沿海复杂地形条件下风场模拟研究
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摘要
我国70%的陆地是山区,随着我国风力发电事业的发展,必将会建立更多的山区复杂地形条件下的风力发电场。在山区由于局地环流的影响使得流经山区的气流改变方向,所以,在山区即使是相邻的两地,风速、风向以及风压也往往会有很大的差别。因此研究山区复杂地形对风场的影响具有十分重要的理论价值和社会意义。本文基于CFD数值模拟技术,对复杂山地周围的流场进行了研究。
本文第一部分首先以二维典型孤立山体模型为研究对象,研究了山体坡度、山体高度以及地面粗糙度对山体周围风场的影响;本文第二部分研究了二维连续山体中不同施扰山体坡度、施扰山体高度、施扰山体和受扰山体之间的间距以及施扰山体个数对受扰山体周围风场带来的影响。本文第三部分首先以三维典型孤立山体为研究对象,研究了山体坡度对风场的影响,并与二维山体的模拟结果进行对比;然后研究了顺风向连续山体和横风向的两个连续山体构成的山隘对风场的影响;继而研究了一个由多个山体组成的复杂地形对风场的影响;最后以广东省南澳岛的东部主岛为研究对象,模拟了该处实际地形条件下不同来流方向时该地形周围风场,并通过对模拟结果分析对该地形进行初步的选址。基于对二维典型山地研究和三维典型山地对风场的研究,在盛行风向确定且平地风速达到风力机额定风速的情况下,对山体附近风场选址提出几点方案。
Because of the fact that 70% of the mainland in China is mountainous and with the development of the wind power industry, there will be more and more wind farms built under the complicated terrain conditions. The direction of air current running through the mountains will be changed as the result of the local circulation, so there will be largely different wind speeds, wind directions and wind pressures even in the two adjacent regions. So it will be very significant to research on the effect of the mountainous complicated terrain conditions on the wind field.Based on the CFD numerical simulated technology, this paper studied the fluid field around complicated mountains.
In the first part of the paper, a two-dimension classic isolated mountain model as the research object, study the effect of the mountain slope, the mountain height and surface roughness on the wind field around mountains. In the second part of the paper study how the slope, height, distance between mountains and numbers of the influential mountains in the two-dimension consecutive mountains influent the wind field around mountains. In the third part of the paper, a three-dimension classic isolated mountain model as the research object, study the effect of the mountain slope on the wind fields and make a comparison with the simulated results of two-dimension mountain model; then study the effect of the cordillera made up with downwind consecutive mountains and longitude consecutive mountains on the wind fields; and then, study the influence of complicated terrain conditions formed by several mountain bodies on the wind fields,at last, east main island of the Nanao Islands in Guangdong province as the research object, simulate the wind fields with different incoming flow directions under the practical terrain conditions, and make a tentative site selections under this terrain condition. According to the research of two-dimension mountain model and three-dimension model, several suggestions for site selection of the wind farm around mountains are given under the conditions that directions of the prevailing wind are made sure of and the local wind speed is the same as the rated wind speed of the wind turbines.
本文第一部分首先以二维典型孤立山体模型为研究对象,研究了山体坡度、山体高度以及地面粗糙度对山体周围风场的影响;本文第二部分研究了二维连续山体中不同施扰山体坡度、施扰山体高度、施扰山体和受扰山体之间的间距以及施扰山体个数对受扰山体周围风场带来的影响。本文第三部分首先以三维典型孤立山体为研究对象,研究了山体坡度对风场的影响,并与二维山体的模拟结果进行对比;然后研究了顺风向连续山体和横风向的两个连续山体构成的山隘对风场的影响;继而研究了一个由多个山体组成的复杂地形对风场的影响;最后以广东省南澳岛的东部主岛为研究对象,模拟了该处实际地形条件下不同来流方向时该地形周围风场,并通过对模拟结果分析对该地形进行初步的选址。基于对二维典型山地研究和三维典型山地对风场的研究,在盛行风向确定且平地风速达到风力机额定风速的情况下,对山体附近风场选址提出几点方案。
Because of the fact that 70% of the mainland in China is mountainous and with the development of the wind power industry, there will be more and more wind farms built under the complicated terrain conditions. The direction of air current running through the mountains will be changed as the result of the local circulation, so there will be largely different wind speeds, wind directions and wind pressures even in the two adjacent regions. So it will be very significant to research on the effect of the mountainous complicated terrain conditions on the wind field.Based on the CFD numerical simulated technology, this paper studied the fluid field around complicated mountains.
In the first part of the paper, a two-dimension classic isolated mountain model as the research object, study the effect of the mountain slope, the mountain height and surface roughness on the wind field around mountains. In the second part of the paper study how the slope, height, distance between mountains and numbers of the influential mountains in the two-dimension consecutive mountains influent the wind field around mountains. In the third part of the paper, a three-dimension classic isolated mountain model as the research object, study the effect of the mountain slope on the wind fields and make a comparison with the simulated results of two-dimension mountain model; then study the effect of the cordillera made up with downwind consecutive mountains and longitude consecutive mountains on the wind fields; and then, study the influence of complicated terrain conditions formed by several mountain bodies on the wind fields,at last, east main island of the Nanao Islands in Guangdong province as the research object, simulate the wind fields with different incoming flow directions under the practical terrain conditions, and make a tentative site selections under this terrain condition. According to the research of two-dimension mountain model and three-dimension model, several suggestions for site selection of the wind farm around mountains are given under the conditions that directions of the prevailing wind are made sure of and the local wind speed is the same as the rated wind speed of the wind turbines.
引文
[1]薛桁.中国风能资源贮量估算[J].太阳能学报, 2001, 22(2): 167-170.
[2]尹明,葛旭波,王成山,张义斌.我国风电大规模开发相关问题探讨中国电力[J].中国电力,2010, 43(3): 59-62.
[3]王永喜.风能评估和微观选址问题研究[J].电力系统装备, 2009(9): 70-71.
[4]于力强,苏蓬.风电场选址问题综述[J].中国新技术新产品, 2009(17): 156.
[5]朱晓松,风力发电项目选址的探索与思考[C].新能源与可再生资源发电学术学术研讨会论文集, 2009(1): 124-126.
[6]金雪红,梁武科与李常,风速对垂直轴风力机风轮气动性能的影响[J].流体机械, 2010, 38(4): 45-49.
[7] P. J. Mason; J. C. King. Measurements and Predictions of Flow and Turbulence Over An Isolated Hill of Moderate Slope[J]. The Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1985, 111(468): 617-640.
[8] P. J. Mason. Diurnal Variations In Flow Over A Succession of Ridges and Valleys[J]. The Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1987, 113(478): 1117-1140.
[9] De Bray B.G. Atmospheric Shear Flows Over Ramps and Escarpments[J]. Ind. Aerodyn. Abstr,1973(9):1-4.
[10] P.S.Jackson, J.C.R.Hunt.Turblent Wind Flow Over A Low Hill[J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1975(101):929-955
[11] Bowen A.J. and Lindley D. Measurements Of The Mean Wind Flow Over Various Escarpment Shapes[C]. Fifth Australasian Conference on Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, University of Canterbury, N.Z., Dec. 1974:211-219.
[12] Gong W, Ibbetson A. A Wind Tunnel Study Of Turbulent Flow Over Model Hills [J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 1989, 49: 113-148.
[13] Gong W. A Wind Tunnel Study of Turbulent Dispersion Over Two-Dimensional Gentle Hills From Upwind Point Sources In Nutral Flow[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 1991, 54: 211-230.
[14] A.D. Ferreira, M.C.G. Silva, D.X. Viegas and A.G. Lopes. Wind Tunnel Simulation of the Flow Around Two-Dimensional Hills[J]. Journal of WindEngineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1991(2-3):109-122.
[15] Takeshi Ishihara, Kazuki Hibi, Susumu Oikawa. A Wind Tunnel Study Of Turbulent Flow Over A Three-dimensional Steep Hill[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodnamics, 1999,83(1-3):95-107.
[16] C.Farell, Experiments On The Wind Tunnel Simulation Of Atmospheric Boundary Layers[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1999,79(1-2):11-35.
[17] David E. Neff and Robert N. Meroney. Wind-Tunnel Modeling of Hill and Vegetation Influence on Wind Power Availability[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1998, 74-76:335-343.
[18] Chock, G. and L. Cochran, Modeling of Topographic Wind Speed Effects in Hawaii[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2005, 93(8):623-638.
[19] Cao, S.Y. and T. Tamura, Experimental Study on Roughness Effects on Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow Over a Two-Dimensional Steep Hill[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2006,94(1):1-19.
[20]胡峰强,陈艾荣,王达磊.山区桥梁桥址风环境试验研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版).2006,34(6):721-725.
[21] Ding. L,Calhoun.R J,Street.R L. Numerical Simulation of Strongly Stratified Flow over a Three-Dimensional Hill[J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 2003, 107(1):81-114.
[22] Allen T. and Brown A. R. Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Separated Flow Over Rough Hills[J]. BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY, 2002, 102(2): p. 177-198.
[23] T. Uchida, Y. Ohya. Development of the Local Wind Field Simulator RIM-COMPACT-Wind Field Assessment and Real Time simulation [J]. Japan Society of Fluid Dynamics, 2003, 22(5):417-428.
[24] T. Uchida, Y. Ohya. Application of LES Technique to Diagnosis of Wind Farm by Using High Resolution Elevation Data [J]. JSME International Journal Series B-Fluids and Thermal Engineering, 2006, 49(3): 567-575.
[25] T. Uchida, Y. Ohya. Micro-Siting Technique For Wind Turbine Generators by Using Large-Eddy Simulation[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2008, 96(10-11): 2121-2138.
[26] T. Uchida, Y. Ohya. High Resolution LES of Turbulent Airflow Over Complex Terrain[C]. The Seventh Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, November 8-12, 2009.
[27]肖仪清,李朝,欧进萍,宋丽莉,李秋胜.复杂地形风能评估的CFD方法[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2009,37(09):30-35.
[28]王桂玲,蒋维楣.复杂地形上的低层风场特征[J].解放军理工大学学报, 2006,7 (5) : 491 - 495.
[29]谢东,王汉青,李向阳.复杂地形条件下大气风场的三维数值模拟研究[J].南华大学学报(自然科学版), 2009(3): 68-71.
[30]高静,洪冠新.复杂地形低空三维风场数值仿真方法[J].航空计算机技术2006,36(4):108-111.
[31]周志勇,周强,姜保宋.大范围区域复杂地形风场数值模拟研究[C].第十四届全国结构风工程会议,2009,110-121.
[32] Myungsung Lee, Seung Ho Lee, Nahmkeon Hur1 and Chang-Koon Choi. A Numerical Simulation of Flow Field in a Wind Farm on Complex Terrain[J]. Wind and Structures, 2010(4) 375-383.
[33] Lei Li,Li-Jie Zhang,Ning Zhang,Fei Hu,Yin Jiang,Chun-Yi Xuan,Wei-Mei Jiang. Study on the Aicro-scale Simulation of Wind Field Over Complex Terrain by RAMS/FLUENT Modeling System[J]. Wind and Structures, 2010(6) 519-528.
[34]李正良,孙毅,魏奇科,陈胜.山地平均风加速效应数值模拟[J].工程力学, 2010, 27(7):32-37.
[35]邓院昌,刘沙,余志,曾雪兰.实际地形风场CFD模拟中粗糙度的影响分析[J].太阳能学报.2010,31(12):1644-1648.
[36]贺德馨等.风工程与工业空气动力学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2006.
[37]建筑结构荷载规范[S] . GBJ5009-2000.
[38] Architechtural Institute of Japan. AIJ Recommendations for Loads on Building [S]. Print in Japan,2004.
[39]王福军.计算流体动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[40] Weng, W.S., P.A. Taylor and J.L. Walmsley. Guidelines for Airflow Over Complex Terrain: Model Developments[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2000,86(2):169-186.
[41]姚伟宏.浅析建筑数值风洞影响因素[J].广东建材,2008 (10): 111-113.
[42] Wieringa,J. A Classifying Review of Experimentally Determined Aerodynamic Roughness For Various Terrain Types[C]. Presented at IAMAP Symposium of Boundary-Layer Parameterization and Large-Scale Model, Reading,U.K.,10 August 1989.
[43]连捷.广东南澳风电场风能资源评价[J].电力勘测, 2001 (2): 61-64.
[2]尹明,葛旭波,王成山,张义斌.我国风电大规模开发相关问题探讨中国电力[J].中国电力,2010, 43(3): 59-62.
[3]王永喜.风能评估和微观选址问题研究[J].电力系统装备, 2009(9): 70-71.
[4]于力强,苏蓬.风电场选址问题综述[J].中国新技术新产品, 2009(17): 156.
[5]朱晓松,风力发电项目选址的探索与思考[C].新能源与可再生资源发电学术学术研讨会论文集, 2009(1): 124-126.
[6]金雪红,梁武科与李常,风速对垂直轴风力机风轮气动性能的影响[J].流体机械, 2010, 38(4): 45-49.
[7] P. J. Mason; J. C. King. Measurements and Predictions of Flow and Turbulence Over An Isolated Hill of Moderate Slope[J]. The Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1985, 111(468): 617-640.
[8] P. J. Mason. Diurnal Variations In Flow Over A Succession of Ridges and Valleys[J]. The Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1987, 113(478): 1117-1140.
[9] De Bray B.G. Atmospheric Shear Flows Over Ramps and Escarpments[J]. Ind. Aerodyn. Abstr,1973(9):1-4.
[10] P.S.Jackson, J.C.R.Hunt.Turblent Wind Flow Over A Low Hill[J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1975(101):929-955
[11] Bowen A.J. and Lindley D. Measurements Of The Mean Wind Flow Over Various Escarpment Shapes[C]. Fifth Australasian Conference on Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, University of Canterbury, N.Z., Dec. 1974:211-219.
[12] Gong W, Ibbetson A. A Wind Tunnel Study Of Turbulent Flow Over Model Hills [J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 1989, 49: 113-148.
[13] Gong W. A Wind Tunnel Study of Turbulent Dispersion Over Two-Dimensional Gentle Hills From Upwind Point Sources In Nutral Flow[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 1991, 54: 211-230.
[14] A.D. Ferreira, M.C.G. Silva, D.X. Viegas and A.G. Lopes. Wind Tunnel Simulation of the Flow Around Two-Dimensional Hills[J]. Journal of WindEngineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1991(2-3):109-122.
[15] Takeshi Ishihara, Kazuki Hibi, Susumu Oikawa. A Wind Tunnel Study Of Turbulent Flow Over A Three-dimensional Steep Hill[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodnamics, 1999,83(1-3):95-107.
[16] C.Farell, Experiments On The Wind Tunnel Simulation Of Atmospheric Boundary Layers[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1999,79(1-2):11-35.
[17] David E. Neff and Robert N. Meroney. Wind-Tunnel Modeling of Hill and Vegetation Influence on Wind Power Availability[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1998, 74-76:335-343.
[18] Chock, G. and L. Cochran, Modeling of Topographic Wind Speed Effects in Hawaii[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2005, 93(8):623-638.
[19] Cao, S.Y. and T. Tamura, Experimental Study on Roughness Effects on Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow Over a Two-Dimensional Steep Hill[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2006,94(1):1-19.
[20]胡峰强,陈艾荣,王达磊.山区桥梁桥址风环境试验研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版).2006,34(6):721-725.
[21] Ding. L,Calhoun.R J,Street.R L. Numerical Simulation of Strongly Stratified Flow over a Three-Dimensional Hill[J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 2003, 107(1):81-114.
[22] Allen T. and Brown A. R. Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Separated Flow Over Rough Hills[J]. BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY, 2002, 102(2): p. 177-198.
[23] T. Uchida, Y. Ohya. Development of the Local Wind Field Simulator RIM-COMPACT-Wind Field Assessment and Real Time simulation [J]. Japan Society of Fluid Dynamics, 2003, 22(5):417-428.
[24] T. Uchida, Y. Ohya. Application of LES Technique to Diagnosis of Wind Farm by Using High Resolution Elevation Data [J]. JSME International Journal Series B-Fluids and Thermal Engineering, 2006, 49(3): 567-575.
[25] T. Uchida, Y. Ohya. Micro-Siting Technique For Wind Turbine Generators by Using Large-Eddy Simulation[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2008, 96(10-11): 2121-2138.
[26] T. Uchida, Y. Ohya. High Resolution LES of Turbulent Airflow Over Complex Terrain[C]. The Seventh Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, November 8-12, 2009.
[27]肖仪清,李朝,欧进萍,宋丽莉,李秋胜.复杂地形风能评估的CFD方法[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2009,37(09):30-35.
[28]王桂玲,蒋维楣.复杂地形上的低层风场特征[J].解放军理工大学学报, 2006,7 (5) : 491 - 495.
[29]谢东,王汉青,李向阳.复杂地形条件下大气风场的三维数值模拟研究[J].南华大学学报(自然科学版), 2009(3): 68-71.
[30]高静,洪冠新.复杂地形低空三维风场数值仿真方法[J].航空计算机技术2006,36(4):108-111.
[31]周志勇,周强,姜保宋.大范围区域复杂地形风场数值模拟研究[C].第十四届全国结构风工程会议,2009,110-121.
[32] Myungsung Lee, Seung Ho Lee, Nahmkeon Hur1 and Chang-Koon Choi. A Numerical Simulation of Flow Field in a Wind Farm on Complex Terrain[J]. Wind and Structures, 2010(4) 375-383.
[33] Lei Li,Li-Jie Zhang,Ning Zhang,Fei Hu,Yin Jiang,Chun-Yi Xuan,Wei-Mei Jiang. Study on the Aicro-scale Simulation of Wind Field Over Complex Terrain by RAMS/FLUENT Modeling System[J]. Wind and Structures, 2010(6) 519-528.
[34]李正良,孙毅,魏奇科,陈胜.山地平均风加速效应数值模拟[J].工程力学, 2010, 27(7):32-37.
[35]邓院昌,刘沙,余志,曾雪兰.实际地形风场CFD模拟中粗糙度的影响分析[J].太阳能学报.2010,31(12):1644-1648.
[36]贺德馨等.风工程与工业空气动力学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2006.
[37]建筑结构荷载规范[S] . GBJ5009-2000.
[38] Architechtural Institute of Japan. AIJ Recommendations for Loads on Building [S]. Print in Japan,2004.
[39]王福军.计算流体动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[40] Weng, W.S., P.A. Taylor and J.L. Walmsley. Guidelines for Airflow Over Complex Terrain: Model Developments[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2000,86(2):169-186.
[41]姚伟宏.浅析建筑数值风洞影响因素[J].广东建材,2008 (10): 111-113.
[42] Wieringa,J. A Classifying Review of Experimentally Determined Aerodynamic Roughness For Various Terrain Types[C]. Presented at IAMAP Symposium of Boundary-Layer Parameterization and Large-Scale Model, Reading,U.K.,10 August 1989.
[43]连捷.广东南澳风电场风能资源评价[J].电力勘测, 2001 (2): 61-64.