动车组列车火灾安全分析与评估研究
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摘要
近年,随着经济社会的持续快速发展,我国的高速铁路里程也迅猛增长,已然成为世界高速铁路大国,而动车组列车作为这场声势浩大的提速革命的主角,在火灾防控领域却遭受了冷遇。迄今为止,国内还没有专门针对动车组列车的消防安全防灾减灾研究。动车组列车科技含量高、造价昂贵,一旦发生火灾易造成大量人员伤亡、严重的经济损失和巨大的社会负面影响,因此,本文所主导的火灾风险评估研究具有极强的必要性和紧迫性。
本文主要开展动车组列车的火灾危险性定量评估方法研究,旨在完善动车组列车科学、正规化管理体系。本文利用事故致因理论和危险源辨识技术探讨了导致动车组列车发生火灾的各类危险因素,然后利用FDS对其中较为客观的因素进行火灾模拟,辨别了各因素相对于动车组列车火灾发生的影响力,最后再对列车火灾风险评估方法进行了研究,最终得出结论：利用危险源辨识技术可以全面分析动车组列车的火灾致因因素；利用FDS对客观因素模拟可以证明易燃易爆物品燃烧、材料燃烧性能、通风状况对列车的火灾危险性较大；模糊层次分析法是能够直观、定量地表述动车组列车的火灾危险性的一种较好的方法论。
In recent years, along with the rapid development of economy and society, the high-speed rail mileage of China grows rapidly and has made it a great power in this field. CRH(China Railways High-speed) as the leading role, suffered coldly in fire revolutionary crime prevention and control field. So far, there is no special research on fire control in the field. CRH is high technology content and expensive; the fire may claim lots of death and cost. So it is very necessary and emergent to do research on fire control.
The thesis researches on fire danger Quantitative evaluation and consummates the Management system. Based on accident-causing theory and Hazard identification technology, the thesis gets to find all kinds of hazard factors in CRH fire disaster, and simulates some Objective factors using FDS(fire dynamic simulation) to get distinct influences of the factors. Secondly, the paper researches on CRH fire Risk assessment. The results as follows:It can analysis fire-causing factors Comprehensively using Hazard identification technology; It proves that burning and property of combustible and explosive materials and condition of ventilation have great influence using FDS; Fuzzy Analytic hierarchy process is a good way to describe CRH fire risk directly and quantitatively.
本文主要开展动车组列车的火灾危险性定量评估方法研究,旨在完善动车组列车科学、正规化管理体系。本文利用事故致因理论和危险源辨识技术探讨了导致动车组列车发生火灾的各类危险因素,然后利用FDS对其中较为客观的因素进行火灾模拟,辨别了各因素相对于动车组列车火灾发生的影响力,最后再对列车火灾风险评估方法进行了研究,最终得出结论：利用危险源辨识技术可以全面分析动车组列车的火灾致因因素；利用FDS对客观因素模拟可以证明易燃易爆物品燃烧、材料燃烧性能、通风状况对列车的火灾危险性较大；模糊层次分析法是能够直观、定量地表述动车组列车的火灾危险性的一种较好的方法论。
In recent years, along with the rapid development of economy and society, the high-speed rail mileage of China grows rapidly and has made it a great power in this field. CRH(China Railways High-speed) as the leading role, suffered coldly in fire revolutionary crime prevention and control field. So far, there is no special research on fire control in the field. CRH is high technology content and expensive; the fire may claim lots of death and cost. So it is very necessary and emergent to do research on fire control.
The thesis researches on fire danger Quantitative evaluation and consummates the Management system. Based on accident-causing theory and Hazard identification technology, the thesis gets to find all kinds of hazard factors in CRH fire disaster, and simulates some Objective factors using FDS(fire dynamic simulation) to get distinct influences of the factors. Secondly, the paper researches on CRH fire Risk assessment. The results as follows:It can analysis fire-causing factors Comprehensively using Hazard identification technology; It proves that burning and property of combustible and explosive materials and condition of ventilation have great influence using FDS; Fuzzy Analytic hierarchy process is a good way to describe CRH fire risk directly and quantitatively.
引文
[1]范维澄,孙金华,陆守香.火灾风险评估方法学.北京.科学出版社,2004(1)
[2]崔艳萍等.城市轨道交通安全管理体系研究[J].都市快轨交通,2005(6)
[3]李绍平.成都动车存车场火灾危险性数值模拟分析[J].成都.西南交通大学,2010.6
[4]张颖踪.地铁消防安全技术的研究[J].消防技术,2004(9)
[5]杨天佑,朱杰.水喷淋下大空间建筑烟气输运的数值模拟研究[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2009-12-15
[6]张吉军,模糊层次分析法,模糊系统与数学,2000,6,30.
[7]霍然,袁宏永.性能化建筑防火分析与设计[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2003
[8]消防安全工作组译文汇编,2001年第2号.北京：国外建筑火灾人员安全疏散研究译文集.2001,9
[9]王树刚,江亿,朱颖心.北京地铁列车活塞风的实测与分析[J].暖通空调,1998,28(5)：47-49.
[10]廖曙江,火灾场景的确定原则和方法.消防科学与技术,2004,23(3)：249-252
[11]尤惠英,论跨国项目中人为因素的影响[J],上海,上海交通大学,2008.12.1
[12]赵玮,岳德权.AHP的算法及其比较分析.西安,西安电子科技大学.1995
[13]任波.建筑火灾风险评估方法研究[J].西安,西安交通大,2006.4.18
[14])孙翔.高速列车安全设计[J].铁道车辆,1995,33(5)
[15]李芾,安琪.国内外高速动车组的发展[J].电力机车与城轨车辆,2007,9,30(5
[16]乔英忍.我国铁路动车和动车组的发展[J].内燃机车,2006,1
[17]中南大学.列车空气动力学实车试验研究及评估报告[R].长沙：中南大学,2003
[18]汪云燕译.车辆结构材料技术[J].国外机车车辆工艺,1997,3
[19]袁安富,肖盈红.高速列车车门的性能分析[J].机械设计与制造,2006,5
[20]张兴凯,著.地下工程火灾原理及应用[M].北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社,1997,12.
[21]刘军等.FDS火灾模拟基本理论探析与应用技巧[J].安全,2006,6-10
[22]张辉,范维澄.火灾问题中湍流模型和数值方法的研究[J].中国科学技术大学学报,1988,12,18(4)
[23]彭宣伟,王厚华.火灾模型中的燃烧子模型[J].消防科学与技术,2005,11,24(6)
[24]霍然,胡源,李元洲.建筑火灾安全工程导论[M].合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社,2009
[25]中华人民共和国铁道部.动车组列车旅客运输管理办法(铁运[2007]23号)[S].北京：2007
[26]徐志胜,周庆,徐或,王飞跃,杜红兵.运行旅客列车隧道火灾模拟实验研究[J].
中国安全科学学报,2003,7,13(7),8-11
[27]徐志胜,周庆,徐或.运行旅客列车隧道火灾模拟实验研究[J].铁道学报,2004,26
[28]中华人民共和国铁道部.京沪高速铁路设计暂行规定(铁建设[2004]157号)[S].北京：中国铁道出版社,2004
[29]周庆,徐志胜.模型车厢内火灾烟气层运动模拟分析[M].消防科学与技术,2006,1,25(1)
[30]中华人民共和国铁道部.铁路工程设计防火规范(TB10063)[S].北京：中国铁道出版社,2000
[31]孙文海,李斌兵.地铁火灾应急预案的制定[J].武警学院学报,2010,4,26(4),19-22
[32]王福军,计算流体动力学分析-CFD软件原理与应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004
[33]李引擎.建筑防火性能化设计[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005
[34]范维澄,孙金华,陆守香等.火灾风险评估方法学[M].北京：科学出版社,2004
[35]黄金印等.消防部队化学事故应急救援预案的制定与演习[J].武警学院学报,2001
[36]中华人民共和国建设部.建筑设计防火规范[S].北京：中国计划出版社,2006
[37]Wol fram S. Cellular Automata and Complexity[M]. Baltimore:Addis on2Wesley Publishing Company,1994:74-75
[38]Blue V J, Adler J L. Emergent Fundamental Pedestrian Flows from Cellular Automata Microsimulation[J]. Transportation ResearchRecord,1998,1644:29-36
[39]Fruin, et al. Highway CapacityManual [R]. Washington D C:Transportation Research Board, National Research Council,1985:96
[40]Helbing D, Molnar P. S ocial F orce Model for Pedestrian Dynamics[J]. Physical Review E,1995,51 (5):4282-4286
[41]Drik Helbing,et al. Sel f2 organizing Pedestrian Movement [J]. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,2001,28:361-383
[42]J.A.Gonzalez and N.H.Danziger,Tunnel Ventilation Design For Fire Safety 6th International symposium on the aerodynamics and ventilation of vchicle tunnels[M].England,sept 1988,p575-592.
[43]Victor J. Blue, Jeffrey L.Adler. Cellular Automata Microsimulation for Modeling Bi2directional Pedestrian Walkways [J]. Transportation Research Part B,2001,35:293-312
[44]KevinMcGrattan,Editor. Fire Dynamics Simulator(Version4) Technical Reference Guide[M]. NIST Special Publication1018.
[45]Burstedde C, K lauck K, Schadschneider A, et al. Simulation of Pedestrian Dynamics Using a Tow 2 dimensional Cellular Automaton[J]. Physica A,2001,295 (3/4):507-525
[46]L.H. Cheng,T.H. Ueng,C.W. Liu. Simulation of ventilation and fire inthe underground faeilities.Fire Safety Joumal[J].2001,(36)
[47]NFPA204 Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting,2002 Edition
[48]H.P Morgan,Moves,Towards performance-based standards in the U.K and in the European Committee for standardization(CEN),international Journal on performance-based fire code VOL1,No.3,199
[49]M.law.fire safety design practice in the united kingdom-new regulations,proceeding of the conference on fire safety design in the 21th century,Worcester polytechnic institute 8-10May,Worcester,MA,USA,1991
[50]The SFPE Guide to performance-based Fire Protection Analysis and Design,Draft for comments.Society of Fire Protection Engineers,Bethesda USA,December,1998
[51]R.W.Bucowski,V.Babrauskas.Developing Rational:Performance-based Fire safety requirements in Model building Codes,fire and Materials,Vol 18,1994
[52]Chow W K.Simulation of tunnel fires using zone model[J].Tunneling andUnderground Spaee Technology,1996(11)
[53]Buliding Code of Australia Building Code Board October 1996
[54]A.H.Buchanan,Five Years of performance-based fire safety in new Zealand,international Journal on engineering performance-based fire codes,Vol,1,No.3,1999
[2]崔艳萍等.城市轨道交通安全管理体系研究[J].都市快轨交通,2005(6)
[3]李绍平.成都动车存车场火灾危险性数值模拟分析[J].成都.西南交通大学,2010.6
[4]张颖踪.地铁消防安全技术的研究[J].消防技术,2004(9)
[5]杨天佑,朱杰.水喷淋下大空间建筑烟气输运的数值模拟研究[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2009-12-15
[6]张吉军,模糊层次分析法,模糊系统与数学,2000,6,30.
[7]霍然,袁宏永.性能化建筑防火分析与设计[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2003
[8]消防安全工作组译文汇编,2001年第2号.北京：国外建筑火灾人员安全疏散研究译文集.2001,9
[9]王树刚,江亿,朱颖心.北京地铁列车活塞风的实测与分析[J].暖通空调,1998,28(5)：47-49.
[10]廖曙江,火灾场景的确定原则和方法.消防科学与技术,2004,23(3)：249-252
[11]尤惠英,论跨国项目中人为因素的影响[J],上海,上海交通大学,2008.12.1
[12]赵玮,岳德权.AHP的算法及其比较分析.西安,西安电子科技大学.1995
[13]任波.建筑火灾风险评估方法研究[J].西安,西安交通大,2006.4.18
[14])孙翔.高速列车安全设计[J].铁道车辆,1995,33(5)
[15]李芾,安琪.国内外高速动车组的发展[J].电力机车与城轨车辆,2007,9,30(5
[16]乔英忍.我国铁路动车和动车组的发展[J].内燃机车,2006,1
[17]中南大学.列车空气动力学实车试验研究及评估报告[R].长沙：中南大学,2003
[18]汪云燕译.车辆结构材料技术[J].国外机车车辆工艺,1997,3
[19]袁安富,肖盈红.高速列车车门的性能分析[J].机械设计与制造,2006,5
[20]张兴凯,著.地下工程火灾原理及应用[M].北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社,1997,12.
[21]刘军等.FDS火灾模拟基本理论探析与应用技巧[J].安全,2006,6-10
[22]张辉,范维澄.火灾问题中湍流模型和数值方法的研究[J].中国科学技术大学学报,1988,12,18(4)
[23]彭宣伟,王厚华.火灾模型中的燃烧子模型[J].消防科学与技术,2005,11,24(6)
[24]霍然,胡源,李元洲.建筑火灾安全工程导论[M].合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社,2009
[25]中华人民共和国铁道部.动车组列车旅客运输管理办法(铁运[2007]23号)[S].北京：2007
[26]徐志胜,周庆,徐或,王飞跃,杜红兵.运行旅客列车隧道火灾模拟实验研究[J].
中国安全科学学报,2003,7,13(7),8-11
[27]徐志胜,周庆,徐或.运行旅客列车隧道火灾模拟实验研究[J].铁道学报,2004,26
[28]中华人民共和国铁道部.京沪高速铁路设计暂行规定(铁建设[2004]157号)[S].北京：中国铁道出版社,2004
[29]周庆,徐志胜.模型车厢内火灾烟气层运动模拟分析[M].消防科学与技术,2006,1,25(1)
[30]中华人民共和国铁道部.铁路工程设计防火规范(TB10063)[S].北京：中国铁道出版社,2000
[31]孙文海,李斌兵.地铁火灾应急预案的制定[J].武警学院学报,2010,4,26(4),19-22
[32]王福军,计算流体动力学分析-CFD软件原理与应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004
[33]李引擎.建筑防火性能化设计[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005
[34]范维澄,孙金华,陆守香等.火灾风险评估方法学[M].北京：科学出版社,2004
[35]黄金印等.消防部队化学事故应急救援预案的制定与演习[J].武警学院学报,2001
[36]中华人民共和国建设部.建筑设计防火规范[S].北京：中国计划出版社,2006
[37]Wol fram S. Cellular Automata and Complexity[M]. Baltimore:Addis on2Wesley Publishing Company,1994:74-75
[38]Blue V J, Adler J L. Emergent Fundamental Pedestrian Flows from Cellular Automata Microsimulation[J]. Transportation ResearchRecord,1998,1644:29-36
[39]Fruin, et al. Highway CapacityManual [R]. Washington D C:Transportation Research Board, National Research Council,1985:96
[40]Helbing D, Molnar P. S ocial F orce Model for Pedestrian Dynamics[J]. Physical Review E,1995,51 (5):4282-4286
[41]Drik Helbing,et al. Sel f2 organizing Pedestrian Movement [J]. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,2001,28:361-383
[42]J.A.Gonzalez and N.H.Danziger,Tunnel Ventilation Design For Fire Safety 6th International symposium on the aerodynamics and ventilation of vchicle tunnels[M].England,sept 1988,p575-592.
[43]Victor J. Blue, Jeffrey L.Adler. Cellular Automata Microsimulation for Modeling Bi2directional Pedestrian Walkways [J]. Transportation Research Part B,2001,35:293-312
[44]KevinMcGrattan,Editor. Fire Dynamics Simulator(Version4) Technical Reference Guide[M]. NIST Special Publication1018.
[45]Burstedde C, K lauck K, Schadschneider A, et al. Simulation of Pedestrian Dynamics Using a Tow 2 dimensional Cellular Automaton[J]. Physica A,2001,295 (3/4):507-525
[46]L.H. Cheng,T.H. Ueng,C.W. Liu. Simulation of ventilation and fire inthe underground faeilities.Fire Safety Joumal[J].2001,(36)
[47]NFPA204 Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting,2002 Edition
[48]H.P Morgan,Moves,Towards performance-based standards in the U.K and in the European Committee for standardization(CEN),international Journal on performance-based fire code VOL1,No.3,199
[49]M.law.fire safety design practice in the united kingdom-new regulations,proceeding of the conference on fire safety design in the 21th century,Worcester polytechnic institute 8-10May,Worcester,MA,USA,1991
[50]The SFPE Guide to performance-based Fire Protection Analysis and Design,Draft for comments.Society of Fire Protection Engineers,Bethesda USA,December,1998
[51]R.W.Bucowski,V.Babrauskas.Developing Rational:Performance-based Fire safety requirements in Model building Codes,fire and Materials,Vol 18,1994
[52]Chow W K.Simulation of tunnel fires using zone model[J].Tunneling andUnderground Spaee Technology,1996(11)
[53]Buliding Code of Australia Building Code Board October 1996
[54]A.H.Buchanan,Five Years of performance-based fire safety in new Zealand,international Journal on engineering performance-based fire codes,Vol,1,No.3,1999