少林禅修的脑电特异性研究
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摘要
研究目的
本研究旨选择少林禅修作为定位。同期对照禅修与模拟状态脑电活动的差异,在比较中探索禅修操作中具象思维形式的特异性脑电信息,为将禅修定位为佛家气功提供了实验学证据。
研究方法
课题研究运用导师刘天君教授原创的“双向设计,内外关联,相互释义”中医气功实验设计方案,按照制订的入选标准、纳入标准、排除标准和剔除标准,选择16例禅修僧人和16例年龄、文化程度与禅修僧人相仿的常人。根据实验规程和技术路线,进行安静态和修炼(模拟修炼)等程序操作,运用北京中科信托仪器有限责任公司的NT9200数字脑电图仪及分析系统(UEA-FZ型USB接口32-40导放大器),按照实验设计的步骤,同步记录全部操作过程的脑电地形图。提取相对功率、实际功率、频率和波幅等指标数据,采用频域功率谱分析方法,将相对功率作为主指标,应用SPSS13.0统计软件,对δ、θ、α1、α2、β1、β2频带的相对功率值,并配合绝对功率、波幅和频率,采用多因素方差分析和主成分因子提取的方法,分别对实验组和对照组的总体、不同分时段的操作状态进行比较和分析。
研究结果
本研究的结果共分为4个部分：
(1)两组功率、波幅、频率的总体比较,各项指标均呈极显著性差异(P＜0.001)。
(2)分别将两组3个30秒时段相对功率均值与基础安静态(对照组的第一次安静态)的均值作差值(减去基础安静态)及商值(除以自身基础安静态)的运算,以比较两组操作的幅度和强度。值差比较,各频带功率值变化幅度均有显著性差异,实验组纯操作幅度均在对照组的2倍以上。θ、α1、α2频带3倍以上,α1频带最高,至8-9倍；两组商值比较除了δ频带,不同时段实验组期每个频带都出现过与对照组比较没有显著性差异或者均值差为负数的现象。
(3)两组实际功率主成分因子分布的比较,实验组操作状随着时间的运行按主成分分层,功率主成分域值呈间隔式波动,按脑区带状分布；对照组分布随着时间的运行主成分值域区间在所有脑区呈两层次阶梯式较平均分布,阶梯衔接处有少量域值交叉。
(4)两组相对功率主成分因子分布的比较,实验组各频带主成分分布呈同步化--去同步化--再同步化间隔式波动排列。对照组主成分值域区间呈块状分布,块状过渡区域并伴有值域的无序交错。
研究结论
(1)禅修区别于模拟操作高静息状态的特异表现；是深度安静、深层灵感思维活跃、低耗氧、大脑的清醒和专注程度高于常人的一种脑功能态。
(2)禅修状态操作过程的特异性表现；实验组不同操作时段从脑区的有序化转为与全脑的同步化、异步化的交替,展现了“万念归一”的心理过程和“天人合一、主客消融”的境界,为操作禅修操作过程的特异性表现。
(3)禅修状态脑区分布特异性：不同脑分区在相对功率各频带的特异性分布和有序变化,构成了特殊的思维活动,实现了深度安静态下中枢神经系统对内脏有序的调节。
(4)禅修过程显现出气功态的脑电特征；禅修表现出操作过程的同步化及额--枕脑波逆转现象,并引起显著的全脑共振变化趋势,与气功态脑电特征有对等性,二者在此方面的共性,反映出禅修过程即是一种气功态变化过程。
(5)禅修的思维定位即具象思维操作过程；禅修与具象思维的心理操作过程是一致的,其心理学定位为“思维修”的实验学依据就是具象思维形式。
Research Purpose
The research aims at the study of Shaolin Buddhist Meditation, meanwhile, the difference between Buddhist Meditation and brain electrical activity in the state of simulation, and also the specific brain electrical information of concretization thinking pattern in the process of Buddhist Meditation, thus it will provide experimental evidence for Buddhists Qigong.
Research Methods
The research adopted the Chinese Qigong experimental method initially put forward by the professor Liu tianjun "bidirectional design, internal and external connection and inter-explanation", picking up 16 monks in Buddhist Meditation and 16 common people in the similar condition of age, education in accordance with the standard of acceptance and exclusion. According to the experiment procedures and technologies, the research carried out the operation in the static and percipient state (simulated percipience), utilized NT9200 digital brain electrical figure equipment and analyzing system (UEA-FA model USB interface,32-40 amplifier) of Beijing Zhongke Resolution and Trust Apparatus Ltd, recorded the brain electrical graph in the overall operation process in accordance with the designed experimental procedures. The research collected the data index of relative power, actual power, frequency and amplitude, made use of the method of frequency domain analysis and power spectrum analysis, set the relative power as the main criteria, exploit SPSS 13.0 statistic software, to compare and analyze the operation in the whole and different phases of the experimental group and comparison group with the aid of absolute power, amplitude, frequency, variance analysis and the principle component extraction.
Research Results
The research results covered four perspective:
The comparison among module resolution, amplitude and frequency, each data showed the most obvious and distinguished differences.
Doing the differencing(subtract the basic silent state) and dividing(divide the self basic silent state) computing between the two groups of relative power mean value and basic silent state of three 30 seconds to compare the operation width and intensity. Compare the difference, we can find that the power of each frequency band is different. The experimental group's operation is over twice as much as the comparison group. The frequency band ofθ、α1、α2 is over three times, and the al is the highest, reaching eight to nine times; The experimental group in different frequency band in different phase had the phenomenon that there are no distinguished differences or negative number in the comparison of the contrast group.
The comparison of the actual power between the two groups, the experimental group is divided into different layers with the time pace, the main factors of the power fluctuate in a interval and distribute in different mental areas; the comparison group distribute averagely in a two-step layer in the mental distribution, crossing at the junction of the steps.
The comparison of the main factors of the power in two groups, the experimental distributed in each frequency band synchronically—desynchronization—resynchronization and fluctuated arrangement. The comparison group distributed massively in the main factors' value domain, the buffer of the massive value domain disorderly crossed with the value domain.
Research Conclusion
(1)The Buddhist Meditation differs from the simulated state of rest. It is a functional feature of silence in depth, inspiration in deep level, low consumption of oxygen, higher level in consciousness and concentration.
(2)Manifestation of specificity in the process of Buddhist Meditation:the experimental group in different operation phases showed the transformation from the ordered transformation to the replacement of synchronization and asynchronies of people's brain, revealing the mental process of all thoughts become one and the confine of combination of people and the heaven. All above are the manifestations in the process of Buddhist Meditation.
(3)Specificity of mental distribution in the state of Buddhist Meditation:the relative power in each frequency band and orderly change of the different mental distribution constitute the special thinking activities, which realizes the regulated adjustment to the internal organs by central nerve system in the state of deep silence.
(4)The brain electrical features of Qigong in the process of Buddhist Meditation:the operation process of Buddhist Meditation showed the synchronization and the inversion phenomenon of occipital lobe wave, and caused the distinguished tendency of the resonance of the whole brain, and the equivalence of brain electrical features of Qigong. The commonality of these two aspects manifested the process of Buddhist Meditation is a process of Qigong.
(5)The thinking orientation of Buddhist Meditation is operation process of concretization thinking pattern. The psychological operation process of Buddhist Meditation and concretization thinking is unanimous, and the experimental evidence of psychological orientation is the concretization thinking pattern.
本研究旨选择少林禅修作为定位。同期对照禅修与模拟状态脑电活动的差异,在比较中探索禅修操作中具象思维形式的特异性脑电信息,为将禅修定位为佛家气功提供了实验学证据。
研究方法
课题研究运用导师刘天君教授原创的“双向设计,内外关联,相互释义”中医气功实验设计方案,按照制订的入选标准、纳入标准、排除标准和剔除标准,选择16例禅修僧人和16例年龄、文化程度与禅修僧人相仿的常人。根据实验规程和技术路线,进行安静态和修炼(模拟修炼)等程序操作,运用北京中科信托仪器有限责任公司的NT9200数字脑电图仪及分析系统(UEA-FZ型USB接口32-40导放大器),按照实验设计的步骤,同步记录全部操作过程的脑电地形图。提取相对功率、实际功率、频率和波幅等指标数据,采用频域功率谱分析方法,将相对功率作为主指标,应用SPSS13.0统计软件,对δ、θ、α1、α2、β1、β2频带的相对功率值,并配合绝对功率、波幅和频率,采用多因素方差分析和主成分因子提取的方法,分别对实验组和对照组的总体、不同分时段的操作状态进行比较和分析。
研究结果
本研究的结果共分为4个部分：
(1)两组功率、波幅、频率的总体比较,各项指标均呈极显著性差异(P＜0.001)。
(2)分别将两组3个30秒时段相对功率均值与基础安静态(对照组的第一次安静态)的均值作差值(减去基础安静态)及商值(除以自身基础安静态)的运算,以比较两组操作的幅度和强度。值差比较,各频带功率值变化幅度均有显著性差异,实验组纯操作幅度均在对照组的2倍以上。θ、α1、α2频带3倍以上,α1频带最高,至8-9倍；两组商值比较除了δ频带,不同时段实验组期每个频带都出现过与对照组比较没有显著性差异或者均值差为负数的现象。
(3)两组实际功率主成分因子分布的比较,实验组操作状随着时间的运行按主成分分层,功率主成分域值呈间隔式波动,按脑区带状分布；对照组分布随着时间的运行主成分值域区间在所有脑区呈两层次阶梯式较平均分布,阶梯衔接处有少量域值交叉。
(4)两组相对功率主成分因子分布的比较,实验组各频带主成分分布呈同步化--去同步化--再同步化间隔式波动排列。对照组主成分值域区间呈块状分布,块状过渡区域并伴有值域的无序交错。
研究结论
(1)禅修区别于模拟操作高静息状态的特异表现；是深度安静、深层灵感思维活跃、低耗氧、大脑的清醒和专注程度高于常人的一种脑功能态。
(2)禅修状态操作过程的特异性表现；实验组不同操作时段从脑区的有序化转为与全脑的同步化、异步化的交替,展现了“万念归一”的心理过程和“天人合一、主客消融”的境界,为操作禅修操作过程的特异性表现。
(3)禅修状态脑区分布特异性：不同脑分区在相对功率各频带的特异性分布和有序变化,构成了特殊的思维活动,实现了深度安静态下中枢神经系统对内脏有序的调节。
(4)禅修过程显现出气功态的脑电特征；禅修表现出操作过程的同步化及额--枕脑波逆转现象,并引起显著的全脑共振变化趋势,与气功态脑电特征有对等性,二者在此方面的共性,反映出禅修过程即是一种气功态变化过程。
(5)禅修的思维定位即具象思维操作过程；禅修与具象思维的心理操作过程是一致的,其心理学定位为“思维修”的实验学依据就是具象思维形式。
Research Purpose
The research aims at the study of Shaolin Buddhist Meditation, meanwhile, the difference between Buddhist Meditation and brain electrical activity in the state of simulation, and also the specific brain electrical information of concretization thinking pattern in the process of Buddhist Meditation, thus it will provide experimental evidence for Buddhists Qigong.
Research Methods
The research adopted the Chinese Qigong experimental method initially put forward by the professor Liu tianjun "bidirectional design, internal and external connection and inter-explanation", picking up 16 monks in Buddhist Meditation and 16 common people in the similar condition of age, education in accordance with the standard of acceptance and exclusion. According to the experiment procedures and technologies, the research carried out the operation in the static and percipient state (simulated percipience), utilized NT9200 digital brain electrical figure equipment and analyzing system (UEA-FA model USB interface,32-40 amplifier) of Beijing Zhongke Resolution and Trust Apparatus Ltd, recorded the brain electrical graph in the overall operation process in accordance with the designed experimental procedures. The research collected the data index of relative power, actual power, frequency and amplitude, made use of the method of frequency domain analysis and power spectrum analysis, set the relative power as the main criteria, exploit SPSS 13.0 statistic software, to compare and analyze the operation in the whole and different phases of the experimental group and comparison group with the aid of absolute power, amplitude, frequency, variance analysis and the principle component extraction.
Research Results
The research results covered four perspective:
The comparison among module resolution, amplitude and frequency, each data showed the most obvious and distinguished differences.
Doing the differencing(subtract the basic silent state) and dividing(divide the self basic silent state) computing between the two groups of relative power mean value and basic silent state of three 30 seconds to compare the operation width and intensity. Compare the difference, we can find that the power of each frequency band is different. The experimental group's operation is over twice as much as the comparison group. The frequency band ofθ、α1、α2 is over three times, and the al is the highest, reaching eight to nine times; The experimental group in different frequency band in different phase had the phenomenon that there are no distinguished differences or negative number in the comparison of the contrast group.
The comparison of the actual power between the two groups, the experimental group is divided into different layers with the time pace, the main factors of the power fluctuate in a interval and distribute in different mental areas; the comparison group distribute averagely in a two-step layer in the mental distribution, crossing at the junction of the steps.
The comparison of the main factors of the power in two groups, the experimental distributed in each frequency band synchronically—desynchronization—resynchronization and fluctuated arrangement. The comparison group distributed massively in the main factors' value domain, the buffer of the massive value domain disorderly crossed with the value domain.
Research Conclusion
(1)The Buddhist Meditation differs from the simulated state of rest. It is a functional feature of silence in depth, inspiration in deep level, low consumption of oxygen, higher level in consciousness and concentration.
(2)Manifestation of specificity in the process of Buddhist Meditation:the experimental group in different operation phases showed the transformation from the ordered transformation to the replacement of synchronization and asynchronies of people's brain, revealing the mental process of all thoughts become one and the confine of combination of people and the heaven. All above are the manifestations in the process of Buddhist Meditation.
(3)Specificity of mental distribution in the state of Buddhist Meditation:the relative power in each frequency band and orderly change of the different mental distribution constitute the special thinking activities, which realizes the regulated adjustment to the internal organs by central nerve system in the state of deep silence.
(4)The brain electrical features of Qigong in the process of Buddhist Meditation:the operation process of Buddhist Meditation showed the synchronization and the inversion phenomenon of occipital lobe wave, and caused the distinguished tendency of the resonance of the whole brain, and the equivalence of brain electrical features of Qigong. The commonality of these two aspects manifested the process of Buddhist Meditation is a process of Qigong.
(5)The thinking orientation of Buddhist Meditation is operation process of concretization thinking pattern. The psychological operation process of Buddhist Meditation and concretization thinking is unanimous, and the experimental evidence of psychological orientation is the concretization thinking pattern.
引文
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[1]谭郁玲主编.临床脑电图与脑电地形图学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社(第1版),2004,12
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[1]郭黎岩主编.心理学(第2版)[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2006,3
[2]黄希庭,郑涌,著.心理学十五讲[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2006,1
[3]郭黎岩主编.心理学(第2版)[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2006,3
[4]刘天君主编.《禅定中的思维操作》[M].人民体育出版社,1994,6
[5]朱智贤等.《思维发展心理学》[M].北京师范大学出版社(第1版),1984,4
[6]胡秀红.禅宗教育心理思想特色及其现代意义[D].贵州师范大学,2009
[7]彭彦琴,张志芳.”心王”与“禅定”佛教心理学的研究对象与方法[J].西北师大学报(社会科学版),2009,46,(6)：127-131
[8]邱紫华,余锐.不可言说中的言说--禅的意会思维特征及其表达方式
[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2006,45,(6)：101-105
[9]孙延军.禅悟的心理生活本意[J].首都师范大学学报(社会科学版)2001,(2)：104-109
[10]方立天.禅宗的“不立文字”语言观[J].中国人民大学学报2002,(1)：34-43
[11]梁海虹.对禅宗“终极解脱”的心理学分析[J].西北大学学(哲学社会科学版),2005,5,35,(3)：64-68
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[16]刘天君主编.中医气功学[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,第1版.2005.8
[17]刘天君.气功锻炼的意念性操作[J].养生大世界,2004(10)：56
[18]刘天君.气功入静之门[J].中国气功科学,2000,(6)：28
[19]张海波.气功调心、调息分别与协同操作的脑电研究[D].北京中医药大学,2006
[20]刘峰.劳宫部位观想温热感的实验研究[D].北京中医药大学,2004
[21]魏玉龙.气功锻炼中具象思维的脑电及相关的生理心理特征研究[D].北京中医药大学,2008
[1]谭郁玲主编.临床脑电图与脑电地形图学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社(第1版),2004,12
[2]周锦华译,大熊辉雄主编.临床脑电图学[M].北京：清华大学出版社(第1版),2005,6
[3]刘晓燕主编.临床脑电图学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社(第1版),2006,44
[4]高祥宝,董寒青编著.数据分析与SPSS应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007,6
[5]王保进著.多变量分析--统计软件与数据分析[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2007,8
[6]王文健,徐荔,钱海挺等编著.试验数据分析处理与软件应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2008,2
[1]周锦华译,大熊辉雄主编.临床脑电图学[M].北京：清华大学出版社(第1版),2005,6
[2]张克敏,杨雨田,史雅仙,武俊青.气功对脑血流图的影响[J].江西中医药,1991,22,(5)：40-41
[1]王晓芬编著.体育统计与SPSS[M].人民体育出版社,2002,2
[2]周锦华译,大熊辉雄主编.临床脑电图学[M].北京：清华大学出版社(第1版),2005,6
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