《喧哗与骚动》中的意识流技巧
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摘要
美国南方文学最重要的代表人物——威廉.福克纳在现代文学技巧方面是一个成功的革新者,他对现代派文学最大的贡献是在小说写作上的技术创新,其中最显著的是他对意识流手法的发展。作为一种重要的写作手法,意识流技巧被许多著名的现代派作家所采用。意识流小说着重描绘角色的内心世界,以自由联想的方式而非按照逻辑的顺序揭示角色的感情、思想和行为,通常没有作者的客观评论。福克纳对意识流技巧的应用达到了无与伦比的程度。作为一篇最有创新的小说,《喧哗与骚动》被许多评论家认为是美国文学史上第一部意识流小说。作者通过康普生家族的故事为我们描绘了一幅美国南部贵族阶级的衰落图景。在其创作过程中,福克纳的写作技巧趋于完美。
本文分析了这部小说中意识流技巧的运用,重点论述了多叙述视角,内心独白,自由联想的写作方法。借助于以上几种写作方法的运用,福克纳向读者展示了每种写作方法的特点,描绘了人物的内心世界。正是由于意识流技巧的应用,他成功地向读者展示了人类意识的内容和过程。这种技巧的独创性的运用深化了小说主题。福克纳因此被尊称为意识流大师也就不足为奇了。
总之,《喧哗与骚动》是一部典型的意识流小说。本论文分三部分来具体分析三种主要的意识流技巧在文本中的应用:多叙述视角,内心独白,自由联想。意识流技巧赋予了《喧哗与骚动》特殊的魅力,而福克纳不断探索的革新精神也将永远激励着后人。
William Faulkner, the most important and the leading figure of the American Southern writers, is a great and successful avant-garde experimenter in modern literary techniques. His greatest contribution to modernist literature is his technical innovation in novel writing, most notably his development of the stream of consciousness technique. As an important part of literary methods, the stream of consciousness technique has been applied by many well-known modernist novelists. The stream of consciousness novels stress on the inner experience of the characters and reveal their feelings, thoughts, and actions, following an associative rather than a logical sequence, without comments by the author. Faulkner’s use of stream of consciousness technique is in a perfect way. As one of his most innovative novels, The Sound and the Fury is usually considered to be the first stream of consciousness novel in American literature. It tells the history of the decline and fall into social and moral decay of one of the Southern aristocratic family, the Compsons, in which his writing techniques come to perfection.
This thesis analyzes several fictional methods in this novel which concern the stream of consciousness technique, including multiple points of view, interior monologue and free association. Taking examples from the fiction, the reader will have an idea of the features of each method, and how Faulkner depicts his characters’inner world through the manipulation of these methods. With the wide use of stream of consciousness technique, Faulkner succeeds in revealing the content and process of human consciousness to the reader. His ingenious employment of this technique serves the theme of the novel: the decay and deterioration of the Compson family and the Southern aristocracy. Not surprisingly, he is admired as a master of stream of consciousness novel.
In a word, The Sound and the Fury is a typical stream of consciousness novel. This thesis studies the application of three main stream of consciousness techniques in the text in three parts: multiple points of view, interior monologue and free association. The stream of consciousness technique endows special charm on The Sound and the Fury. And Faulkner’s experimental spirit will encourage later generations forever.
本文分析了这部小说中意识流技巧的运用,重点论述了多叙述视角,内心独白,自由联想的写作方法。借助于以上几种写作方法的运用,福克纳向读者展示了每种写作方法的特点,描绘了人物的内心世界。正是由于意识流技巧的应用,他成功地向读者展示了人类意识的内容和过程。这种技巧的独创性的运用深化了小说主题。福克纳因此被尊称为意识流大师也就不足为奇了。
总之,《喧哗与骚动》是一部典型的意识流小说。本论文分三部分来具体分析三种主要的意识流技巧在文本中的应用:多叙述视角,内心独白,自由联想。意识流技巧赋予了《喧哗与骚动》特殊的魅力,而福克纳不断探索的革新精神也将永远激励着后人。
William Faulkner, the most important and the leading figure of the American Southern writers, is a great and successful avant-garde experimenter in modern literary techniques. His greatest contribution to modernist literature is his technical innovation in novel writing, most notably his development of the stream of consciousness technique. As an important part of literary methods, the stream of consciousness technique has been applied by many well-known modernist novelists. The stream of consciousness novels stress on the inner experience of the characters and reveal their feelings, thoughts, and actions, following an associative rather than a logical sequence, without comments by the author. Faulkner’s use of stream of consciousness technique is in a perfect way. As one of his most innovative novels, The Sound and the Fury is usually considered to be the first stream of consciousness novel in American literature. It tells the history of the decline and fall into social and moral decay of one of the Southern aristocratic family, the Compsons, in which his writing techniques come to perfection.
This thesis analyzes several fictional methods in this novel which concern the stream of consciousness technique, including multiple points of view, interior monologue and free association. Taking examples from the fiction, the reader will have an idea of the features of each method, and how Faulkner depicts his characters’inner world through the manipulation of these methods. With the wide use of stream of consciousness technique, Faulkner succeeds in revealing the content and process of human consciousness to the reader. His ingenious employment of this technique serves the theme of the novel: the decay and deterioration of the Compson family and the Southern aristocracy. Not surprisingly, he is admired as a master of stream of consciousness novel.
In a word, The Sound and the Fury is a typical stream of consciousness novel. This thesis studies the application of three main stream of consciousness techniques in the text in three parts: multiple points of view, interior monologue and free association. The stream of consciousness technique endows special charm on The Sound and the Fury. And Faulkner’s experimental spirit will encourage later generations forever.
引文
[1] Julia K. W. Baker, “Literature and Less,” New Orleans Times-Picayune 24(June 1930). Rpt in The Contemporary Reviews. 39-40.
[2] L. A. G. Strong, “Children-and-Adults,” Spectator 19(September 1931): 362-64 “Superego.” The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 ′h ed. 30 vols. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1984.
[3] William James,The Principles of Psychology( New York: Dover, 1950)239.
[4] Robert Humprey, Stream-of-Consciousness in the Modern Novel (Berkeley: University of California Press,1955)4.
[5] Frederick Gwynn & Joseph L. Blotner (Eds.), Faulkner in the University: Class conference at University of Virginia 1957-1958 (New York: Vintage Books, 1959)1.
[6] Ibid.1.
[7] Leland H. Cox, William Faulkner: Critical Collection (Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1982)13.
[8] David Minter,. “Faulkner Childhood and the making of The Sound and the Fury” (1979) from On Faulkner: The Best From American Literature. Edited by Louis J. Budd & Edwin H. Cady (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1989)383.
[9] Ibid.380.
[10] William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury New (York: Vintage Books, 1956) 83. (All the quotations in this thesis refer to this book, unless otherwise stated.)
[11] Frederick Gwynn & Joseph L. Blotner (Eds.), Faulkner in the University: Class conference at University of Virginia 1957-1958 (New York: Vintage Books, 1959)63-64.
[12] Meriwether, James B.& Millgate, M.(Eds.), Lion in the Garden: Interviews with William Faulkner 1926-1962 (New York: Random House, 1980)246.
[13] Chang yaoxin,A Survey of American Literature (Tian jin:University of Nankai Press, 1990)313.
[14] Leland H. Cox, William Faulkner: Critical Collection (Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company,1982)13.
[15] Meriwether, James B.& Millgate, M.(Eds.), Lion in the Garden: Interviews with WilliamFaulkner 1926-1962 New York: Random House, 1968, 245-246.
[16] William Faulkner, "1699-1945 Appendix: The Compsons," The Portable Faulkner, ed. Malcolin Cowley, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1977)16.
[17] William Faulkner, "1699-1945 Appendix: The Compsons," The Portable Faulkner, ed. Malcolin Cowley, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1977)716.
[18] Constance Hill, Incest in Faulkner: A Metaphor for the Fall (UMI Research Press, 1986) 53.
[19] Meriwether, James B.& Millgate, M.(Eds.), Lion in the Garden: Interviews with William Faulkner 1926-1962 (New York: Random House, 1968)149.
[20] Chang yaoxin,A Survey of American Literature (Tian jin:University of Nankai Press, 1990)313.
[21] Michael H. Cowan, Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Sound and the Fury (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-hall, Inc.) 20.
[22] Michael Millgate, The Achievement of William Faulkner (Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press, 1978)101.
[23] Malcolm Cowley, The Portable Faulkner (New York: The Viking Press, 1967)724.
[24] Ibid.724.
[25] Frederick L. Gwynn and Joseph L. Blotner, eds., Faulkner in the University (University of Virginia Press, 1959)3.
[26] Hong, Hu. "Truth of Life Can Hardly Be Reached: the Hidden Philosophy in As I Lay Dying." Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance Selected Papers: International Conference on William Faulkner. Ed. Tao Jie. (Peking, China: Peking UP, 1998)18.
[27] Robert Humprey, Stream-of-Consciousness in the Modern Novel (Berkeley: University of California Press,1955)24.
[28] Frederick L. Gwynn and Joseph L.Blotner, eds., Faulkner in the University (University of Virginia Press, 1959)84.
[29] Michael Millgate, The Achievement of William Faulkner (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1989)91.
[30] Ibid.91.
[31] Warren Beck pp.62-63. Warren Beck, "William Faulkner's Style," Robert Penn Warren, 53.
[32] Robert Humprey, Stream-of-Consciousness in the Modern Novel (Berkeley: University of California Press,1955)24.
[33] Ibid.37.
[34] Leonard Woolf, ED. Collected Essays (London: the Hogarth Press, 1966)320-321.
[35] Chang yaoxin,A Survey of American Literature (Tian jin:University of Nankai Press, 1990) 312.
[36] Joseph Warren Beach, American Fiction 1920-1940I (New York: Athener Press, 1931)169.
[37] Peter Conn, Literature in America (An Illustrated History) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989)432.
[38] Johnson May Cameron, An Interview with Thomas Wolfe: A Book of Post Classics (New York: Books, Inc. 1936)247-248.
[39] Lee Jenkins, Faulkner and Black-White Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981)89.
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[2] L. A. G. Strong, “Children-and-Adults,” Spectator 19(September 1931): 362-64 “Superego.” The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 ′h ed. 30 vols. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1984.
[3] William James,The Principles of Psychology( New York: Dover, 1950)239.
[4] Robert Humprey, Stream-of-Consciousness in the Modern Novel (Berkeley: University of California Press,1955)4.
[5] Frederick Gwynn & Joseph L. Blotner (Eds.), Faulkner in the University: Class conference at University of Virginia 1957-1958 (New York: Vintage Books, 1959)1.
[6] Ibid.1.
[7] Leland H. Cox, William Faulkner: Critical Collection (Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1982)13.
[8] David Minter,. “Faulkner Childhood and the making of The Sound and the Fury” (1979) from On Faulkner: The Best From American Literature. Edited by Louis J. Budd & Edwin H. Cady (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1989)383.
[9] Ibid.380.
[10] William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury New (York: Vintage Books, 1956) 83. (All the quotations in this thesis refer to this book, unless otherwise stated.)
[11] Frederick Gwynn & Joseph L. Blotner (Eds.), Faulkner in the University: Class conference at University of Virginia 1957-1958 (New York: Vintage Books, 1959)63-64.
[12] Meriwether, James B.& Millgate, M.(Eds.), Lion in the Garden: Interviews with William Faulkner 1926-1962 (New York: Random House, 1980)246.
[13] Chang yaoxin,A Survey of American Literature (Tian jin:University of Nankai Press, 1990)313.
[14] Leland H. Cox, William Faulkner: Critical Collection (Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company,1982)13.
[15] Meriwether, James B.& Millgate, M.(Eds.), Lion in the Garden: Interviews with WilliamFaulkner 1926-1962 New York: Random House, 1968, 245-246.
[16] William Faulkner, "1699-1945 Appendix: The Compsons," The Portable Faulkner, ed. Malcolin Cowley, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1977)16.
[17] William Faulkner, "1699-1945 Appendix: The Compsons," The Portable Faulkner, ed. Malcolin Cowley, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1977)716.
[18] Constance Hill, Incest in Faulkner: A Metaphor for the Fall (UMI Research Press, 1986) 53.
[19] Meriwether, James B.& Millgate, M.(Eds.), Lion in the Garden: Interviews with William Faulkner 1926-1962 (New York: Random House, 1968)149.
[20] Chang yaoxin,A Survey of American Literature (Tian jin:University of Nankai Press, 1990)313.
[21] Michael H. Cowan, Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Sound and the Fury (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-hall, Inc.) 20.
[22] Michael Millgate, The Achievement of William Faulkner (Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press, 1978)101.
[23] Malcolm Cowley, The Portable Faulkner (New York: The Viking Press, 1967)724.
[24] Ibid.724.
[25] Frederick L. Gwynn and Joseph L. Blotner, eds., Faulkner in the University (University of Virginia Press, 1959)3.
[26] Hong, Hu. "Truth of Life Can Hardly Be Reached: the Hidden Philosophy in As I Lay Dying." Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance Selected Papers: International Conference on William Faulkner. Ed. Tao Jie. (Peking, China: Peking UP, 1998)18.
[27] Robert Humprey, Stream-of-Consciousness in the Modern Novel (Berkeley: University of California Press,1955)24.
[28] Frederick L. Gwynn and Joseph L.Blotner, eds., Faulkner in the University (University of Virginia Press, 1959)84.
[29] Michael Millgate, The Achievement of William Faulkner (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1989)91.
[30] Ibid.91.
[31] Warren Beck pp.62-63. Warren Beck, "William Faulkner's Style," Robert Penn Warren, 53.
[32] Robert Humprey, Stream-of-Consciousness in the Modern Novel (Berkeley: University of California Press,1955)24.
[33] Ibid.37.
[34] Leonard Woolf, ED. Collected Essays (London: the Hogarth Press, 1966)320-321.
[35] Chang yaoxin,A Survey of American Literature (Tian jin:University of Nankai Press, 1990) 312.
[36] Joseph Warren Beach, American Fiction 1920-1940I (New York: Athener Press, 1931)169.
[37] Peter Conn, Literature in America (An Illustrated History) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989)432.
[38] Johnson May Cameron, An Interview with Thomas Wolfe: A Book of Post Classics (New York: Books, Inc. 1936)247-248.
[39] Lee Jenkins, Faulkner and Black-White Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981)89.
Bassett, John, ed. William Faulkner: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975.
Bassett, John, E. Vision and Revisions: Essays on Faulkner. West Conwell, CT: Locust Hill Press, 1989.
Beach, J.W. American Fiction1920-1940. London: Macmillan, 1941.
Beach, J W. “The Stream of Consciousness". The Twenties Century Novel. NewYork: Athener Press, 1932.
Bleikasten, Andre. The Most Splendid Failure: Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury. A Critical Casebook. New York: Garland, 1982.
Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Interpretations: William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.
Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Views: William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986
Booz, Elizabeth B. A Brief Introduction to Modern American Literature. Shanghai. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1982.
Bowling, Lawrence E. “Faulkner: Technique of ‘The Sound and the Fury,’” Kenyon Review, X Autumn, 1948.
Brooks, Cleanth. William Faulkner: The Yoknapatawpha Country. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963.
Budd, Louis J. & Cady, Edwin H. On Faulkner. London: Duke University Press . Durham and London, 1989.
Chase, Richard. The American Novel and its Tradition. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.
Claridge, Henry. William Faulkner: Critical Assessment I, II. Helm Information Ltd: East Sussex, 1999.
Cowan, Michael H. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Sound and the Fury. Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968.
Cowley, Malcolm. The Portable Faulkner. New York: The Viking Press, 1967. Cox, Leland H. William Faulkner: Critical Collection. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1982
Dowling, David. William Faulkner. London: Macmillan Modern Novelists, 1989.
Everett,Walter K. Faulkner’s Art and Characters. Woodbury, NY: Barron’s Educational Series, 1969.
Faulkner, William. The Sound and the Fury. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1985
Faulkner, William. “Introduction to The Sound and the Fury ”in The Mississippi Quarterly, summer, 1973
Fowler, Doreen and Ann J. Abadie. Faulkner and the Craft of Fiction. Jackson and London: University Press of Mississippi, 1988.
Friedman, Melvin Jack. Stream-of-Consciousness: A Study in Literary Method. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955.
Gwyin, Frederick L. and Joseph Blotner. Faulkner in the University. New York: Random House, 1959.
Hoffman, Frederick J. &Vickery, Olga W. William Faulkner: Three Decades of Criticism. Michigan. East Lansing: Michigan State College Press, 1960.
Humprey, Robert. Stream-of-Consciousness in the Modern Novel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1955.
Irwin, John T. Doubling and Incest; Repetition and Revenge. Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975
Jenkins, Lee. Faulkner and Black-White Relations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981.
Karl, Frederick R. William Faulkner: American Writer. N.Y.:Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989
Kinoian, Vartkis. Review Notes and Study Guide to Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury. New York: Monarch Press, 1964.
Matthews, John T. The Play of Faulkner’s Language. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1982.
McHaney, Thomas L. Literary Masters: William Faulkner. Detroit: The Gale Group, 2000.
Meriwether, James B.& Millgate, M.(Eds.). Lion in the Garden: Interviews with William Faulkner 1926-1962. New York: Random House, 1968.
Millgate, Michael. The Achievement of William Faulkner. Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press, 1978
Millgate, Michael. William Faulkner. New York: Grove Press, 1961.
Minster, David. William Faulkner: His Life and Work. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press, 1980.
Minter, David. “Faulkner Childhood and the making of The Sound and the Fury” (1979) from
On Faulkner: The Best From American Literature. Edited by Louis J. Budd & Edwin H. Cady, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1989.
O’Connor. William Van. Modern American Novelists. New York: Washington Square Press, 1973.
Ousby, Ian. A Reader’s Guide to Fifty American Novels. London:Heinemann, 1979.
Snead, James A. Figures of Division. New York & London: Methuen,1986.
Steinberg, Erwin R. Stream-of-Consciousness Techniques in the Modern Novel. New York: Kennikat Press Corp., 1979.
Swiggart, Peter. The Art of Faulkner’s Novels. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1962.
Thompson, Lawrence. William Faulkner: An Introduction and Interpretation. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1963.
Vickery, Olga W. The Novels of William Faulkner: A Critical Interpretation. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995.
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