生态旅游环境伦理研究
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摘要
20世纪80年代中期以来,随着人们环境意识的日益增强和可持续发展战略的广泛实施,生态旅游作为满足需求、保护环境二者得兼的一种旅游形式引起了广泛的重视。然而,从我国“生态旅游”的发展现状看,目前却存在着严重的“泛化”问题,使保护生态环境的生态旅游反而破坏了生态环境,影响了生态旅游的健康发展。如何协调好生态旅游业发展与生态环境的关系,寻求人类的生态旅游活动与自然发展的和谐,实现生态旅游资源永续利用和旅游业可持续发展,已成为当今旅游学术界所关注的一个重要课题。而从环境伦理理论与生态旅游实践的结合上去理解和把握生态旅游的可持续发展这方面的研究方向,国内外均出现研究不足的问题。针对这一研究现状,本文首次提出环境伦理学最突出的特点就是研究人与自然和谐共生,强调自然界的内在价值,将人对自然存在物的义务纳入伦理学关注的视野,进而将传统伦理学关注的人际义务扩展到代际之间的观点；且根据国内生态旅游业发展中出现的问题,分析了导致这些问题的原因——其实质是建立在传统伦理学基础上的价值取向问题,与生态旅游参与各方缺乏必要的环境伦理意识息息相关；建议要解决这些问题,就必须运用环境伦理的理念指导生态旅游,建构一套适应生态旅游活动需要的环境伦理原则和行为规范,以期实现经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的统一。最终取得了一定的研究成果,在一定程度上弥补这一领域的研究不足。
本文在国内外生态旅游实践和理论的研究成果基础上,通过对生态旅游内涵的分析,融合环境伦理的精华,结合维利切人土著公园的成功案例,对该案例中遵循的生态旅游环境伦理的基本理念与原则进行阐述,多维度、多视角初步探讨了环境伦理理念对实现生态旅游可持续发展所具有的特定功能及积极作用,突出了生态旅游环境伦理理论的可操作性研究,并探讨了环境伦理视阈下我国生态旅游的可持续发展,对我国生态旅游的可持续发展提出了一些新的构想,构建并充实了生态旅游环境伦理体系。通过对生态旅游环境伦理的研究,笔者认为,生态旅游活动离不开环境伦理的价值导向,解决生态旅游活动产生的环境问题的唯一方式是摆脱旧的旅游观念的出发点,对人与自然的关系进行重新定位,改变人类的价值观念和环境伦理态度,只有坚持生态旅游的环境伦理目标和环境伦理原则,重视环境伦理在生态旅游中的指导作用,才能实现生态旅游资源和环境的保护,实现生态旅游业的可持续发展。
总之,生态旅游环境伦理的研究丰富了旅游环境保护学的内容,并为人们处理生态旅游活动过程中人与旅游环境的关系、当代人与后代人的利益关系、经济效益、社会效益与生态效益的关系等方面提供了伦理依据；用道德约束人们的旅游行为,使人们在生态旅游过程中自觉爱护旅游环境,达到人与自然的和谐相处。研究成果将会对保护生态旅游环境,促进生态旅游可持续发展起到一定的促进作用,对我国生态旅游的发展和民众环境伦理意识的提高有很好的借鉴意义,对保护人类共同的家园及践行环境伦理都具有重要的理论和现实意义。
Since the mid-1980s, with people's environmental consciences increased day by day and sustainable development strategy widely implemented, eco-tourism, as a new form of meeting the tourist need and protecting the environment concurrently, has drawn the widespread attention. However, from the present development situation of our country's "eco-tourism", serious "generalization" problems exist at present, causing the eco-tourism of protecting the ecological environment to destroy the ecological environment instead, so that it has affected the eco-tourism's healthy development. Now it is how to coordinate the relationship between the eco-tourism and ecological environment so as to reach the harmony between people's tourist activities and nature and the continuous utilization of tourist resources and sustainable development of tourism that has become an important issue concerned by present tourist academic circles. While there are few researches of sustainable development of eco-tourism which is on the basis of combining environmental ethnics and eco-tourist activities, the paper, aiming at the status, first proposes that the most outstanding feature of environmental ethnics is to research on the co-existence of people and nature, emphasize the inner value of nature and put the obligation of people to the nature into the field ethnics is concerned about so as to expand the interpersonal obligation to intergeneration, and also analyzes the reasons causing the present problems of domestic eco-tourism----in nature, it is a value-orientation problem on the basis of traditional ethics, which is closely related to the participants' lack of necessary environmental ethic conscious. Besides it is the paper that for the advises that to solve these problems, it is a must to adopt environmental ethic concept to guide eco-tourism and build a set of environmental ethic principles and behavioral norms fit for the eco-tourism activities so as to reach integration of economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits. In the end, a certain research achievement can be reached to cover the shortage of this field to some extent.
Based on the theoretical and practical research achievements of domestic and foreign eco-tourism, and combined with the analysis of eco-tourism's nature and marrowbone of environmental ethics, the paper chooses the successful cases of Mapu Lahual Network of Indigenous Parks as an example, represents the basic concept and principle of eco-tourism environmental ethics it adheres to, and preliminarily probes into the environmental ethics' certain effect on the eco-tourism's sustainable development from various perspectives. Besides, it also gives prominence to the operability research of eco-tourism environmental ethics theory, discusses the eco-tourism's sustainable development under environmental ethics, and proposes some new ideas of domestic eco-tourism's sustainable development, which builds and enriches the system of eco-tourism environmental ethics. Through the research on the eco-tourism environmental ethics, the author thinks the eco-tourism activities can't do without the value-orientation of environmental ethics. The only way to solve these environmental problems is to get rid of the starting point of old tourist concept, relocate the relations between people and nature and change people's value concept and environmental ethnic attitude. The protection of eco-tourism resources and environment and the sustainable development of eco-tourism can be truly realized only if the environmental ethic principles and its object are strictly adhered to and the eco-tourism environmental ethics practice is emphasized.
In short, the study on eco-tourism environmental ethics enriches tourism environmental science, and provides ethic foundation for the mankind to deal with the various relationships during eco-tourism activities, for example, the relationship between Man and tourist environment, the relationship covering the interests, economic, social and ecological benefits between the contemporaries and future generations; people with the moral constraints will mind their behaviors and take good care of the tourism environment consciously during eco-tourism activities, achieving harmony between man and nature. The research achievement will promote the protection of the eco-tourism environment, promotion of eco-tourism's sustainable development, offer a good example for domestic eco-tourism's development and people's environmental ethic conscious'improvement, and exert important theoretical and practical significance on the protection of our common home and practice of environment ethics.
本文在国内外生态旅游实践和理论的研究成果基础上,通过对生态旅游内涵的分析,融合环境伦理的精华,结合维利切人土著公园的成功案例,对该案例中遵循的生态旅游环境伦理的基本理念与原则进行阐述,多维度、多视角初步探讨了环境伦理理念对实现生态旅游可持续发展所具有的特定功能及积极作用,突出了生态旅游环境伦理理论的可操作性研究,并探讨了环境伦理视阈下我国生态旅游的可持续发展,对我国生态旅游的可持续发展提出了一些新的构想,构建并充实了生态旅游环境伦理体系。通过对生态旅游环境伦理的研究,笔者认为,生态旅游活动离不开环境伦理的价值导向,解决生态旅游活动产生的环境问题的唯一方式是摆脱旧的旅游观念的出发点,对人与自然的关系进行重新定位,改变人类的价值观念和环境伦理态度,只有坚持生态旅游的环境伦理目标和环境伦理原则,重视环境伦理在生态旅游中的指导作用,才能实现生态旅游资源和环境的保护,实现生态旅游业的可持续发展。
总之,生态旅游环境伦理的研究丰富了旅游环境保护学的内容,并为人们处理生态旅游活动过程中人与旅游环境的关系、当代人与后代人的利益关系、经济效益、社会效益与生态效益的关系等方面提供了伦理依据；用道德约束人们的旅游行为,使人们在生态旅游过程中自觉爱护旅游环境,达到人与自然的和谐相处。研究成果将会对保护生态旅游环境,促进生态旅游可持续发展起到一定的促进作用,对我国生态旅游的发展和民众环境伦理意识的提高有很好的借鉴意义,对保护人类共同的家园及践行环境伦理都具有重要的理论和现实意义。
Since the mid-1980s, with people's environmental consciences increased day by day and sustainable development strategy widely implemented, eco-tourism, as a new form of meeting the tourist need and protecting the environment concurrently, has drawn the widespread attention. However, from the present development situation of our country's "eco-tourism", serious "generalization" problems exist at present, causing the eco-tourism of protecting the ecological environment to destroy the ecological environment instead, so that it has affected the eco-tourism's healthy development. Now it is how to coordinate the relationship between the eco-tourism and ecological environment so as to reach the harmony between people's tourist activities and nature and the continuous utilization of tourist resources and sustainable development of tourism that has become an important issue concerned by present tourist academic circles. While there are few researches of sustainable development of eco-tourism which is on the basis of combining environmental ethnics and eco-tourist activities, the paper, aiming at the status, first proposes that the most outstanding feature of environmental ethnics is to research on the co-existence of people and nature, emphasize the inner value of nature and put the obligation of people to the nature into the field ethnics is concerned about so as to expand the interpersonal obligation to intergeneration, and also analyzes the reasons causing the present problems of domestic eco-tourism----in nature, it is a value-orientation problem on the basis of traditional ethics, which is closely related to the participants' lack of necessary environmental ethic conscious. Besides it is the paper that for the advises that to solve these problems, it is a must to adopt environmental ethic concept to guide eco-tourism and build a set of environmental ethic principles and behavioral norms fit for the eco-tourism activities so as to reach integration of economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits. In the end, a certain research achievement can be reached to cover the shortage of this field to some extent.
Based on the theoretical and practical research achievements of domestic and foreign eco-tourism, and combined with the analysis of eco-tourism's nature and marrowbone of environmental ethics, the paper chooses the successful cases of Mapu Lahual Network of Indigenous Parks as an example, represents the basic concept and principle of eco-tourism environmental ethics it adheres to, and preliminarily probes into the environmental ethics' certain effect on the eco-tourism's sustainable development from various perspectives. Besides, it also gives prominence to the operability research of eco-tourism environmental ethics theory, discusses the eco-tourism's sustainable development under environmental ethics, and proposes some new ideas of domestic eco-tourism's sustainable development, which builds and enriches the system of eco-tourism environmental ethics. Through the research on the eco-tourism environmental ethics, the author thinks the eco-tourism activities can't do without the value-orientation of environmental ethics. The only way to solve these environmental problems is to get rid of the starting point of old tourist concept, relocate the relations between people and nature and change people's value concept and environmental ethnic attitude. The protection of eco-tourism resources and environment and the sustainable development of eco-tourism can be truly realized only if the environmental ethic principles and its object are strictly adhered to and the eco-tourism environmental ethics practice is emphasized.
In short, the study on eco-tourism environmental ethics enriches tourism environmental science, and provides ethic foundation for the mankind to deal with the various relationships during eco-tourism activities, for example, the relationship between Man and tourist environment, the relationship covering the interests, economic, social and ecological benefits between the contemporaries and future generations; people with the moral constraints will mind their behaviors and take good care of the tourism environment consciously during eco-tourism activities, achieving harmony between man and nature. The research achievement will promote the protection of the eco-tourism environment, promotion of eco-tourism's sustainable development, offer a good example for domestic eco-tourism's development and people's environmental ethic conscious'improvement, and exert important theoretical and practical significance on the protection of our common home and practice of environment ethics.
引文
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