国有企业产权制度改革研究
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摘要
我国国有企业改革20多年经历了放权让利、利改税、承包制等阶段之后，虽然一定程度上取得了相当的进步，但终究没能走出困境，还有许多深层次的问题存在，其根本原因是产权没变。马克思的产权理论和西方的产权理论都强调效率的作用和经济主体的激励作用，系统掌握产权理论对分析我国国有企业产权改革具有很强的理论意义和现实意义。
国有企业是我国国民经济的支柱，目前我国国有企业改革己进入攻坚阶段。深入推进国有企业改革，尤其是国有企业产权制度改革，对提高企业活力和效率、更好发挥应有作用、完善社会主义市场经济体制等方面具有举足轻重的作用。本文在分析马克思产权理论的同时也借鉴西方产权理论的最新研究成果，又系统总结我国国有企业产权制度的弊端，分析了国有企业传统产权制度存在的所有者缺位、激励不足和委托—代理链条过长等问题，由此解释国有经济布局不合理，国有企业效率低下、经济效益差的根本原因。中国国有企业想要走出困境，就必须直面产权改革，这是一个无法回避的问题。
最后本文还进一步讨论了国有企业产权改革的思路和具体措施。笔者根据对现行国有企业的现状研究，针对一些实际现象指出在改革过程中应保持正确的认识。笔者认为，探索出一条符合中国国情的产权改革之路至关重要。文章论述了改革的整体思路，并由此提出国有企业产权制度改革应实行产权结构多元化等政策措施，促进国有企业快速发展，提高经济效率。
It has been more than twenty years since China began its reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs).A lot of innovation of the economic organizational form of our country were carried on under the circumstances that there is not great adjustment in the institution of property right, and they have led to the fact that the reform is out of anticipation to them. Both Marx's theories of property right and western theories of property right emphasize property right's function in improvement to efficiency, stimulation to people. And they were just ignored by the traditional property right system of state-owned enterprise of our country. It is very important to grasp the theories for the innovation of our state-owned enterprises.
The state-owned enterprise is the pillar of our national economy; the reform of state-owned enterprise has already entered a key period now. Driving the reform of state-owned enterprise energetically, especially the reform of state-owned enterprise's property right system have very important function for improving the vigor and efficiency of state-owned enterprise and building up perfect socialist market economy system. This paper benefits from the new achievement in research of the theory of western property right while adhering to the basic position of Marx's theory of property right, and on the basis of summarizing the drawback of the property right system of state-owned enterprise in our country systematically, it uses the models of contract theory and agent theory by agreement about the enterprise of the theory of western property right, and analyzes insufficient stimulation of the traditional property right system of state-owned enterprise of our country. This is the basic reason for state-owned enterprise's inefficiency and economy of poor benefits. The reform of property
国有企业是我国国民经济的支柱，目前我国国有企业改革己进入攻坚阶段。深入推进国有企业改革，尤其是国有企业产权制度改革，对提高企业活力和效率、更好发挥应有作用、完善社会主义市场经济体制等方面具有举足轻重的作用。本文在分析马克思产权理论的同时也借鉴西方产权理论的最新研究成果，又系统总结我国国有企业产权制度的弊端，分析了国有企业传统产权制度存在的所有者缺位、激励不足和委托—代理链条过长等问题，由此解释国有经济布局不合理，国有企业效率低下、经济效益差的根本原因。中国国有企业想要走出困境，就必须直面产权改革，这是一个无法回避的问题。
最后本文还进一步讨论了国有企业产权改革的思路和具体措施。笔者根据对现行国有企业的现状研究，针对一些实际现象指出在改革过程中应保持正确的认识。笔者认为，探索出一条符合中国国情的产权改革之路至关重要。文章论述了改革的整体思路，并由此提出国有企业产权制度改革应实行产权结构多元化等政策措施，促进国有企业快速发展，提高经济效率。
It has been more than twenty years since China began its reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs).A lot of innovation of the economic organizational form of our country were carried on under the circumstances that there is not great adjustment in the institution of property right, and they have led to the fact that the reform is out of anticipation to them. Both Marx's theories of property right and western theories of property right emphasize property right's function in improvement to efficiency, stimulation to people. And they were just ignored by the traditional property right system of state-owned enterprise of our country. It is very important to grasp the theories for the innovation of our state-owned enterprises.
The state-owned enterprise is the pillar of our national economy; the reform of state-owned enterprise has already entered a key period now. Driving the reform of state-owned enterprise energetically, especially the reform of state-owned enterprise's property right system have very important function for improving the vigor and efficiency of state-owned enterprise and building up perfect socialist market economy system. This paper benefits from the new achievement in research of the theory of western property right while adhering to the basic position of Marx's theory of property right, and on the basis of summarizing the drawback of the property right system of state-owned enterprise in our country systematically, it uses the models of contract theory and agent theory by agreement about the enterprise of the theory of western property right, and analyzes insufficient stimulation of the traditional property right system of state-owned enterprise of our country. This is the basic reason for state-owned enterprise's inefficiency and economy of poor benefits. The reform of property
引文
[1] Xiaogeng. A Comparative Study of Chinese State and Collective Enterprises. China Economic Review. Business Press, 1991:19P
[2] Rawski. Progress without Privatization: The Reform of China's State Industries, in Vedat Milor(ed.). The political economy of privatization and public enterprise in post-Communist and reforming-Communist states. Yale University Press, 1994:26P
[3] Bai. Why Can Productivity Analysis be Misleading for Gauging State Enterprise Performance. Forthcoming, Journal of Comparative Economics. London Economic Press, 1997:31P
[4] Sheng and Xiao. Property Rights and Economic Transition Revisited: The Case of China. Working Paper, HKMA and HKU, and presented at WEA Conference The Role of Knowledge in the Modem Global Economy. Seattle Business Press, 1996:30P
[5] World Bank. The Chinese Economy: Fighting Inflation, Deepening Reforms. West Publishing Press, 1996:21P
[6] World Bank. China' s Managenment of Enterprise Assets:The State As Shareholder. China: Weathering the Storm and Learning the Lessons, Country Economic Memorandun, Washington, DC, 1997:12P
[7] Sachs, J. and Woo et al. Structural Factors in the Economic Reforms of China, Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Economic Policy. Business and Economic Press, 1994:16P
[8] Perkins. Completing China's Move to the Market. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1994:12P
[9] Sachs, J. and Woo. Understanding China' s Economic Performance. Development Discussion Paper. Harvard Institute for Inter:national Development, 1997:7P
[10] Woo. Reforming Centrally-Planned Economies: Comparing China, Poland and Russia. Journal of Comparative Economics. 1994:67P
[11] Weitzman. Chinese Township Village Enterprises as Vaguely Defined Cooperatives. Journal of Comparative Economics. Business and Economic Press, 1994:9P
[12] Sheng and Xiao. Property Rights and Economic Transition Revisited: The Case of China. Working Paper, HKMA and HKU, and presented at WEA Conference The Role of Knowledge in the Modem Global Economy, San Francisco. June 28-July 2,1996
[13] 刘安．经济学消息报．诺贝尔经济学奖得主专访录．中国计划经济出版社，1995：135-136页
[14] 刘凡，刘允斌等编著．产权经济学．湖北人民出版社，2002：5页
[15] 李宇龙．企业产权改革法律实务．法律出版社，2004：7页
[16] 诺斯．经济史中的结构与变迁．上海三联书店，1991：12页
[17] Alchian, A.A and Demsetz, H. Production, Information Cost and Economic Organization. American Economic Review. 1972: 777-795P
[18] 黄少安．产权、人权、制度．中国经济出版社，1998：12页
[19] H．德姆塞茨．一个研究所有制的框架．上海人民出版社，1994：13页
[20] 刘伟，李风圣等编著．产权通论．北京出版社，1997：7页
[21] 马克思恩格斯选集．人民出版社，1972：285页
[22] 李宇龙．企业产权改革法律实务．法律出版社，2004：16页
[23] 程恩富．产权制度：马克思与西方学者若干理论比较．社会科学．人民出版社，1998：24页
[24] 马克思．资本论．人民出版社，1979：102页
[25] 马克思．黑格尔法哲学批判．人民出版社，1956：124页
[26] 马克思恩格斯全集．人民出版社，1972：120页
[27] 科斯．社会费用问题．人民出版社，1972：36页
[28] 李宇龙．企业产权改革法律实务．法律出版社，2004：12页
[29] 国务院体改办研究所课题组．产权制度与国有管理体制改革．经济学动态．2003(1)：12-13页
[30] 刘畅．MBO：产权之痒的良药．经济导刊．2003(3)：16页
[31] 中华人民共和国民法通则(单行本)．北京法律出版社，2003：8页
[32] 王殿凯，石莱忠．产权理论探悉．山东财政学院学报．1995(1)：32页
[33] 马克思．资本论．人民出版社，1979：48页
[34] 徐茂魁．论现代企业制度的产权特征与国有企业的转制．教学与研究．1995(2)：12页
[35] 赵守国．国有企业产权制度的理性构造．经济纵横．1994(10)：24页
[36] 王殿凯，石莱忠．产权理论探悉．山东财政学院学报．1995(1)：16页
[37] 李华．国有企业现代产权制度研究．新华文摘．1995(2)：30页
[38] 许经勇．建立适应社会主义市场经济体制要求的现代企业制度．财经问题研究．人民出版社，1996：7页
[39] 中华人民共和国常用法律大全．法律出版社，1996：60页
[40] 徐燕．公司法原理．法律出版社，1997：35页
[41] C．诺斯．制度、制度变．迁与经济绩效．上海三联书店，1994：53页
[42] 中华人民共和国公司法．中国法制出版社，2002(12)：12页
[43] C．E．林德布洛姆．政治与市场：世界的政治—经济制度．上海三联书店，1994：27页
[44] 吴敬琏．现代公司与企业改革．天津人民出版社，1994：1页
[45] 王志钢，李开发等编著．国企改革如何体现社会公平．人民出版社，2004：12页
[46] 王志钢，李开发等编著．国企改革如何体现社会公平．人民出版 社，2004：13页
[47] 刘纪鹏．当前国资改革中需要注意的几个问题．纪念邓小平同志诞辰100周年国企改革发展论坛会．2004
[48] 陈清泰．深化国有资产管理体制改革的几个问题．管理世界．2003(6)：21页
[49] 肯尼斯，罗杰·勒鲁瓦．产业组织：理论、证据和公共政策．上海三联出版社，1989：210页
[50] 赵晓雷．企业法人财产质疑．新闻报．1994(8)
[51] 孙立平．论新改革观．经济观察报．2005(12)
[52] 金培．何去何从—当代中国的国有企业问题．北京：今日中国出版社，1997：17页．
[53] 苏文清．国有企业改革的根本问题和出路．内蒙古大学出版社，1999：7页
[54] 中共中央关于完善社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定．人民日报．2003
[55] 汤敏，茅于轼．现代经济前延专题．上海商务印书馆，1993：13页
[56] 赵晓雷．现代企业制度与产权．上海证券报．1995
[57] 中小型国企产权可向管理层转让．BUSSINESS. SOHU. COM
[58] 国务院国有资产监督管理委员会．企业国有产权向管理层转让暂行规定．2005
[59] 郎咸平回应质疑：应当立即停止产权私下交易．国际先驱导报．2004(9)BUSINESS. SOHO. COM．
[60] 张旭东，陈芳，齐中熙．国企产权改革：“深水区”里如何前行．http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2004-10/20/content_2116833.htm
[61] 李毅中．深化国有资产管理体制改革．管理世界．2003(9)：13页
[62] 柏晶伟．国企改革之路到底该怎么走．中国经济时报．2004(11)
[2] Rawski. Progress without Privatization: The Reform of China's State Industries, in Vedat Milor(ed.). The political economy of privatization and public enterprise in post-Communist and reforming-Communist states. Yale University Press, 1994:26P
[3] Bai. Why Can Productivity Analysis be Misleading for Gauging State Enterprise Performance. Forthcoming, Journal of Comparative Economics. London Economic Press, 1997:31P
[4] Sheng and Xiao. Property Rights and Economic Transition Revisited: The Case of China. Working Paper, HKMA and HKU, and presented at WEA Conference The Role of Knowledge in the Modem Global Economy. Seattle Business Press, 1996:30P
[5] World Bank. The Chinese Economy: Fighting Inflation, Deepening Reforms. West Publishing Press, 1996:21P
[6] World Bank. China' s Managenment of Enterprise Assets:The State As Shareholder. China: Weathering the Storm and Learning the Lessons, Country Economic Memorandun, Washington, DC, 1997:12P
[7] Sachs, J. and Woo et al. Structural Factors in the Economic Reforms of China, Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Economic Policy. Business and Economic Press, 1994:16P
[8] Perkins. Completing China's Move to the Market. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1994:12P
[9] Sachs, J. and Woo. Understanding China' s Economic Performance. Development Discussion Paper. Harvard Institute for Inter:national Development, 1997:7P
[10] Woo. Reforming Centrally-Planned Economies: Comparing China, Poland and Russia. Journal of Comparative Economics. 1994:67P
[11] Weitzman. Chinese Township Village Enterprises as Vaguely Defined Cooperatives. Journal of Comparative Economics. Business and Economic Press, 1994:9P
[12] Sheng and Xiao. Property Rights and Economic Transition Revisited: The Case of China. Working Paper, HKMA and HKU, and presented at WEA Conference The Role of Knowledge in the Modem Global Economy, San Francisco. June 28-July 2,1996
[13] 刘安．经济学消息报．诺贝尔经济学奖得主专访录．中国计划经济出版社，1995：135-136页
[14] 刘凡，刘允斌等编著．产权经济学．湖北人民出版社，2002：5页
[15] 李宇龙．企业产权改革法律实务．法律出版社，2004：7页
[16] 诺斯．经济史中的结构与变迁．上海三联书店，1991：12页
[17] Alchian, A.A and Demsetz, H. Production, Information Cost and Economic Organization. American Economic Review. 1972: 777-795P
[18] 黄少安．产权、人权、制度．中国经济出版社，1998：12页
[19] H．德姆塞茨．一个研究所有制的框架．上海人民出版社，1994：13页
[20] 刘伟，李风圣等编著．产权通论．北京出版社，1997：7页
[21] 马克思恩格斯选集．人民出版社，1972：285页
[22] 李宇龙．企业产权改革法律实务．法律出版社，2004：16页
[23] 程恩富．产权制度：马克思与西方学者若干理论比较．社会科学．人民出版社，1998：24页
[24] 马克思．资本论．人民出版社，1979：102页
[25] 马克思．黑格尔法哲学批判．人民出版社，1956：124页
[26] 马克思恩格斯全集．人民出版社，1972：120页
[27] 科斯．社会费用问题．人民出版社，1972：36页
[28] 李宇龙．企业产权改革法律实务．法律出版社，2004：12页
[29] 国务院体改办研究所课题组．产权制度与国有管理体制改革．经济学动态．2003(1)：12-13页
[30] 刘畅．MBO：产权之痒的良药．经济导刊．2003(3)：16页
[31] 中华人民共和国民法通则(单行本)．北京法律出版社，2003：8页
[32] 王殿凯，石莱忠．产权理论探悉．山东财政学院学报．1995(1)：32页
[33] 马克思．资本论．人民出版社，1979：48页
[34] 徐茂魁．论现代企业制度的产权特征与国有企业的转制．教学与研究．1995(2)：12页
[35] 赵守国．国有企业产权制度的理性构造．经济纵横．1994(10)：24页
[36] 王殿凯，石莱忠．产权理论探悉．山东财政学院学报．1995(1)：16页
[37] 李华．国有企业现代产权制度研究．新华文摘．1995(2)：30页
[38] 许经勇．建立适应社会主义市场经济体制要求的现代企业制度．财经问题研究．人民出版社，1996：7页
[39] 中华人民共和国常用法律大全．法律出版社，1996：60页
[40] 徐燕．公司法原理．法律出版社，1997：35页
[41] C．诺斯．制度、制度变．迁与经济绩效．上海三联书店，1994：53页
[42] 中华人民共和国公司法．中国法制出版社，2002(12)：12页
[43] C．E．林德布洛姆．政治与市场：世界的政治—经济制度．上海三联书店，1994：27页
[44] 吴敬琏．现代公司与企业改革．天津人民出版社，1994：1页
[45] 王志钢，李开发等编著．国企改革如何体现社会公平．人民出版社，2004：12页
[46] 王志钢，李开发等编著．国企改革如何体现社会公平．人民出版 社，2004：13页
[47] 刘纪鹏．当前国资改革中需要注意的几个问题．纪念邓小平同志诞辰100周年国企改革发展论坛会．2004
[48] 陈清泰．深化国有资产管理体制改革的几个问题．管理世界．2003(6)：21页
[49] 肯尼斯，罗杰·勒鲁瓦．产业组织：理论、证据和公共政策．上海三联出版社，1989：210页
[50] 赵晓雷．企业法人财产质疑．新闻报．1994(8)
[51] 孙立平．论新改革观．经济观察报．2005(12)
[52] 金培．何去何从—当代中国的国有企业问题．北京：今日中国出版社，1997：17页．
[53] 苏文清．国有企业改革的根本问题和出路．内蒙古大学出版社，1999：7页
[54] 中共中央关于完善社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定．人民日报．2003
[55] 汤敏，茅于轼．现代经济前延专题．上海商务印书馆，1993：13页
[56] 赵晓雷．现代企业制度与产权．上海证券报．1995
[57] 中小型国企产权可向管理层转让．BUSSINESS. SOHU. COM
[58] 国务院国有资产监督管理委员会．企业国有产权向管理层转让暂行规定．2005
[59] 郎咸平回应质疑：应当立即停止产权私下交易．国际先驱导报．2004(9)BUSINESS. SOHO. COM．
[60] 张旭东，陈芳，齐中熙．国企产权改革：“深水区”里如何前行．http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2004-10/20/content_2116833.htm
[61] 李毅中．深化国有资产管理体制改革．管理世界．2003(9)：13页
[62] 柏晶伟．国企改革之路到底该怎么走．中国经济时报．2004(11)