价规范(试行)．1996，7，8
[35] 国家环保总局．关于湖北省汉口至十堰高速公路孝感至随州段及随州至襄樊段环境影响评价大纲审查意见的复函．1999，6，28
[36] 湖北省环保局．湖北省环保局关于汗十高速公路孝感至随州段及随州至襄樊段工程环境影响评价执行标准的复函．1999，12，14
[37] 张长寿．底质全量方法的改进．中国环境监测，2003年4月．第19卷第2期：22
[38] 闫百兴、何岩．汉水沉积物中元素的地球化学特征．地理科学，1996，11．16(4)：312～316
[39] MULLER G Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River.Geojournal 1969, 2(3): 108-118
[40] H Lars Hakanson, An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Control-A Sediment logical Approach. Water Research, 1980, 14: 975-1000
[41] Mc Cauley Dennis J, De Graeve G M, Linton T K. Sediment quality guidelines and assessment: overview and research needs Environment Science and Policy, 2000, (3): S133-S144
[42] Muller H W Schwaighofer B Kalman W Heavy metals contents Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1994 72: 191-203
[43] 贾振邦、赵智杰、扬小毛等．洋涌河、茅洲河和东宝河沉积物中重金属的污染评价．环境化学，2001，5．第20卷第3期：212-219
[44] 刘研华、魏复盛．突发性环境污染事故应急监测．中国环境监测，1995．11(6)：59～62
[45] Yasuhito Igarashi!,*, Takashi Miyao!, Michio Aoyama!,Radioactive noble gases in surface air monitored atMRI, Tsukuba, beforeand after the JCO accident Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 50(2000) 107-118
[46] Tetsuji Imanaka Neutron dose and power released by the JCO criticality accident in Tokai-mura Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 50(2000) 15-20
[47] Nicholson, Alan. NZ accident investigation monitoring system Proceedings of the Conference on Traffic and Transportation Studies, ICTTS 2000. ASCE, Reston, VA, USA. 910-917
[48] Stanley S. Grossel. Hazardous gas monitoring: a guide for semiconductor and other hazardous occupancies(2000)Logan T. White, Noyes Publications/William Andrew Publishing, 100-120