基坑开挖时邻近既有隧道的力学响应规律研究
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摘要
随着地面与地下空间的综合开发利用日愈增多，越来越多的基坑工程邻近既有的地铁隧道，基坑工程与地下隧道之间的冲突日愈突出，已成为城市建设中的焦点问题。基坑开挖必然引起周围土体的移动，导致地铁隧道产生附加的内力和变形，严重影响地铁隧道的安全。在这种复杂环境条件下，如何正确预测基坑开挖引起的隧道变形和内力是一项急需解决的重要课题。本文以教育部长江学者和创新团队发展计划资助项目“山区岩土工程”（项目编号：IRT1045）为依托，采用理论分析、模型试验和数值模拟等方法针对基坑开挖时邻近隧道的力学响应规律进行了较为深入的研究，论文的主要研究工作包括:
①收集和统计国内16个邻近既有隧道的基坑工程案例，采用数据统计方法，将基坑工程概况、基坑与隧道之间的相对距离、支护结构、坑内加固、时空效应及地下水等影响因素进行归类，系统分析和总结深基坑开挖引起邻近隧道的变形特性；
②基于等效刚度连续模型原理，提出采用Mindlin解计算基坑开挖坑壁所引起的水平纵向附加应力以及坑底所引起的竖向附加应力，将计算过程划分为两个阶段，考虑坑壁释放的附加应力，然后将既有隧道结构看作Winkler弹性地基无限长梁，再将水平与竖向附加应力分别施加于隧道结构上，最后求得隧道水平与竖向的纵向位移和内力，从而初步评估基坑开挖对地铁隧道的影响程度；
③通过室内模型试验，调整基坑与邻近隧道之间的相对水平及竖向距离，分析基坑开挖对已有隧道弯矩、土压力与内径的作用机理，研究在基坑开挖过程中邻近隧道内力与变形的变化规律；
④基于拉格朗日有限差分方法，详细地推导了HS硬化土模型在FLAC~(3D)中的增量迭代计算格式。依据FLAC~(3D)所提供的二次开发程序接口，利用VC++程序语言实现了计算过程，并编译成动态链接库文件进行加载和调用。通过试验实测进行比较，验证了二次开发模型的正确性与合理性；
⑤采用前面开发的HS硬化土模型，根据基坑开挖对已有隧道影响的模型试验，建立数值计算模型，并与试验结果进行对比，进一步分析基坑开挖对已有隧道的影响。最后针对某邻近既有隧道的深基坑工程，采用二次开发的HS硬化土模型进行数值模拟，对比了基坑周围有无隧道情况下的差别，全面分析基坑周围土体的变形和地下隧道结构受影响的程度，深入分析深基坑对已有地下隧道内力与变形的影响作用。
With the ever-increasing of comprehensive development and utilization of groundand underground space, more and more deep excavations are adjacent to the existingtunnels. The conflict between the foundation pit engineering and the underground tunnelbecomes more and more serious, which has become the focus problem of cityconstruction. The adjacent excavation will no doubt induce the deformation of soil layer,then result in the internal forces and displacement of the tunnel, and threaten greatly thesafety of tunnel. Therefore, how to correctly evaluate the impacts of excavation offoundation pit on the inner force and deformation of existing tunnel is an importantsubject which needs to be solved quickly in this complex environment condition. Basedon the plan of Changjiang Scholar and Innovative Groups for the geotechnicalengineering of mountainous area（NO. IRT1045））, this paper has been analyzed bytheoretical analysis, numerical simulation and model test. The main contents of thispaper as following:
①The statistics cases have been collected in which the foundation pits areadjacent to the existing tunnel. By using data statistical method, the influential factorsare classified, such as the overview of foundation pit engineering, relative distancebetween the foundation pit and tunnel, supporting structure, reinforcement, space-timeeffect, underground water, etc. Then, according to the statistics chart and data, thedeformation characteristics of the nearby tunnel caused by excavation of deepfoundation pit can be analyzed and summarized systematically.
②The displacement effect due to the surrounding wall soil unloading of adjacentexcavation is not considered by the theoretical analysis method. Based on the principleof equivalent stiffness of continuous model, the horizontal and vertical additional stressis calculated by the Mindlin solutions. Furthermore, the tunnel structure is considered asthe beam with infinite length. The additional stress is imposed on the Winkler modeland the governing equation is built up on the adjacent tunnel structure. So the influenceof foundation pit excavation of subway tunnel will be estimated.
③Through the indoor model test, the relative horizontal and vertical distancesbetween the foundation pit and adjacent tunnel are adjusted. The impact of excavationof foundation pit on the bending moment, soil pressure and internal diameter of exitingtunnel is analyzed, and change rules of inner force and deformation of adjacent tunnel during the excavation of foundation pit are studied.
④According to the lagrange finite difference method, the incremental and iterativecalculation format of the hardening soil model is derived in detail. The update stressalgorithm of shear yield surface is given. Based on the secondary development programprovided by FLAC~(3D), VC++programming language is used to realize the calculationprocess and compile into dynamic-link library files which is loaded and invoked. Finally,the model calculation results are compared with soil measured test results to prove thecorrectness and reasonableness of the secondary development program.
⑤By adopting the developed HS model and on the basis of the model tests of theimpact on the existing tunnel by excavation of foundation pit, the numerical calculationmodel is established. Compared the value with the test result, the impact of thefoundation pit excavation on the existing tunnel is analyzed. According to the deepexcavation adjacent to the tunnel with soil combination, and the developed HS model isadopted to simulate the excavation. The difference between tunnel and no tunnelcondition is compared. So the affected degree of the deformation of the foundation pitand the underground tunnel structure is comprehensively realized. And the internal forceand deformation of existing underground tunnel affected by deep foundation pit areanalyzed.
①收集和统计国内16个邻近既有隧道的基坑工程案例，采用数据统计方法，将基坑工程概况、基坑与隧道之间的相对距离、支护结构、坑内加固、时空效应及地下水等影响因素进行归类，系统分析和总结深基坑开挖引起邻近隧道的变形特性；
②基于等效刚度连续模型原理，提出采用Mindlin解计算基坑开挖坑壁所引起的水平纵向附加应力以及坑底所引起的竖向附加应力，将计算过程划分为两个阶段，考虑坑壁释放的附加应力，然后将既有隧道结构看作Winkler弹性地基无限长梁，再将水平与竖向附加应力分别施加于隧道结构上，最后求得隧道水平与竖向的纵向位移和内力，从而初步评估基坑开挖对地铁隧道的影响程度；
③通过室内模型试验，调整基坑与邻近隧道之间的相对水平及竖向距离，分析基坑开挖对已有隧道弯矩、土压力与内径的作用机理，研究在基坑开挖过程中邻近隧道内力与变形的变化规律；
④基于拉格朗日有限差分方法，详细地推导了HS硬化土模型在FLAC~(3D)中的增量迭代计算格式。依据FLAC~(3D)所提供的二次开发程序接口，利用VC++程序语言实现了计算过程，并编译成动态链接库文件进行加载和调用。通过试验实测进行比较，验证了二次开发模型的正确性与合理性；
⑤采用前面开发的HS硬化土模型，根据基坑开挖对已有隧道影响的模型试验，建立数值计算模型，并与试验结果进行对比，进一步分析基坑开挖对已有隧道的影响。最后针对某邻近既有隧道的深基坑工程，采用二次开发的HS硬化土模型进行数值模拟，对比了基坑周围有无隧道情况下的差别，全面分析基坑周围土体的变形和地下隧道结构受影响的程度，深入分析深基坑对已有地下隧道内力与变形的影响作用。
With the ever-increasing of comprehensive development and utilization of groundand underground space, more and more deep excavations are adjacent to the existingtunnels. The conflict between the foundation pit engineering and the underground tunnelbecomes more and more serious, which has become the focus problem of cityconstruction. The adjacent excavation will no doubt induce the deformation of soil layer,then result in the internal forces and displacement of the tunnel, and threaten greatly thesafety of tunnel. Therefore, how to correctly evaluate the impacts of excavation offoundation pit on the inner force and deformation of existing tunnel is an importantsubject which needs to be solved quickly in this complex environment condition. Basedon the plan of Changjiang Scholar and Innovative Groups for the geotechnicalengineering of mountainous area（NO. IRT1045））, this paper has been analyzed bytheoretical analysis, numerical simulation and model test. The main contents of thispaper as following:
①The statistics cases have been collected in which the foundation pits areadjacent to the existing tunnel. By using data statistical method, the influential factorsare classified, such as the overview of foundation pit engineering, relative distancebetween the foundation pit and tunnel, supporting structure, reinforcement, space-timeeffect, underground water, etc. Then, according to the statistics chart and data, thedeformation characteristics of the nearby tunnel caused by excavation of deepfoundation pit can be analyzed and summarized systematically.
②The displacement effect due to the surrounding wall soil unloading of adjacentexcavation is not considered by the theoretical analysis method. Based on the principleof equivalent stiffness of continuous model, the horizontal and vertical additional stressis calculated by the Mindlin solutions. Furthermore, the tunnel structure is considered asthe beam with infinite length. The additional stress is imposed on the Winkler modeland the governing equation is built up on the adjacent tunnel structure. So the influenceof foundation pit excavation of subway tunnel will be estimated.
③Through the indoor model test, the relative horizontal and vertical distancesbetween the foundation pit and adjacent tunnel are adjusted. The impact of excavationof foundation pit on the bending moment, soil pressure and internal diameter of exitingtunnel is analyzed, and change rules of inner force and deformation of adjacent tunnel during the excavation of foundation pit are studied.
④According to the lagrange finite difference method, the incremental and iterativecalculation format of the hardening soil model is derived in detail. The update stressalgorithm of shear yield surface is given. Based on the secondary development programprovided by FLAC~(3D), VC++programming language is used to realize the calculationprocess and compile into dynamic-link library files which is loaded and invoked. Finally,the model calculation results are compared with soil measured test results to prove thecorrectness and reasonableness of the secondary development program.
⑤By adopting the developed HS model and on the basis of the model tests of theimpact on the existing tunnel by excavation of foundation pit, the numerical calculationmodel is established. Compared the value with the test result, the impact of thefoundation pit excavation on the existing tunnel is analyzed. According to the deepexcavation adjacent to the tunnel with soil combination, and the developed HS model isadopted to simulate the excavation. The difference between tunnel and no tunnelcondition is compared. So the affected degree of the deformation of the foundation pitand the underground tunnel structure is comprehensively realized. And the internal forceand deformation of existing underground tunnel affected by deep foundation pit areanalyzed.
引文
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