矩形喷动床干、湿颗粒混合特性的DEM方法研究
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摘要
应用喷动床技术处理干、湿散体物料时，由于其具有更好的混合效果和气固接触效率等优点，使得喷动床技术被广泛应用于干燥、造粒、燃烧、涂层、煤气化和化学气相沉积等众多过程工业中。离散单元法从单个颗粒尺度上研究颗粒的流动行为，可以提供丰富的颗粒受力、运动方面的信息。因此，离散单元法被广泛应用于研究喷动床内的颗粒流动行为。本文应用三维离散单元法对矩形喷动床内干、湿颗粒的混合特性进行了研究，其中湍流、滚动摩擦和液桥力的影响分别由标准k-ε模型、Beer&Johnson关系式和Mikami模型来进行描述。
论文的主要工作可总结为以下三个部分：
第一部分对矩形喷动床DEM模拟的曳力模型选择问题进行了研究。首先，将Arastoopour、Di Felice、Syamlal&O’Brien和Gidaspow模型，这四种被广泛采用的曳力模型应用到了喷动床DEM模拟中，得到了矩形喷动床内颗粒的速度、空隙率和颗粒温度等参数的分布。然后，通过将模拟结果与实验结果进行比较，验证了不同曳力模型的适用性。结果表明：虽然Arastoopour、Di Felice、Syamlal&O’Brien和Gidaspow模型均成功的预测了矩形喷动床内颗粒的流动结构，但Gidaspow模型的预测速度场与实验结果最为接近；
第二部分，应用三维离散单元法，对干颗粒喷动床内颗粒的混合过程进行了模拟,通过在DEM模拟中引入Ashton&Valentin混合指数，研究了干颗粒喷动床内颗粒的混合特性。首先，模拟了均一颗粒系统内颗粒的轴径向均分混合过程，研究了喷动床内颗粒的混合与流动特性之间的关系，以及喷射区、喷泉区和环隙区内颗粒混合速度和全床混合速度之间的关系。然后，讨论了密度比变化和喷动气速变化对颗粒混合过程和流动特性的影响。结果表明：由于干颗粒喷动床内混合速度最慢的区域均位于环隙区内，这使得矩形喷动床的混合速度由环隙区的混合速度决定；增加密度比会降低床内颗粒混合指数所能达到的最大值；增加喷动气速可以提高床内颗粒的混合速度。
第三部分对湿颗粒喷动床内颗粒混合过程进行了模拟。采用Mikami模型加入液桥力的影响，对湿颗粒喷动床内的颗粒的流动和混合特性进行了研究。首先，通过对床体内颗粒轴径向均分混合过程的模拟，研究了湿颗粒的流动和混合特性，及两者之间的关系。然后，讨论了颗粒含湿量增加对喷动床内颗粒的混合过程和流动特性的影响。结果表明：与干颗粒喷动床相同，湿颗粒喷动床的混合速度也由环隙区的混合速度决定；增加含湿量会降低床内颗粒的混合速度和程度。
本文对矩形喷动床内干、湿颗粒混合特性的研究，希望可以为该型喷动床的设计和操作提供指导意义。
Spouted beds have been extensively used in various industrial processes such as drying,granulation, combustion, coating, coal gasification, chemical vapor deposition, etc., in orderto provide good mixing and large gas-solid contact area for dry and wet granular materials.The Discrete Element Method (DEM) resolves particle flow behaviors at an individualparticle level, and it can provide a wealth of information of the particle’s force and motion.Therefore, it has been widely used for studying the particle behavior of spouted bed. The aimof the present paper is to investigate the mixing mechanism and flow behavior of dry and wetparticles in spouted bed by using DEM. In particular, the standard k-ε two-equation model,the Beer&Johnson equation and the Mikami model are adopted to investigate the influenceof turbulence, rolling friction and liquid bridge force.
This thesis presents three main parts as follows:
In part one, the research on choosing drag model of rectangle spouted bed is done withDEM. Firstly, the Arastoopour, Di Felice, Syamlal&O’Brien and Gidaspow model, areadopted in DEM simulations to obtain the distributions of particles’ voidage, velocity andgranular temperature in spouted bed. Then, the applicability of different drag models isverified by comparing results between simulation and experiment. The results indicated thatthe Arastoopour, Di Felice, Syamlal&O’Brien and Gidaspow models are able to predict theflow pattern, while the Gidaspow model has the best agreement to the experimental data.
In part two, numerical simulation of dry particle mixing process in rectangular spoutedbed is carried out with three dimensional discrete element method, and an Ashton&Valentinmixing index is introduced to investigate the characteristics of dynamic mixing process.Firstly, in simulation of the axial and the lateral mixing process, the relationship between theparticle flow behavior and the mixing process, and the mixing rate relationship between thedifferent regions and the whole bed are investigated. Then, the effect of the spouting gasvelocity and the density ratio are discussed. The results indicate that the near tapered wallregion has the slowest mixing rate in the spouted bed. Thus, the mixing rate of annulus plays acritical role in the mixing rate of spouted bed. Increasing spouting gas velocity will increasemixing rate of the whole bed. Furthermore, increasing density ratio will decrease the maximum mixing index.
In part three, the mixing characteristics and the flow behavior of wet particles in arectangular spouted bed is simulated with a three-dimensional discrete element method. Theinfluence of liquid bridge force is investigated using the Mikami model. First, thecharacteristics and relationship between particle flow behavior and mixing process areinvestigated by simulating the axial and the lateral mixing process. After that, the effect of themoisture content is discussed. The result indicated that the wet particle’s mixing rate inspouted bed is also depends on the mixing rate of the annulus. Moreover, increasing moisturecontent will decrease the mixing rate of spouted bed and the maximum of mixing index.
It is expected that the investigations on mixing characteristics of dry and wet particle inspouted bed can provide some references for the project designing, manufacture andapplication of the rectangular spouted bed.
论文的主要工作可总结为以下三个部分：
第一部分对矩形喷动床DEM模拟的曳力模型选择问题进行了研究。首先，将Arastoopour、Di Felice、Syamlal&O’Brien和Gidaspow模型，这四种被广泛采用的曳力模型应用到了喷动床DEM模拟中，得到了矩形喷动床内颗粒的速度、空隙率和颗粒温度等参数的分布。然后，通过将模拟结果与实验结果进行比较，验证了不同曳力模型的适用性。结果表明：虽然Arastoopour、Di Felice、Syamlal&O’Brien和Gidaspow模型均成功的预测了矩形喷动床内颗粒的流动结构，但Gidaspow模型的预测速度场与实验结果最为接近；
第二部分，应用三维离散单元法，对干颗粒喷动床内颗粒的混合过程进行了模拟,通过在DEM模拟中引入Ashton&Valentin混合指数，研究了干颗粒喷动床内颗粒的混合特性。首先，模拟了均一颗粒系统内颗粒的轴径向均分混合过程，研究了喷动床内颗粒的混合与流动特性之间的关系，以及喷射区、喷泉区和环隙区内颗粒混合速度和全床混合速度之间的关系。然后，讨论了密度比变化和喷动气速变化对颗粒混合过程和流动特性的影响。结果表明：由于干颗粒喷动床内混合速度最慢的区域均位于环隙区内，这使得矩形喷动床的混合速度由环隙区的混合速度决定；增加密度比会降低床内颗粒混合指数所能达到的最大值；增加喷动气速可以提高床内颗粒的混合速度。
第三部分对湿颗粒喷动床内颗粒混合过程进行了模拟。采用Mikami模型加入液桥力的影响，对湿颗粒喷动床内的颗粒的流动和混合特性进行了研究。首先，通过对床体内颗粒轴径向均分混合过程的模拟，研究了湿颗粒的流动和混合特性，及两者之间的关系。然后，讨论了颗粒含湿量增加对喷动床内颗粒的混合过程和流动特性的影响。结果表明：与干颗粒喷动床相同，湿颗粒喷动床的混合速度也由环隙区的混合速度决定；增加含湿量会降低床内颗粒的混合速度和程度。
本文对矩形喷动床内干、湿颗粒混合特性的研究，希望可以为该型喷动床的设计和操作提供指导意义。
Spouted beds have been extensively used in various industrial processes such as drying,granulation, combustion, coating, coal gasification, chemical vapor deposition, etc., in orderto provide good mixing and large gas-solid contact area for dry and wet granular materials.The Discrete Element Method (DEM) resolves particle flow behaviors at an individualparticle level, and it can provide a wealth of information of the particle’s force and motion.Therefore, it has been widely used for studying the particle behavior of spouted bed. The aimof the present paper is to investigate the mixing mechanism and flow behavior of dry and wetparticles in spouted bed by using DEM. In particular, the standard k-ε two-equation model,the Beer&Johnson equation and the Mikami model are adopted to investigate the influenceof turbulence, rolling friction and liquid bridge force.
This thesis presents three main parts as follows:
In part one, the research on choosing drag model of rectangle spouted bed is done withDEM. Firstly, the Arastoopour, Di Felice, Syamlal&O’Brien and Gidaspow model, areadopted in DEM simulations to obtain the distributions of particles’ voidage, velocity andgranular temperature in spouted bed. Then, the applicability of different drag models isverified by comparing results between simulation and experiment. The results indicated thatthe Arastoopour, Di Felice, Syamlal&O’Brien and Gidaspow models are able to predict theflow pattern, while the Gidaspow model has the best agreement to the experimental data.
In part two, numerical simulation of dry particle mixing process in rectangular spoutedbed is carried out with three dimensional discrete element method, and an Ashton&Valentinmixing index is introduced to investigate the characteristics of dynamic mixing process.Firstly, in simulation of the axial and the lateral mixing process, the relationship between theparticle flow behavior and the mixing process, and the mixing rate relationship between thedifferent regions and the whole bed are investigated. Then, the effect of the spouting gasvelocity and the density ratio are discussed. The results indicate that the near tapered wallregion has the slowest mixing rate in the spouted bed. Thus, the mixing rate of annulus plays acritical role in the mixing rate of spouted bed. Increasing spouting gas velocity will increasemixing rate of the whole bed. Furthermore, increasing density ratio will decrease the maximum mixing index.
In part three, the mixing characteristics and the flow behavior of wet particles in arectangular spouted bed is simulated with a three-dimensional discrete element method. Theinfluence of liquid bridge force is investigated using the Mikami model. First, thecharacteristics and relationship between particle flow behavior and mixing process areinvestigated by simulating the axial and the lateral mixing process. After that, the effect of themoisture content is discussed. The result indicated that the wet particle’s mixing rate inspouted bed is also depends on the mixing rate of the annulus. Moreover, increasing moisturecontent will decrease the mixing rate of spouted bed and the maximum of mixing index.
It is expected that the investigations on mixing characteristics of dry and wet particle inspouted bed can provide some references for the project designing, manufacture andapplication of the rectangular spouted bed.
引文
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