基于母亲教育与儿童健康关系的教育之非货币化代际效应研究
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摘要
传统的经济理论认为教育是一种投资,受教育者从中获得货币性收益,为未来消费提供保障,从而提高个人一生的福利水平,促进国家经济的持续增长。实际上,教育对个人不仅存在货币性回报,还能够产生多种非货币性收益。本文从母亲教育与儿童健康关系的视角考察教育的非货币化代际效应,对于准确理解教育的价值以及相关政策的制定和实施具有重要的理论和现实意义。
本文主要探讨以下问题：(1)利用相关数据分析我国女性受教育状况以及儿童健康发展情况,进而了解我国女性教育与儿童健康的基本事实。(2)就母亲教育对儿童健康影响的发生机制进行理论层面的分析与说明。(3)构建相关理论模型,利用微观调查数据对母亲教育与儿童健康的关系进行实证检验,并就母亲教育对儿童健康的影响进行价值估计。(4)对母亲教育的代际健康产出效率进行评测,分析其影响因素,并比较不同时期各影响因素贡献度的变化。
论文采用理论分析与实证分析相结合的研究方法,对母亲教育与儿童健康关系的几个重要问题进行深入研究,获得一些具有启发性和参考价值的结论：
第一,随着国家对女性受教育权的重视,女性的受教育程度不断提高,但依然落后于男性,城乡之间、地区之间女性教育水平的差异仍比较大。儿童健康状况有了明显改善,但营养不良现象依旧存在。城市儿童的身体发育情况、营养状况均优于于农村儿童。不同省份的儿童在健康方面也表现出较大差距。
第二,投资于女性教育能够产生显著的代际效应。母亲的教育程度越高,照料儿童的能力可能越强,儿童的营养健康状况就越好。其作用机制表现为：教育一方面能够增加女性的知识资本、社会资本和物质资本,增强女性在家庭中的谈判地位与自由选择的权力；另一方面,教育还有助于提高女性分配和利用资源的效率,从而对儿童健康产生积极作用。
第三,通过理论模型的构建,本文认为母亲用于照料儿童的时间对儿童健康的影响所带来的边际效用等于教育增加收入、消费所带来的边际价值与母亲教育对儿童健康的影响所产生的边际效用之和。即,母亲接受教育的真正价值在于对母亲照料儿童时间的某种程度的替代。采用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)1993—2006年7381个儿童样本的回归结果表明,不同教育水平的母亲对儿童健康的影响存在显著差异,母亲教育与儿童健康之间存在非线性关系。完成九年义务教育的母亲对儿童健康具有明显的促进作用。母亲若未完成小学教育,对儿童健康具有负面效果。母亲若未完成初中教育,则对儿童健康的影响不显著。从教育收益看,高中教育的收益率最高,其次为高等教育,义务教育的收益率占第三位。母亲教育还能够对社区其他儿童的健康产生显著的溢出效应。对教育的价值估计结果显示,就儿童健康产出而言,母亲教育的价值随教育程度的差异而发生变化,受过高中及以上教育的母亲的价值超过1000元,约为仅受过义务教育的母亲的2倍。
第四,使用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)中1993年156个样本、1997年247个样本、2000年368个样本、2004年423个样本、2006年356个样本,将家庭健康系统视为儿童健康生产决策单元,利用数据包络分析(DEA)中规模报酬可变的BCC模型对样本地区母亲教育的代际健康生产效率进行评测,平均来看,母亲教育代际健康产出效率比较低,存在效率损失。笔者对其影响因素进行分析,并比较不同年份各影响因素贡献度的变化,结论如下：母亲教育的代际健康生产效率因地区、城乡差异而不同；作为母亲健康知识获取来源之一的姐妹的作用对该产出效率的影响逐渐减小。
本文从母亲教育与儿童健康关系的视角研究教育的非货币性代际效应,对于准确估计教育“真实”的回报率具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。本文的创新点可概括为：
第一,基于非货币性的角度为教育收益理论提供研究新视角。本文从儿童健康方面考察母亲教育的非货币化代际溢出效应,为教育的“千秋之利”提供新的理论支撑。
第二,探索性分析同一教育水平在代际健康方面产生不同效应的问题。本文详细探讨了处于同一教育程度不同年级的母亲对儿童健康影响的差异,并用家际调查数据加以佐证,由此得到的实证结论将更为客观与合理。
第三,基于理论和实证分析的结果,本文所提出的促进教育平等、提高教育质量、丰富成人教育内容的对策建议具有较强的应用价值。
Traditional economic theories regarded education as an investment. Those who were educated gained pecuniary returns, which provided guard for future consumption, thus improving personal wellfare and keeping a nation's sustainable development. Actually, education has not only pecuniary returns, but also non-pecuniary effects. This paper focuses on non-pecuniary intergenerational effects of education from the perspective of the relationship between maternal education and child health. It is meaningful to deeply understand the true value of education and can give support to establishment and implement of relative policies.
This paper consideres the following issues:(1) analysing some basic facts of china's female education and child health by using macro data; (2) explaining the possible machnisms of mother's education on child health; (3) constructing theoretical framework and the empirical model to estimate the effects of maternal education on child health, followed by value estimation of maternal education; (4) measuring the production efficiencies of maternal education on child health, and analysing the influential factors.
With theoretical and empirical methods, this study gets the main conclusions:
First, the education levels of china's women have been greatly increased, but still fallen behind men's. There are differences in women's education between urban and rural as well as regions. The status of child health has been improved, but stll has malnutrition. Children's body development in urban has advantage compared with that in rural. The health of children in different provinces appears different.
Second, investment in women's education can produce significantly intergenerational effects. The higher the mother's education level, the higher is mother's ability to take care of children, thus making child status in health better. Education improves mother's ability to have healthier children through the possible machnisms: knowledge capital, social capital, physical capital, bargaining position and freedom to choic. Additionally, education can improve their effeciencis of resource allocation and usage.
Third, from theoretical framework, this paper shows that the true value of maternal education to some degree is substitution of her children's care time. The empirical study shows that mother's education in different level have significately different effects on child health, suggesting the non-linear relationship between them. The returns of mothers with high-school education are the biggest for child health producing, tertiary education the second, compulsory education the third. The value estimation of maternal education appears that the value of mothers with higher-shool education and above is more than 1,000 yuan, about two times of that of mothers with only compulsory education.
Forth, regarding family health system as decision making unit of child health production, this paper uses BBC model of DEA method to measure the efficiencies of maternal education on child health production. The result shows that the average efficiency of mathernal education is low, which means existing efficiency lost. The anlysis on influential factors is done latter and finds that the differences in region, location (urban or rural) and family structure (e.g. number of mother's sisters) are all statistically significant.
The innovations of this paper can be summarized as follows:
First, the study provides a new perspective for theories of education returns. This paper considers non-pecuniary intergenerational effects of maternal education on child health, offering new theoretical support for the generationally passing-on returns of education.
Second, it explores to analyse the issue that different effects can exist in the same eduation level. This paper discusses the effects of mothers with same education level but in different grades on child health, and uses family survey data to do the empirical study. The results will be more objective and reseanable.
Third, the proposed suggestions about education equality, eduation quality and adult eduation programs have strong application values.
本文主要探讨以下问题：(1)利用相关数据分析我国女性受教育状况以及儿童健康发展情况,进而了解我国女性教育与儿童健康的基本事实。(2)就母亲教育对儿童健康影响的发生机制进行理论层面的分析与说明。(3)构建相关理论模型,利用微观调查数据对母亲教育与儿童健康的关系进行实证检验,并就母亲教育对儿童健康的影响进行价值估计。(4)对母亲教育的代际健康产出效率进行评测,分析其影响因素,并比较不同时期各影响因素贡献度的变化。
论文采用理论分析与实证分析相结合的研究方法,对母亲教育与儿童健康关系的几个重要问题进行深入研究,获得一些具有启发性和参考价值的结论：
第一,随着国家对女性受教育权的重视,女性的受教育程度不断提高,但依然落后于男性,城乡之间、地区之间女性教育水平的差异仍比较大。儿童健康状况有了明显改善,但营养不良现象依旧存在。城市儿童的身体发育情况、营养状况均优于于农村儿童。不同省份的儿童在健康方面也表现出较大差距。
第二,投资于女性教育能够产生显著的代际效应。母亲的教育程度越高,照料儿童的能力可能越强,儿童的营养健康状况就越好。其作用机制表现为：教育一方面能够增加女性的知识资本、社会资本和物质资本,增强女性在家庭中的谈判地位与自由选择的权力；另一方面,教育还有助于提高女性分配和利用资源的效率,从而对儿童健康产生积极作用。
第三,通过理论模型的构建,本文认为母亲用于照料儿童的时间对儿童健康的影响所带来的边际效用等于教育增加收入、消费所带来的边际价值与母亲教育对儿童健康的影响所产生的边际效用之和。即,母亲接受教育的真正价值在于对母亲照料儿童时间的某种程度的替代。采用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)1993—2006年7381个儿童样本的回归结果表明,不同教育水平的母亲对儿童健康的影响存在显著差异,母亲教育与儿童健康之间存在非线性关系。完成九年义务教育的母亲对儿童健康具有明显的促进作用。母亲若未完成小学教育,对儿童健康具有负面效果。母亲若未完成初中教育,则对儿童健康的影响不显著。从教育收益看,高中教育的收益率最高,其次为高等教育,义务教育的收益率占第三位。母亲教育还能够对社区其他儿童的健康产生显著的溢出效应。对教育的价值估计结果显示,就儿童健康产出而言,母亲教育的价值随教育程度的差异而发生变化,受过高中及以上教育的母亲的价值超过1000元,约为仅受过义务教育的母亲的2倍。
第四,使用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)中1993年156个样本、1997年247个样本、2000年368个样本、2004年423个样本、2006年356个样本,将家庭健康系统视为儿童健康生产决策单元,利用数据包络分析(DEA)中规模报酬可变的BCC模型对样本地区母亲教育的代际健康生产效率进行评测,平均来看,母亲教育代际健康产出效率比较低,存在效率损失。笔者对其影响因素进行分析,并比较不同年份各影响因素贡献度的变化,结论如下：母亲教育的代际健康生产效率因地区、城乡差异而不同；作为母亲健康知识获取来源之一的姐妹的作用对该产出效率的影响逐渐减小。
本文从母亲教育与儿童健康关系的视角研究教育的非货币性代际效应,对于准确估计教育“真实”的回报率具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。本文的创新点可概括为：
第一,基于非货币性的角度为教育收益理论提供研究新视角。本文从儿童健康方面考察母亲教育的非货币化代际溢出效应,为教育的“千秋之利”提供新的理论支撑。
第二,探索性分析同一教育水平在代际健康方面产生不同效应的问题。本文详细探讨了处于同一教育程度不同年级的母亲对儿童健康影响的差异,并用家际调查数据加以佐证,由此得到的实证结论将更为客观与合理。
第三,基于理论和实证分析的结果,本文所提出的促进教育平等、提高教育质量、丰富成人教育内容的对策建议具有较强的应用价值。
Traditional economic theories regarded education as an investment. Those who were educated gained pecuniary returns, which provided guard for future consumption, thus improving personal wellfare and keeping a nation's sustainable development. Actually, education has not only pecuniary returns, but also non-pecuniary effects. This paper focuses on non-pecuniary intergenerational effects of education from the perspective of the relationship between maternal education and child health. It is meaningful to deeply understand the true value of education and can give support to establishment and implement of relative policies.
This paper consideres the following issues:(1) analysing some basic facts of china's female education and child health by using macro data; (2) explaining the possible machnisms of mother's education on child health; (3) constructing theoretical framework and the empirical model to estimate the effects of maternal education on child health, followed by value estimation of maternal education; (4) measuring the production efficiencies of maternal education on child health, and analysing the influential factors.
With theoretical and empirical methods, this study gets the main conclusions:
First, the education levels of china's women have been greatly increased, but still fallen behind men's. There are differences in women's education between urban and rural as well as regions. The status of child health has been improved, but stll has malnutrition. Children's body development in urban has advantage compared with that in rural. The health of children in different provinces appears different.
Second, investment in women's education can produce significantly intergenerational effects. The higher the mother's education level, the higher is mother's ability to take care of children, thus making child status in health better. Education improves mother's ability to have healthier children through the possible machnisms: knowledge capital, social capital, physical capital, bargaining position and freedom to choic. Additionally, education can improve their effeciencis of resource allocation and usage.
Third, from theoretical framework, this paper shows that the true value of maternal education to some degree is substitution of her children's care time. The empirical study shows that mother's education in different level have significately different effects on child health, suggesting the non-linear relationship between them. The returns of mothers with high-school education are the biggest for child health producing, tertiary education the second, compulsory education the third. The value estimation of maternal education appears that the value of mothers with higher-shool education and above is more than 1,000 yuan, about two times of that of mothers with only compulsory education.
Forth, regarding family health system as decision making unit of child health production, this paper uses BBC model of DEA method to measure the efficiencies of maternal education on child health production. The result shows that the average efficiency of mathernal education is low, which means existing efficiency lost. The anlysis on influential factors is done latter and finds that the differences in region, location (urban or rural) and family structure (e.g. number of mother's sisters) are all statistically significant.
The innovations of this paper can be summarized as follows:
First, the study provides a new perspective for theories of education returns. This paper considers non-pecuniary intergenerational effects of maternal education on child health, offering new theoretical support for the generationally passing-on returns of education.
Second, it explores to analyse the issue that different effects can exist in the same eduation level. This paper discusses the effects of mothers with same education level but in different grades on child health, and uses family survey data to do the empirical study. The results will be more objective and reseanable.
Third, the proposed suggestions about education equality, eduation quality and adult eduation programs have strong application values.
引文
①原文：When you educate a woman, you create a nation。
①定义来自十《中国卫生统计年鉴2010》。
①《1995-2005年中国性别平等与妇女发展报告(妇女绿皮书)》,社会科学文献出版社2006年版。
②参见国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编。中国社会中的女人和男人——事实和数据(2004)。北京：中国统计出版社,2004。
①关于母亲教育对儿童健康的影响机制详见第四章。
① Thomas (1994)与Strauss和Thomas (1995)通过建建家庭决策的理论模型也推导出类似的儿童健康需求函数的缩略式(reduced form).
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①定义来自十《中国卫生统计年鉴2010》。
①《1995-2005年中国性别平等与妇女发展报告(妇女绿皮书)》,社会科学文献出版社2006年版。
②参见国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编。中国社会中的女人和男人——事实和数据(2004)。北京：中国统计出版社,2004。
①关于母亲教育对儿童健康的影响机制详见第四章。
① Thomas (1994)与Strauss和Thomas (1995)通过建建家庭决策的理论模型也推导出类似的儿童健康需求函数的缩略式(reduced form).
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