低气压下覆冰绝缘子（长）串闪络特性及直流放电模型研究
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摘要
高海拔、污秽、覆冰综合环境中的电气外绝缘放电特性既是国内外尚未解决的难题,也是我国“西电东送”、特高压工程建设与电网发展面临的关键技术问题。本文在国家自然科学基金和“西电东送”重大工程课题的支持下,在大型多功能人工气候室系统地开展了在低气压、污秽、覆冰综合条件下的典型瓷、玻璃和复合绝缘子长串闪络特性、放电过程及电弧特性研究,主要工作如下:
①通过大量的典型绝缘子长串覆冰闪络电压试验,研究了平均闪络电压法和“U形曲线法”分别获得的覆冰绝缘子串平均闪络电压和最低闪络电压的概率分布,比较了平均闪络电压法、“U形曲线法”、50%耐受电压法以及最大耐受电压法等四种方法获得的覆冰绝缘子串50%闪络电压试验结果,结果表明,平均闪络电压法与“U形曲线法”分别获得的覆冰绝缘子串平均闪络电压和最低闪络电压服从正态分布,两种试验方法得到的50%闪络电压比50%耐受电压法所得结果分别高8.0%~9.8%和3.8%~5.9%。
②在大型多功能人工气候室系统地开展了典型直流瓷、玻璃和复合绝缘子直流冰闪特性研究,获得了7种典型绝缘子在不同覆冰厚度、染污盐密、串长以及气压下的直流闪络电压,研究了直流绝缘子长串受覆冰厚度、染污盐密以及气压影响的闪络电压模型,提出了典型直流瓷、玻璃和复合绝缘子在高海拔、污秽、覆冰综合作用下的直流冰闪电压校正方法。
③通过对两种典型伞型结构的特高压复合绝缘子的试验研究,对比分析了两种特高压复合绝缘子的直流及交流覆冰闪络特性,计算得到了两种复合绝缘子在交流与直流电压下的闪络电压受染污盐密及气压影响的特征指数,得出直流电压下50%闪络电压受盐密影响程度比交流电压下小,而受气压影响程度却相反。
④通过大量试验,研究了XZP-210绝缘子串在I串、II串、V串、倒V串、“2+1”插花和“3+1”插花布置方式下的直流冰闪特性,得到了绝缘子串布置方式对其冰闪特性的影响规律。
⑤采用高速摄像机拍摄了低气压下XZP-210染污覆冰绝缘子串的直流放电过程,研究了染污盐密及气压对染污覆冰绝缘子串放电过程的影响,分析了两种因素与飘弧现象的关系,提出了染污盐密与气压影响下的直流临界闪络电流计算模型,得到了染污盐密与气压特征指数,分析了低气压下覆冰绝缘子串直流电弧发展长度、速度与放电时间的关系。
⑥设计了三角平板玻璃覆冰以及冰凌空气间隙试验模型,通过试验研究了低气压下染污覆冰表面直流沿面电弧和冰凌空气间隙的电弧伏安特性,研究了三角平板玻璃试验模型的剩余冰层等效表面电导率与染污盐密和覆冰水电导率的关系,建立了低气压下染污覆冰绝缘子串直流放电的多电弧发展模型,该模型由不同极性沿面电弧、空气间隙电弧及剩余冰层电阻串联,可用于计算低气压下覆冰绝缘子长串直流放电过程中存在多电弧并存发展情况下闪络电压,研究结果表明该模型计算结果与试验结果最大偏差不超过10%。
The external insulation discharge characteristic under the coexistent conditions of high altitude, pollution, and icing is an unsolved problem, and it is crucial to West-to-East Power Transmission Project, the UHV power transmission construction and the development of power grid. Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China and the key project of West-to-East Power Transmission, this paper systematically investigates the flashover performance, discharge process and arc characteristic of typical porcelain, glass and composite insulator long strings under the coexistent conditions of high altitude, pollution, and icing in the multi-function artificial climate chamber of Chongqing University. The study is shown as follows:
①Based on numerous tests on flashover voltage tests on typical iced long insulator strings, the probability distribution of average flashover voltage and minimum flashover voltage obtained respectively by the average flashover voltage method and the U-curve method is investigated, the flashover voltage values gained by the average flashover voltage method, the U-curve method, the 50% withstand method and the maximum withstand method are also compared. The results indicate that the average flashover voltage and the minimum flashover voltage obtained respectively by the average flashover voltage method and the U-curve method is investigated are in normal distribution; the 50% flashover voltage gained by the two test methods mentioned above are about 8.0%~9.8% and 3.8%~5.9% higher than that gained by the 50% withstand method respectively.
②The icing flashover performance tests of typical DC porcelain, glass and composite insulator are systematically carried out in the multi-function artificial climate chamber, and the DC icing flashover voltages of seven typical insulators under various icing thickness, SDD, string length and atmospheric pressure are gained. The flashover voltage model accounting for the influence of icing thickness, SDD, string length and atmospheric pressure is established. Besides, the DC icing flashover voltage correction method of typical porcelain, glass and composite insulator in the coexisting condition of high altitude, contamination and icing is put forward.
③According to the experiments on two UHV composite insulators with typical shed profile, the DC and AC icing flashover performances of the two UHV composite insulators are analyzed. Moreover, the special exponents characterizing the influence of SDD and atmospheric pressure on flashover voltage of the two composite insulators under DC and AC voltage are calculated. And the influencing extent of SDD on the DC 50% flashover voltage is smaller than that under AC condition, while the influencing extent of the atmospheric pressure shows the contrary trend.
④The DC icing flashover characteristics of XZP-210 under various arrangement such as I-type, II-type, V-type, reverted V-type,“2+1”and“3+1”insulator strings connected alternately with large and small diameter sheds are investigated. The influencing rule reflecting the effects of the arrangement type on the icing flashover voltage is thus obtained.
⑤The DC discharge process of pre-pollutecd and iced XZP-210 insulator string under low atmospheric pressure is shot by the high-speed camera. Moreover, the influence of the SDD and atmospheric pressure on the discharge process of polluted and iced insulator is studied. The relation between the two factors above and the phenomenon that the arc derive from the surface of insulator is analyzed, the calculation model of the DC critical flashover current under the influence of SDD and air pressure is developed, the special index characterizing the influence of pre-polluting SDD and atmospheric pressure is derived. Besides, the propagation length and velocity of partial arc as a function of the time is analyzed.
⑥Based on the triangular plane icing model and icicle-icicle model, this paper investigates the U-I characteristic of the surface arc of polluted ice and icicle air gap arc under low atmospheric pressures as well as the relation between the equivalent conductivity of the residual ice layer and the pre-polluting SDD, freezing water conductivity. Besides, the DC discharge multi-arc development model of iced and pre-polluted insulators under low atmospheric pressure is established. The model is composed with the series of different polarity arcs, air gap arc and the residual layer resistance which is applied to the calculation of the flashover voltage of the pre-polluted and ice-covered long insulator string with the concurrence of multi-arcs under low atmospheric pressure. The values calculated by the model agree satisfactorily with those measured experimentally with the errors within the range of 10%, which validates the rationality of the model.
①通过大量的典型绝缘子长串覆冰闪络电压试验,研究了平均闪络电压法和“U形曲线法”分别获得的覆冰绝缘子串平均闪络电压和最低闪络电压的概率分布,比较了平均闪络电压法、“U形曲线法”、50%耐受电压法以及最大耐受电压法等四种方法获得的覆冰绝缘子串50%闪络电压试验结果,结果表明,平均闪络电压法与“U形曲线法”分别获得的覆冰绝缘子串平均闪络电压和最低闪络电压服从正态分布,两种试验方法得到的50%闪络电压比50%耐受电压法所得结果分别高8.0%~9.8%和3.8%~5.9%。
②在大型多功能人工气候室系统地开展了典型直流瓷、玻璃和复合绝缘子直流冰闪特性研究,获得了7种典型绝缘子在不同覆冰厚度、染污盐密、串长以及气压下的直流闪络电压,研究了直流绝缘子长串受覆冰厚度、染污盐密以及气压影响的闪络电压模型,提出了典型直流瓷、玻璃和复合绝缘子在高海拔、污秽、覆冰综合作用下的直流冰闪电压校正方法。
③通过对两种典型伞型结构的特高压复合绝缘子的试验研究,对比分析了两种特高压复合绝缘子的直流及交流覆冰闪络特性,计算得到了两种复合绝缘子在交流与直流电压下的闪络电压受染污盐密及气压影响的特征指数,得出直流电压下50%闪络电压受盐密影响程度比交流电压下小,而受气压影响程度却相反。
④通过大量试验,研究了XZP-210绝缘子串在I串、II串、V串、倒V串、“2+1”插花和“3+1”插花布置方式下的直流冰闪特性,得到了绝缘子串布置方式对其冰闪特性的影响规律。
⑤采用高速摄像机拍摄了低气压下XZP-210染污覆冰绝缘子串的直流放电过程,研究了染污盐密及气压对染污覆冰绝缘子串放电过程的影响,分析了两种因素与飘弧现象的关系,提出了染污盐密与气压影响下的直流临界闪络电流计算模型,得到了染污盐密与气压特征指数,分析了低气压下覆冰绝缘子串直流电弧发展长度、速度与放电时间的关系。
⑥设计了三角平板玻璃覆冰以及冰凌空气间隙试验模型,通过试验研究了低气压下染污覆冰表面直流沿面电弧和冰凌空气间隙的电弧伏安特性,研究了三角平板玻璃试验模型的剩余冰层等效表面电导率与染污盐密和覆冰水电导率的关系,建立了低气压下染污覆冰绝缘子串直流放电的多电弧发展模型,该模型由不同极性沿面电弧、空气间隙电弧及剩余冰层电阻串联,可用于计算低气压下覆冰绝缘子长串直流放电过程中存在多电弧并存发展情况下闪络电压,研究结果表明该模型计算结果与试验结果最大偏差不超过10%。
The external insulation discharge characteristic under the coexistent conditions of high altitude, pollution, and icing is an unsolved problem, and it is crucial to West-to-East Power Transmission Project, the UHV power transmission construction and the development of power grid. Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China and the key project of West-to-East Power Transmission, this paper systematically investigates the flashover performance, discharge process and arc characteristic of typical porcelain, glass and composite insulator long strings under the coexistent conditions of high altitude, pollution, and icing in the multi-function artificial climate chamber of Chongqing University. The study is shown as follows:
①Based on numerous tests on flashover voltage tests on typical iced long insulator strings, the probability distribution of average flashover voltage and minimum flashover voltage obtained respectively by the average flashover voltage method and the U-curve method is investigated, the flashover voltage values gained by the average flashover voltage method, the U-curve method, the 50% withstand method and the maximum withstand method are also compared. The results indicate that the average flashover voltage and the minimum flashover voltage obtained respectively by the average flashover voltage method and the U-curve method is investigated are in normal distribution; the 50% flashover voltage gained by the two test methods mentioned above are about 8.0%~9.8% and 3.8%~5.9% higher than that gained by the 50% withstand method respectively.
②The icing flashover performance tests of typical DC porcelain, glass and composite insulator are systematically carried out in the multi-function artificial climate chamber, and the DC icing flashover voltages of seven typical insulators under various icing thickness, SDD, string length and atmospheric pressure are gained. The flashover voltage model accounting for the influence of icing thickness, SDD, string length and atmospheric pressure is established. Besides, the DC icing flashover voltage correction method of typical porcelain, glass and composite insulator in the coexisting condition of high altitude, contamination and icing is put forward.
③According to the experiments on two UHV composite insulators with typical shed profile, the DC and AC icing flashover performances of the two UHV composite insulators are analyzed. Moreover, the special exponents characterizing the influence of SDD and atmospheric pressure on flashover voltage of the two composite insulators under DC and AC voltage are calculated. And the influencing extent of SDD on the DC 50% flashover voltage is smaller than that under AC condition, while the influencing extent of the atmospheric pressure shows the contrary trend.
④The DC icing flashover characteristics of XZP-210 under various arrangement such as I-type, II-type, V-type, reverted V-type,“2+1”and“3+1”insulator strings connected alternately with large and small diameter sheds are investigated. The influencing rule reflecting the effects of the arrangement type on the icing flashover voltage is thus obtained.
⑤The DC discharge process of pre-pollutecd and iced XZP-210 insulator string under low atmospheric pressure is shot by the high-speed camera. Moreover, the influence of the SDD and atmospheric pressure on the discharge process of polluted and iced insulator is studied. The relation between the two factors above and the phenomenon that the arc derive from the surface of insulator is analyzed, the calculation model of the DC critical flashover current under the influence of SDD and air pressure is developed, the special index characterizing the influence of pre-polluting SDD and atmospheric pressure is derived. Besides, the propagation length and velocity of partial arc as a function of the time is analyzed.
⑥Based on the triangular plane icing model and icicle-icicle model, this paper investigates the U-I characteristic of the surface arc of polluted ice and icicle air gap arc under low atmospheric pressures as well as the relation between the equivalent conductivity of the residual ice layer and the pre-polluting SDD, freezing water conductivity. Besides, the DC discharge multi-arc development model of iced and pre-polluted insulators under low atmospheric pressure is established. The model is composed with the series of different polarity arcs, air gap arc and the residual layer resistance which is applied to the calculation of the flashover voltage of the pre-polluted and ice-covered long insulator string with the concurrence of multi-arcs under low atmospheric pressure. The values calculated by the model agree satisfactorily with those measured experimentally with the errors within the range of 10%, which validates the rationality of the model.
引文
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