作物冠层氮素淋溶及影响因素研究
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摘要
植物冠层氮素淋失是土壤-植物系统氮素循环的重要组成部分，在决定氮素利用和生态系统氮素平衡方面具有重要作用。过去，植物冠层养分淋失研究大部分局限于森林冠层，对农田养分淋失研究大多集中于土壤养分，而对农田作物冠层养分淋失研究较少，对作物冠层氮素淋失随生育期和降雨酸度变化规律的研究更是鲜见报道。由于施肥等原因，农田作物冠层氮素比森林冠层更加丰富，即被降雨淋洗的“氮源”更大，受降雨酸度影响应更为显著。基于以上假设，本文以不同水、氮供应的盆栽玉米和小麦为试验材料，采用自制人工降雨器进行不同pH值模拟降雨，研究不同水、氮供应条件下玉米及小麦冠层各形态氮素淋失动态、数量及随生育期和降雨酸度的变化规律，以及冠层干物质、氮素含量、气孔性状、光合、蒸腾等与冠层氮素淋失的相关性。此外，为提供影响冠层氮素淋失的植物体内部因素有关数据，本文还阐明了水、氮供应对玉米冠层营养器官干物质和氮素累积、分配及随生育时期变化的影响，以及小麦冠层气孔形态、密度和开度对水、氮的响应。研究获得以下主要进展：
1.阐明了施氮和模拟降雨pH值对玉米冠层NO_3~--N淋失的影响。
玉米冠层NO_3~--N淋失量不仅与介质施氮（冠层氮素含量）有关，同时受降雨pH值影响。中性和弱酸性降雨淋洗，NO_3~--N淋失量主要取决于冠层氮素含量，而强酸雨淋洗，NO_3~--N淋失量同时受降雨pH值和冠层氮素含量影响。各生育期玉米冠层NO_3~--N淋失量随降雨pH值降低变化规律不一，生育前期降雨pH值对冠层NO_3~--N淋失影响较生育后期显著，在研究降雨酸度对玉米冠层N03--N淋失的影响时，必须考虑生育期。相同pH值模拟降雨条件下，玉米冠层NO_3~--N淋失量随生育期推进逐渐降低：11叶期>吐丝期>灌浆期，生育前期显著高于中、后期。降雨pH与氮素营养在不同生育期对NO_3~--N淋失的影响程度不同，总体看植物体氮素丰富程度是影响冠层NO_3~--N淋失的主要因素。各生育期玉米冠层均存在一定数量的NO_3~--N淋失，尤以生育前期为甚。
2.明确了玉米冠层NO_3~--N淋失对干旱胁迫的响应。
与适宜水分供应相比，长期干旱条件下中性降雨会显著降低玉米冠层N03--N淋失量；而长期干旱条件下酸性降雨会导致植株冠层N03--N淋失量较适宜水分处理相对增加。生育前期降雨pH值对冠层氮素淋失影响较生育后期显著，各生育期冠层氮素淋失量并非随降雨酸度增加而增加。相同pH值模拟降雨条件下，冠层N03--N1h淋失量随生育期推进呈降低趋势：11叶期>吐丝期>灌浆期，生育前期显著高于中、后期。中性降雨条件下，冠层N03--N淋失量与冠层氮素含量高度正相关；酸性降雨条件下，二者并非都呈正相关。蒸腾速率、气孔导度和光合速率不是影响玉米冠层硝态氮淋失量的主要因素。
3.揭示了水氮供应、模拟降雨酸度和叶片气体交换特性与玉米冠层NH_4~+-N淋失的相互作用。
土壤介质施氮和适宜水分供应，通过增加植株根系对氮素的吸收增加冠层氮素含量，从而影响冠层氮素淋失量，二者是影响冠层NH_4~+-N淋失量的主要因素。气孔导度等叶片气体交换特性对冠层NH_4~+-N淋失的影响不明显。冠层氮素淋失量除与介质施氮、土壤水分供应有关外，还受降雨pH值影响，且影响程度与生育期有关。但总体看，介质施氮和土壤水分供应是影响玉米冠层NH_4~+-N淋失的主要因素。
4.阐明了施氮与模拟降雨pH值对玉米冠层有机氮淋失的影响。
玉米冠层有机氮淋失量在11叶期和灌浆期较低，而在吐丝期淋失量较大；各生育期冠层有机氮淋失量同时受介质施氮和降雨pH值影响，但在吐丝期和灌浆期介质施氮对冠层有机氮淋失量的影响更为显著。在中性及弱酸性降雨淋洗条件下，介质施氮对冠层有机氮淋失影响相对较大，施氮可显著增加冠层有机氮淋失量；强酸雨淋洗，玉米冠层有机氮淋失量同时受介质施氮和降雨pH值影响。无论施氮与否，整个生育期内，pH值5的弱酸性降雨会加速玉米冠层氮素淋失。生育前期，有机氮淋失量受降雨pH值影响显著，生育后期，降雨pH值影响相对减弱。介质施氮对冠层有机氮淋失的影响与降雨pH值和生育期密切相关，三者相互影响，共同决定着玉米冠层氮素淋失量。
5.明确了介质施氮与降雨pH值对玉米冠层NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、有机氮及总氮淋洗动态和数量的影响，证明了有机氮是冠层淋失的主要氮素形态，认为在研究农田生态系统氮素流量和冠层氮素损失时，冠层氮素淋失应予以考虑。
研究表明，(1)弱酸性及中性降雨淋洗，NO_3~--N淋洗量主要由冠层氮素含量决定；而强酸雨淋洗，NO_3~--N淋洗量同时受降雨pH和冠层氮素含量影响。玉米冠层NO_3~--N淋洗量不仅与介质施氮有关，同时与降雨pH有关，两因素在不同生育期对NO_3~--N淋失贡献不同，但总体看，植物体氮素丰富程度是影响冠层NO_3~--N淋失的主要因素。(2)中性及弱酸性降雨淋洗，介质施氮对冠层总氮淋失的影响相对较大，降雨pH影响相对较小；强酸雨淋洗，降雨pH影响相对较大，介质施氮影响程度相对较小。中性及弱酸性降雨淋洗，降雨频率对冠层氮素淋洗量的影响比降雨强度更重要。无论中性还是酸性降雨，蒸腾速率、气孔导度和光合速率等对冠层氮素淋失的影响不明显。（3）各生育期玉米冠层均存在一定数量氮素淋失，各生育期玉米冠层NO_3~--N、有机氮及总氮淋洗量随降雨pH值变化规律不一，说明在研究降雨对玉米冠层氮素淋失影响时，必须考虑生育期及降雨pH。玉米冠层氮素淋失以有机氮为主，尤其是在生育中、后期。从全生育期评价看，pH值7、5和4降雨时，施氮且适宜供水处理有机氮淋失量占总氮淋失量比例分别为49%、63%和61%，不施氮且适宜处理有机氮占总氮淋失量比例分别为61%、55%和71%。介质施氮对冠层NO_3-N、NH_4~+-N、有机氮及总氮淋洗的影响与降雨pH密切相关，二者相互作用，共同决定着玉米不同生育期及全生育期冠层氮素淋失量。（4）以上研究结果表明，认为在研究农田生态系统氮素流量和冠层氮素损失时，冠层氮素淋失应予以考虑。
6.明确了小麦冠层气孔特征对水、氮的响应特征，分析了水氮供应、生物量及气孔性状与小麦地上部氮素淋失的关系，比较了玉米与小麦冠层氮素淋失的差异。
各pH值降雨条件下，施氮会显著增加小麦地上部氮素淋失量。而干旱胁迫会降低地上部氮素淋失量，且其影响程度与降雨pH值有关。小麦地上部氮素淋失量与干物质累积量显著相关，尤其是在中性和弱酸性降雨时更为明显。各pH值降雨条件下，地上部氮素淋失量与冠层气孔宽度均呈高度或显著正相关，与气孔长度呈显著或低度负相关，与气孔密度低度相关，与气孔面积相关性甚微。小麦地上部单位干质量氮素淋失量显著低于玉米，且强酸性降雨淋洗时，小麦和玉米地上部单位干质量氮素淋失量的差异相对于中性和弱酸性降雨时更为显著。
A series of simulated rainfall experiments were conducted in2008and2009toinvestigate the Nitrogen (N) leaching from above-ground parts of maize and wheat, and theeffects of N application, irrigation, canopy characteristics and rainfall pH on N leaching lossas well as its changes over the growing season. Also, the effect of different levels of Nitrogen(N) and water supply on the accumulation and distribution of dry matter and N in maize leafand straw-sheath was investigated in pot experiments. In additional, the effects of N and waterstress on stomatal morphology characteristics (including stomatal length, width, area andperimeter), stomatal density and area of stomatal pore in wheat were studied. The main resultswere as follows:
(1) Effects of N and water supply on dry matter and N accumulation and distribution inmaize (Zea mays L.):
The results showed that accumulation of dry matter and N in leaf and straw-sheath wereasynchronous, and the accumulation curves varied with different levels of water and N supply.Leaf was the main part of N accumulation, but the main part of dry matter accumulationvaried with N application and growing stage. N application and irrigation both significantlyincreased the dry matter and N content in maize canopy, and the interactive effect betweenirrigation and N application was significant, in addition, the effect of N application was higherthan irrigation in our experiment.
(2) Effects of N application and rainfall pH on nitrate leaching from canopy of maize:
The amount of nitrate (NO_3~--N) leaching from maize canopy mainly affected by canopyN content which is closely related with N application when rainfall pH was above5, Napplication significantly increased the amount of canopy NO_3~--N leaching loss, nevertheless,when rainfall pH was4, both rainfall pH and canopy N content had significant effects onNO_3~--N leaching loss. The change characteristics of NO_3~--N leaching loss with decreasingrainfall pH varied at different growth stages, rainfall pH had more significant effect onNO_3~--N leaching in early growth stage than in later growth stage. Under the same pH rainfallcondition, the amount of canopy NO_3~--N leaching loss decreased with maize growing:11-leafstage>silking stage> grain filling stage, and the amount of leaching loss in early growthperiod was obviously higher than in later period. In conclusion, both canopy N content and rainfall pH can affect NO_3~--N leaching loss, but the canopy N content was relatively moreimportant factor. NO_3~--N can be significantly leached by simulation rainfall from maizecanopy, especially in early growth period. Thus the amount of NO_3~--N leaching from canopyshould be taken into account in studying the canopy N cycle, flux and losses.
(3) Effects of drought stress and rainfall pH on nitrate leaching from canopy of maize:
When rainfall pH was7, drought significantly decreased the amount of nitrate (NO_3~--N)leaching from maize canopy. However, when rainfall pH was5or4, the amount of NO_3~--Nleaching from maize canopy suffered from drought stress was comparatively higher than theNO_3~--N leaching from the maize with irrigation. Rainfall pH had more significant influenceon NO_3~--N leaching in early growth stage than in later growth stage. The change trends ofNO_3~--N leaching loss with decreasing rainfall pH varied at different growth stages because ofthe influences of soil water content and rainfall pH. Under the simulated rainfall with thesame pH value, the amount of canopy NO_3~--N leaching loss decreased with maize growingstage:11-leaf stage>silking stage> grain filling stage, and the amount of leaching loss inearly growth stage was obviously higher than in later stage. The amount of NO_3~--N leachingfrom maize canopy was positive and linear correlated with canopy N content when rainfall pHwas7. But the linear correlation relationship was not found between the content of NO_3~--Nleaching from canopy and the canopy N content when rainfall pH was5and4. Stomatalconductivity, transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate were not the mainly influencingfactors for NO_3~--N leaching loss from maize canopy.
(4) The amount of ammonium (NH_4~+-N) leaching from maize canopy was mainlyaffected by canopy N content which is closely related with N application and irrigation.Stomatal conductivity, transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate were not the maininfluencing factors for NH_4~+-N leaching loss from maize canopy. In addition to the effect ofsoil N application and irrigation, NH_4~+-N leaching was also affected by rainfall pH. Butoverall, the amount of NH_4~+-N leaching from maize canopy was mainly affected by Napplication rate and irrigation.
(5) Effects of N application and rainfall pH on organic N leaching from canopy of maize:
The amount of organic N leaching from maize canopy at silking stage was much higherthan in11-leaf and grain-filling stage, and the amount of organic N leaching loss was affectedby not only N application but also rainfall acidity in the growing season of maize, furthermore,N application had more significant influence on organic N leaching loss at silking stage andgrain filling stage than at11-leaf stage. When rainfall pH was7and5, N application had thedominant influence on organic N leaching loss, and the amount of organic N leaching fromcanopy was significantly increased with N application, nevertheless, when rainfall pH was4, rainfall pH and N application both had significant influence on organic N leaching, and theformer’s effects played the dominant role. In addition, whether N were applied or not, theamount of organic N leaching loss when rainfall pH was5was much higher than that whenrainfall pH was7, and rainfall pH had more significant influence on organic N leaching atearly growth stage than at later growth stage.
N in maize canopy can be significantly leached by simulated rainfall, despite the largequantities of inorganic nutrients which can be leached, organic substances account for themajor quantity of leached materials. During the whole growing season, when simulatedrainfall pH was7,5and4, organic N leaching from the maize canopy with N application andirrigation was49%,63%and61%, respectively, N leaching from the maize canopy withirrigation but no N application was61%,55%and71%, respectively.
(6) Effects of N application and rainfall pH on total N leaching from canopy of maize:
During the early portion of the growing season, when the pH value of simulated rainfallwas7and5, N fertilizer application increased total N leaching from the canopy of maizecompared with the control, but when rainfall pH was4, the amount of total N leaching fromcanopy of maize with N application was not increased but decreased compared with thecontrol. During the middle and late portion of the growing season, no matter what the rainfallpH was, N application increased total N leaching from the canopy of maize compared withcontrol. So, N application was one of the main factors affecting the N leaching from canopyof maize, but it was not the only factor, and its effect on N leaching was closely related withthe pH of rainfall.
During the whole growing season, rainfall with pH of5increased the amount of Nleaching from canopy no matter whether N fertilizer was applied or not. When rainfall pHwas decreased from5to4, the N leaching from control significantly increased, but the Nleaching from N application treatment decreased compared to the leaching of total N whenrainfall pH was5. In addition, the effect of rainfall pH on N leaching from maize canopy wasrelated to the growth period, and the effect was greater in the early portion of the growthseason than the middle and late portions. The trend of N leaching from maize canopy didn’tcomply with the trend of N accumulation in canopy. N in maize canopy can be significantlyleached by simulated rainfall. Thus, the amount of N leaching from canopy should be takeninto account in studying the canopy N cycle, flux and losses.
(7) Response of leaf stomatal size, shape, density and area of stomatal pore to water andN stress in wheat:
Both water and N in soil are important factors affecting stomatal size and shape. Underthe conditions of drought stress, lack of N fertilizer resulted in reduction of size of stomata located in upper and lower epidermis of wheat, but if sufficient irrigation water were supplied,lack of N fertilizer increased stomatal size. Not only N fertilizer application but also droughtstress can reduce the area of stomatal pore, and increase stomatal density. The interaction ofwater and N application was significant, and the effect of drought on stomata was moresignificant than N stress. Significantly differences were found between the stomata located inupper epidermis and lower epidermis. The stomata located in upper epidermis were smallerthan lower epidermis, and the stomatal density of upper epidermis was higher than that oflower epidermis. The same changing trends of stomatal response to water and N stress wereobserved between the upper epidermis and lower epidermis.
(8) N leaching from above-ground parts of wheat and the affecting factors
A simulated rainfall experiment was conducted to investigate N leaching fromabove-ground parts of wheat and the affecting factors. The results showed that N fertilizerapplication increased total N leaching from above-ground parts of wheat compared with thecontrol. Also, irrigation increased total N leaching. N leaching significantly correlated withabove-ground biomass, especially when rainfall pH value was7and5. The change trends ofN leaching loss with decreasing rainfall pH varied because of different irrigation and Napplication. A significant positive correlation was found between N leaching and stomatalwidth, a negative correlation was found between N leaching and stomatal length, nosignificant correlation was found between N leaching and the area and density of stomata.
N application significantly decreased the total N leaching per unit dry weight fromabove-ground parts of wheat and maize. If N fertilizer were applied, drought stress decreasedN leaching per unit dry weight biomass from maize. But if no N fertilizer were applied,drought increased N leaching per unit dry weight biomass. The quantity of N leaching per unitdry weight biomass from maize at spinning stage was significantly higher than that of wheatat booting stage.
1.阐明了施氮和模拟降雨pH值对玉米冠层NO_3~--N淋失的影响。
玉米冠层NO_3~--N淋失量不仅与介质施氮（冠层氮素含量）有关，同时受降雨pH值影响。中性和弱酸性降雨淋洗，NO_3~--N淋失量主要取决于冠层氮素含量，而强酸雨淋洗，NO_3~--N淋失量同时受降雨pH值和冠层氮素含量影响。各生育期玉米冠层NO_3~--N淋失量随降雨pH值降低变化规律不一，生育前期降雨pH值对冠层NO_3~--N淋失影响较生育后期显著，在研究降雨酸度对玉米冠层N03--N淋失的影响时，必须考虑生育期。相同pH值模拟降雨条件下，玉米冠层NO_3~--N淋失量随生育期推进逐渐降低：11叶期>吐丝期>灌浆期，生育前期显著高于中、后期。降雨pH与氮素营养在不同生育期对NO_3~--N淋失的影响程度不同，总体看植物体氮素丰富程度是影响冠层NO_3~--N淋失的主要因素。各生育期玉米冠层均存在一定数量的NO_3~--N淋失，尤以生育前期为甚。
2.明确了玉米冠层NO_3~--N淋失对干旱胁迫的响应。
与适宜水分供应相比，长期干旱条件下中性降雨会显著降低玉米冠层N03--N淋失量；而长期干旱条件下酸性降雨会导致植株冠层N03--N淋失量较适宜水分处理相对增加。生育前期降雨pH值对冠层氮素淋失影响较生育后期显著，各生育期冠层氮素淋失量并非随降雨酸度增加而增加。相同pH值模拟降雨条件下，冠层N03--N1h淋失量随生育期推进呈降低趋势：11叶期>吐丝期>灌浆期，生育前期显著高于中、后期。中性降雨条件下，冠层N03--N淋失量与冠层氮素含量高度正相关；酸性降雨条件下，二者并非都呈正相关。蒸腾速率、气孔导度和光合速率不是影响玉米冠层硝态氮淋失量的主要因素。
3.揭示了水氮供应、模拟降雨酸度和叶片气体交换特性与玉米冠层NH_4~+-N淋失的相互作用。
土壤介质施氮和适宜水分供应，通过增加植株根系对氮素的吸收增加冠层氮素含量，从而影响冠层氮素淋失量，二者是影响冠层NH_4~+-N淋失量的主要因素。气孔导度等叶片气体交换特性对冠层NH_4~+-N淋失的影响不明显。冠层氮素淋失量除与介质施氮、土壤水分供应有关外，还受降雨pH值影响，且影响程度与生育期有关。但总体看，介质施氮和土壤水分供应是影响玉米冠层NH_4~+-N淋失的主要因素。
4.阐明了施氮与模拟降雨pH值对玉米冠层有机氮淋失的影响。
玉米冠层有机氮淋失量在11叶期和灌浆期较低，而在吐丝期淋失量较大；各生育期冠层有机氮淋失量同时受介质施氮和降雨pH值影响，但在吐丝期和灌浆期介质施氮对冠层有机氮淋失量的影响更为显著。在中性及弱酸性降雨淋洗条件下，介质施氮对冠层有机氮淋失影响相对较大，施氮可显著增加冠层有机氮淋失量；强酸雨淋洗，玉米冠层有机氮淋失量同时受介质施氮和降雨pH值影响。无论施氮与否，整个生育期内，pH值5的弱酸性降雨会加速玉米冠层氮素淋失。生育前期，有机氮淋失量受降雨pH值影响显著，生育后期，降雨pH值影响相对减弱。介质施氮对冠层有机氮淋失的影响与降雨pH值和生育期密切相关，三者相互影响，共同决定着玉米冠层氮素淋失量。
5.明确了介质施氮与降雨pH值对玉米冠层NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、有机氮及总氮淋洗动态和数量的影响，证明了有机氮是冠层淋失的主要氮素形态，认为在研究农田生态系统氮素流量和冠层氮素损失时，冠层氮素淋失应予以考虑。
研究表明，(1)弱酸性及中性降雨淋洗，NO_3~--N淋洗量主要由冠层氮素含量决定；而强酸雨淋洗，NO_3~--N淋洗量同时受降雨pH和冠层氮素含量影响。玉米冠层NO_3~--N淋洗量不仅与介质施氮有关，同时与降雨pH有关，两因素在不同生育期对NO_3~--N淋失贡献不同，但总体看，植物体氮素丰富程度是影响冠层NO_3~--N淋失的主要因素。(2)中性及弱酸性降雨淋洗，介质施氮对冠层总氮淋失的影响相对较大，降雨pH影响相对较小；强酸雨淋洗，降雨pH影响相对较大，介质施氮影响程度相对较小。中性及弱酸性降雨淋洗，降雨频率对冠层氮素淋洗量的影响比降雨强度更重要。无论中性还是酸性降雨，蒸腾速率、气孔导度和光合速率等对冠层氮素淋失的影响不明显。（3）各生育期玉米冠层均存在一定数量氮素淋失，各生育期玉米冠层NO_3~--N、有机氮及总氮淋洗量随降雨pH值变化规律不一，说明在研究降雨对玉米冠层氮素淋失影响时，必须考虑生育期及降雨pH。玉米冠层氮素淋失以有机氮为主，尤其是在生育中、后期。从全生育期评价看，pH值7、5和4降雨时，施氮且适宜供水处理有机氮淋失量占总氮淋失量比例分别为49%、63%和61%，不施氮且适宜处理有机氮占总氮淋失量比例分别为61%、55%和71%。介质施氮对冠层NO_3-N、NH_4~+-N、有机氮及总氮淋洗的影响与降雨pH密切相关，二者相互作用，共同决定着玉米不同生育期及全生育期冠层氮素淋失量。（4）以上研究结果表明，认为在研究农田生态系统氮素流量和冠层氮素损失时，冠层氮素淋失应予以考虑。
6.明确了小麦冠层气孔特征对水、氮的响应特征，分析了水氮供应、生物量及气孔性状与小麦地上部氮素淋失的关系，比较了玉米与小麦冠层氮素淋失的差异。
各pH值降雨条件下，施氮会显著增加小麦地上部氮素淋失量。而干旱胁迫会降低地上部氮素淋失量，且其影响程度与降雨pH值有关。小麦地上部氮素淋失量与干物质累积量显著相关，尤其是在中性和弱酸性降雨时更为明显。各pH值降雨条件下，地上部氮素淋失量与冠层气孔宽度均呈高度或显著正相关，与气孔长度呈显著或低度负相关，与气孔密度低度相关，与气孔面积相关性甚微。小麦地上部单位干质量氮素淋失量显著低于玉米，且强酸性降雨淋洗时，小麦和玉米地上部单位干质量氮素淋失量的差异相对于中性和弱酸性降雨时更为显著。
A series of simulated rainfall experiments were conducted in2008and2009toinvestigate the Nitrogen (N) leaching from above-ground parts of maize and wheat, and theeffects of N application, irrigation, canopy characteristics and rainfall pH on N leaching lossas well as its changes over the growing season. Also, the effect of different levels of Nitrogen(N) and water supply on the accumulation and distribution of dry matter and N in maize leafand straw-sheath was investigated in pot experiments. In additional, the effects of N and waterstress on stomatal morphology characteristics (including stomatal length, width, area andperimeter), stomatal density and area of stomatal pore in wheat were studied. The main resultswere as follows:
(1) Effects of N and water supply on dry matter and N accumulation and distribution inmaize (Zea mays L.):
The results showed that accumulation of dry matter and N in leaf and straw-sheath wereasynchronous, and the accumulation curves varied with different levels of water and N supply.Leaf was the main part of N accumulation, but the main part of dry matter accumulationvaried with N application and growing stage. N application and irrigation both significantlyincreased the dry matter and N content in maize canopy, and the interactive effect betweenirrigation and N application was significant, in addition, the effect of N application was higherthan irrigation in our experiment.
(2) Effects of N application and rainfall pH on nitrate leaching from canopy of maize:
The amount of nitrate (NO_3~--N) leaching from maize canopy mainly affected by canopyN content which is closely related with N application when rainfall pH was above5, Napplication significantly increased the amount of canopy NO_3~--N leaching loss, nevertheless,when rainfall pH was4, both rainfall pH and canopy N content had significant effects onNO_3~--N leaching loss. The change characteristics of NO_3~--N leaching loss with decreasingrainfall pH varied at different growth stages, rainfall pH had more significant effect onNO_3~--N leaching in early growth stage than in later growth stage. Under the same pH rainfallcondition, the amount of canopy NO_3~--N leaching loss decreased with maize growing:11-leafstage>silking stage> grain filling stage, and the amount of leaching loss in early growthperiod was obviously higher than in later period. In conclusion, both canopy N content and rainfall pH can affect NO_3~--N leaching loss, but the canopy N content was relatively moreimportant factor. NO_3~--N can be significantly leached by simulation rainfall from maizecanopy, especially in early growth period. Thus the amount of NO_3~--N leaching from canopyshould be taken into account in studying the canopy N cycle, flux and losses.
(3) Effects of drought stress and rainfall pH on nitrate leaching from canopy of maize:
When rainfall pH was7, drought significantly decreased the amount of nitrate (NO_3~--N)leaching from maize canopy. However, when rainfall pH was5or4, the amount of NO_3~--Nleaching from maize canopy suffered from drought stress was comparatively higher than theNO_3~--N leaching from the maize with irrigation. Rainfall pH had more significant influenceon NO_3~--N leaching in early growth stage than in later growth stage. The change trends ofNO_3~--N leaching loss with decreasing rainfall pH varied at different growth stages because ofthe influences of soil water content and rainfall pH. Under the simulated rainfall with thesame pH value, the amount of canopy NO_3~--N leaching loss decreased with maize growingstage:11-leaf stage>silking stage> grain filling stage, and the amount of leaching loss inearly growth stage was obviously higher than in later stage. The amount of NO_3~--N leachingfrom maize canopy was positive and linear correlated with canopy N content when rainfall pHwas7. But the linear correlation relationship was not found between the content of NO_3~--Nleaching from canopy and the canopy N content when rainfall pH was5and4. Stomatalconductivity, transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate were not the mainly influencingfactors for NO_3~--N leaching loss from maize canopy.
(4) The amount of ammonium (NH_4~+-N) leaching from maize canopy was mainlyaffected by canopy N content which is closely related with N application and irrigation.Stomatal conductivity, transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate were not the maininfluencing factors for NH_4~+-N leaching loss from maize canopy. In addition to the effect ofsoil N application and irrigation, NH_4~+-N leaching was also affected by rainfall pH. Butoverall, the amount of NH_4~+-N leaching from maize canopy was mainly affected by Napplication rate and irrigation.
(5) Effects of N application and rainfall pH on organic N leaching from canopy of maize:
The amount of organic N leaching from maize canopy at silking stage was much higherthan in11-leaf and grain-filling stage, and the amount of organic N leaching loss was affectedby not only N application but also rainfall acidity in the growing season of maize, furthermore,N application had more significant influence on organic N leaching loss at silking stage andgrain filling stage than at11-leaf stage. When rainfall pH was7and5, N application had thedominant influence on organic N leaching loss, and the amount of organic N leaching fromcanopy was significantly increased with N application, nevertheless, when rainfall pH was4, rainfall pH and N application both had significant influence on organic N leaching, and theformer’s effects played the dominant role. In addition, whether N were applied or not, theamount of organic N leaching loss when rainfall pH was5was much higher than that whenrainfall pH was7, and rainfall pH had more significant influence on organic N leaching atearly growth stage than at later growth stage.
N in maize canopy can be significantly leached by simulated rainfall, despite the largequantities of inorganic nutrients which can be leached, organic substances account for themajor quantity of leached materials. During the whole growing season, when simulatedrainfall pH was7,5and4, organic N leaching from the maize canopy with N application andirrigation was49%,63%and61%, respectively, N leaching from the maize canopy withirrigation but no N application was61%,55%and71%, respectively.
(6) Effects of N application and rainfall pH on total N leaching from canopy of maize:
During the early portion of the growing season, when the pH value of simulated rainfallwas7and5, N fertilizer application increased total N leaching from the canopy of maizecompared with the control, but when rainfall pH was4, the amount of total N leaching fromcanopy of maize with N application was not increased but decreased compared with thecontrol. During the middle and late portion of the growing season, no matter what the rainfallpH was, N application increased total N leaching from the canopy of maize compared withcontrol. So, N application was one of the main factors affecting the N leaching from canopyof maize, but it was not the only factor, and its effect on N leaching was closely related withthe pH of rainfall.
During the whole growing season, rainfall with pH of5increased the amount of Nleaching from canopy no matter whether N fertilizer was applied or not. When rainfall pHwas decreased from5to4, the N leaching from control significantly increased, but the Nleaching from N application treatment decreased compared to the leaching of total N whenrainfall pH was5. In addition, the effect of rainfall pH on N leaching from maize canopy wasrelated to the growth period, and the effect was greater in the early portion of the growthseason than the middle and late portions. The trend of N leaching from maize canopy didn’tcomply with the trend of N accumulation in canopy. N in maize canopy can be significantlyleached by simulated rainfall. Thus, the amount of N leaching from canopy should be takeninto account in studying the canopy N cycle, flux and losses.
(7) Response of leaf stomatal size, shape, density and area of stomatal pore to water andN stress in wheat:
Both water and N in soil are important factors affecting stomatal size and shape. Underthe conditions of drought stress, lack of N fertilizer resulted in reduction of size of stomata located in upper and lower epidermis of wheat, but if sufficient irrigation water were supplied,lack of N fertilizer increased stomatal size. Not only N fertilizer application but also droughtstress can reduce the area of stomatal pore, and increase stomatal density. The interaction ofwater and N application was significant, and the effect of drought on stomata was moresignificant than N stress. Significantly differences were found between the stomata located inupper epidermis and lower epidermis. The stomata located in upper epidermis were smallerthan lower epidermis, and the stomatal density of upper epidermis was higher than that oflower epidermis. The same changing trends of stomatal response to water and N stress wereobserved between the upper epidermis and lower epidermis.
(8) N leaching from above-ground parts of wheat and the affecting factors
A simulated rainfall experiment was conducted to investigate N leaching fromabove-ground parts of wheat and the affecting factors. The results showed that N fertilizerapplication increased total N leaching from above-ground parts of wheat compared with thecontrol. Also, irrigation increased total N leaching. N leaching significantly correlated withabove-ground biomass, especially when rainfall pH value was7and5. The change trends ofN leaching loss with decreasing rainfall pH varied because of different irrigation and Napplication. A significant positive correlation was found between N leaching and stomatalwidth, a negative correlation was found between N leaching and stomatal length, nosignificant correlation was found between N leaching and the area and density of stomata.
N application significantly decreased the total N leaching per unit dry weight fromabove-ground parts of wheat and maize. If N fertilizer were applied, drought stress decreasedN leaching per unit dry weight biomass from maize. But if no N fertilizer were applied,drought increased N leaching per unit dry weight biomass. The quantity of N leaching per unitdry weight biomass from maize at spinning stage was significantly higher than that of wheatat booting stage.
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