海洋热液声学探测的方法研究
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摘要
随着人类对海洋的日益关注,海洋探查与资源的开发技术主题转化为加快以海洋油、气为主的矿产资源的探测和开发。为了提高海洋资源开发利用的效率,对海洋探测的高新技术需求越来越强烈。在海洋探测技术中,探测海底热液更是带来了重大的科学研究意义和经济价值。
本文的理论和仿真部分,列举研究了气泡的频率特性、尺度分布和散射截面等声学特性,通过这些声学的基本特性,建立海底热液的相关仿真模型。运用了多种有效的回波处理方法,提高了海洋热液探测模拟系统的性能。使用动态范围归一化方法,以此来补偿和消除几何损失造成的信号平均幅度的衰减。利用简化的滤波-预测-反馈修正方法对海底测深结果进行滤波,从而提高测深精度。通过改进后置图像处理的显示技术,来增强目标回波的视觉分辨力。
为了验证方法的有效性,设计了模拟探测海洋热液的试验方案,进行了水池试验研究和湖上试验研究。在水池试验中,以静态方式来探测水下模拟气幕,分析水池实验数据,了解气幕的基本特性,确立了利用回波起伏强度信息探测水下气幕的可行性。调试和改进了海底热液模拟性试验硬件系统的各种性能,在湖上试验中,测试了通过改进的走航式模拟气幕方法实时探测的性能,为在大洋中利用声学回波方法探测海底热液提供了技术支持。
综合本论文研究结果表明,利用回波声图、走航探测水下热液的方法和设计具有可行性。
Throughout its history,ocean exploration has witnessed the great value for human being, in particular, the subjects of marine exploration and resources exploitation have turned to the oil, gas-based mineral, etc. In order to improve the efficiency of development and utilization of marine resources, high technologies of marine detection are needed more and more. Among all the technologies, the detection of submarine hydrothermal has more significance and brings more economic value in marine exploration.
Theoretically, the acoustic characteristics, such as frequency response of the bubble, size distribution and scattering cross-section are listed to build the related modeling. Furthermore, the simulation of the submarine hydrothermal, according to the theoretical model , is achieved. Some effective processing approaches, easily but adequate for engineering application, are used to improve the performance of submarine hydrothermal detection system. To compensate and eliminate the attenuation, caused by geometric loss in average magnitude, the dynamic range normalization is employed. Furthermore, an improved dynamic filter, using the thought of filter-forecast-feedback, is designed to increase the precision of seabed bathymetry. Finally, through the modified displaying technology for the post-image processing, the visual resolution of target echo is enhanced.
For the test of the ability of acoustic remote detection, a scheme to miniature the marine hydrothermal detection is established.Meanwhile, pool trial and lake trial are designed and analysised. During the pool experiment, the underwater bubble cloud is detected statically. Basic acoustical characteristics of the bubble cloud are studied with acquired data. Then the feasibility of detecting underwater bubble cloud, through the fluctuation of echo intensity information, is checked. Upon the testing and the debugging of hardware, the lake trial is carried out. Thus, the performance of improved walk-propelled bubble probe method is tested. That checks out the veracity of dynamic detection. It will be a technical support of the submarine hydrothermal detection based on acoustic remote sensing in the sea.
The result of this dissertation shows that the detection of submarine hydrothermal information through echo sound walk-propelled curtain probe is highly effective and very feasible.
本文的理论和仿真部分,列举研究了气泡的频率特性、尺度分布和散射截面等声学特性,通过这些声学的基本特性,建立海底热液的相关仿真模型。运用了多种有效的回波处理方法,提高了海洋热液探测模拟系统的性能。使用动态范围归一化方法,以此来补偿和消除几何损失造成的信号平均幅度的衰减。利用简化的滤波-预测-反馈修正方法对海底测深结果进行滤波,从而提高测深精度。通过改进后置图像处理的显示技术,来增强目标回波的视觉分辨力。
为了验证方法的有效性,设计了模拟探测海洋热液的试验方案,进行了水池试验研究和湖上试验研究。在水池试验中,以静态方式来探测水下模拟气幕,分析水池实验数据,了解气幕的基本特性,确立了利用回波起伏强度信息探测水下气幕的可行性。调试和改进了海底热液模拟性试验硬件系统的各种性能,在湖上试验中,测试了通过改进的走航式模拟气幕方法实时探测的性能,为在大洋中利用声学回波方法探测海底热液提供了技术支持。
综合本论文研究结果表明,利用回波声图、走航探测水下热液的方法和设计具有可行性。
Throughout its history,ocean exploration has witnessed the great value for human being, in particular, the subjects of marine exploration and resources exploitation have turned to the oil, gas-based mineral, etc. In order to improve the efficiency of development and utilization of marine resources, high technologies of marine detection are needed more and more. Among all the technologies, the detection of submarine hydrothermal has more significance and brings more economic value in marine exploration.
Theoretically, the acoustic characteristics, such as frequency response of the bubble, size distribution and scattering cross-section are listed to build the related modeling. Furthermore, the simulation of the submarine hydrothermal, according to the theoretical model , is achieved. Some effective processing approaches, easily but adequate for engineering application, are used to improve the performance of submarine hydrothermal detection system. To compensate and eliminate the attenuation, caused by geometric loss in average magnitude, the dynamic range normalization is employed. Furthermore, an improved dynamic filter, using the thought of filter-forecast-feedback, is designed to increase the precision of seabed bathymetry. Finally, through the modified displaying technology for the post-image processing, the visual resolution of target echo is enhanced.
For the test of the ability of acoustic remote detection, a scheme to miniature the marine hydrothermal detection is established.Meanwhile, pool trial and lake trial are designed and analysised. During the pool experiment, the underwater bubble cloud is detected statically. Basic acoustical characteristics of the bubble cloud are studied with acquired data. Then the feasibility of detecting underwater bubble cloud, through the fluctuation of echo intensity information, is checked. Upon the testing and the debugging of hardware, the lake trial is carried out. Thus, the performance of improved walk-propelled bubble probe method is tested. That checks out the veracity of dynamic detection. It will be a technical support of the submarine hydrothermal detection based on acoustic remote sensing in the sea.
The result of this dissertation shows that the detection of submarine hydrothermal information through echo sound walk-propelled curtain probe is highly effective and very feasible.
引文
[1] Herman Medwin,Clarence S.Clay.Fundamentals of Acoustical Oceano–graphy.Applications of Modern Acoustics,1998:1-3P
[2]夏建新,李畅,马彦芳.深海底热液活动研究热点.地质力学学报,13(12),2007年
[3]李江海,牛向龙,冯军.海底黑烟囱的识别研究及其科学意义.地球科学进展.119(1),2004年
[4]栾锡武,秦蕴珊.现代海底热液活动的调查研究方法.地球物理学进展.17(4),2002年
[5]季敏.现代海底典型热液活动区环境特征分析.中国海洋大学硕士论文.2004年
[6]朱光文.我国海洋探测技术五十年发展的回顾与展望(三).海洋技术.19(1),2000年
[7]赵一阳,翟世奎等.冲绳海槽中部热水活动的新记录.科学通报,1 (14),1996年
[8]吴怀超,陈鹰.深海热液原位探测技术研究及其原型系统集成.浙江大学博士论文,2009年
[9]王杭州.海热液采样器系统改进设计及性能实验研究.浙江大学硕士论文.2007年
[10] Masanori KYO,Kiminori SHITASHIMA.Trial of Hydrothermal Plume Sensing Using Newly Developed ISFET pH Sensor.IEEE,1999
[11] P.Rona,K.Benis,D.Silver.Acoustic Imaging and Visualization of Plumes Discharging from Black Smoker Vents on the Deep Sea floo -r.IEEE,1998
[12] D.Yoeger,S.Stahr.Estimation of Velocity of Buoyant Deep-sea Hydroth -ermal Plume through Dynamic Analysis of an Automatic Vehicl -e.IEEE, 2001
[13] K.Santilli,K.Benis.Generating Realistic Images from Hydrothermal Plume Data.IEEE,2004
[14]翟世奎,李怀明,于增毁.现代海底热液活动调查研究技术进展.地球科学进展.22(8),2007年
[15]栾锡武,鲁银涛.现代海底热液活动分布规律研究的中期研究报告.中国科学院海洋研究所.2008年7月
[16]栾锡武,王静.现代海底冷泉气幕的探测技术的终期研究报告.中国科学院海洋研究所.2009年9月
[17]刘珑龙.现代海底热液活动中巨羽流形成机制的模型研究.中国海洋大学硕士论文.2005年
[18] Victor C.Anderson.Sound Scattering from a Fluid Sphere,J.A.S.A,22 (4),July,1950
[19] Francis M Winener.Sound Diffraction by Rigid Spheres and Circular Cy -linders.J.A.S.A,19(3),May,1947
[20] Age Kristensen,John Dalen.Acoustic Estimation of Size Distribution and Abundance of Zooplankton..J.A.S.A,80(2),August,1986
[21] Aneta Nikolovska,Richard Manasseh,Andrew Ooi.On the Propagation of Acoustic Energy in the Vicinity of a Bubble Chain.Journal of Sound and Vibration,306,2007
[22]陈立纲,苑秉成.平面波照射下的球形目标散射函数计算.舰船科学技术.31(9),2009年
[23]何祚镛,赵玉芳.声学理论基础.国防工业出版社.1981年:315-317P
[24] Kenneth G. Foote.Developing Acoustic Methods for Surveying Ground -fish.120(6),Mar,2003
[25] Philip L.Marston.Scattering of a Bessel Beam by a Sphere.J.A.S.A,121(2),Feb,2007
[26] George Kapodistrias,Peter H.Dahl.Effects of Interaction between Two Bubble Scatters.J.A.S.A,107(6),June,2000
[27] George Kapodistrias,Peter H.Dahl.On Scattering from a Bubble Located near a Flat Air-Water Interface:Laboratory Measurements and Mode -ling.J.A.S.A,10(3),Sep,2001
[28]聂邦胜,邱仁贵.气泡声学特性探潜方法研究.海洋技术.26(4),2007年
[29]姚文苇.气泡对声传播影响的研究.陕西教育学院学报.24(1),2008年
[30]刘伯胜,雷家煜.水声学原理.哈尔滨工程大学出版社.1993年:168-175P,196-197P
[31] Thomas C.weber.Acoustic Propagation Through Bubble Clouds.Thesis in Acoustic of the Pennsylvania State University,May, 2006
[32] Guy V Norton,Jorge C Novarini.Modeling the Propagation from a Horizontally Directed High-frequency Source in Shallow Water in the Presence of Bubble Clouds and Sea Surface Roughnes -s.J.A.S.A.103(6),June,1998
[33] Foldy.The Multiple Scattering of Waves,I:General Theory of Isotropic Scattering by Randomly Distributed Scatterers.Phys.Rev,1945.67
[34]王兴涛.现代海底热液活动的热液循环及烟囱体研究.中国海洋大学博士研究生学位论文.2004年
[35]刘胜,杨成渝,王平义.水中气泡运动规律的研究.重庆交通学院学报.26(3),2007年
[36]蒋炎坤.水下气泡群运动特性及其三位数值模拟研究.武汉理工大学学报.27(4),2005年
[37] Eberhard J.Sautera,Sergey I.Muyakshin.Methane Discharge from a Deep-sea Submarine Mud Volcano into the upper Water Column by Gas Hydrate-coated Methane Bubbles.Earth and Planetary Science Lette -rs.243(3),March,2006
[38]田坦,刘国枝,孙大军.声呐技术.哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2000年:14-16P
[39] I.M.布列霍夫斯基.海洋声学.科学出版社.1983年:38-39P
[40]栾锡武,赵一阳,秦蕴珊.热液柱的形态研究.热带海洋学报,21(2),2002年
[41]尤立克.水声原理.哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社.1990年:166-168P
[42]樊昌信.通信原理.国防工业出版社.2002年:326-327P
[43]卢逢春,张殿伦.多波束条带测深仪的增益控制方案.海洋工程.21(1),2003年
[44]赵建虎,刘经南.多波束测深及图像数据处理.武汉大学出版社.2008年:148-171P
[45]项楚骐,田坦.离散估计导论.哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社.1989年:127-128P
[46]李胜全,滕惠忠.侧扫声纳图像实时增强技术.应用声学.25(5),2006年
[47]江峰,郎殿军,惠俊英.彩色视觉门限及LOFAR显示的数学模型.声学学报.123(4),1998年
[2]夏建新,李畅,马彦芳.深海底热液活动研究热点.地质力学学报,13(12),2007年
[3]李江海,牛向龙,冯军.海底黑烟囱的识别研究及其科学意义.地球科学进展.119(1),2004年
[4]栾锡武,秦蕴珊.现代海底热液活动的调查研究方法.地球物理学进展.17(4),2002年
[5]季敏.现代海底典型热液活动区环境特征分析.中国海洋大学硕士论文.2004年
[6]朱光文.我国海洋探测技术五十年发展的回顾与展望(三).海洋技术.19(1),2000年
[7]赵一阳,翟世奎等.冲绳海槽中部热水活动的新记录.科学通报,1 (14),1996年
[8]吴怀超,陈鹰.深海热液原位探测技术研究及其原型系统集成.浙江大学博士论文,2009年
[9]王杭州.海热液采样器系统改进设计及性能实验研究.浙江大学硕士论文.2007年
[10] Masanori KYO,Kiminori SHITASHIMA.Trial of Hydrothermal Plume Sensing Using Newly Developed ISFET pH Sensor.IEEE,1999
[11] P.Rona,K.Benis,D.Silver.Acoustic Imaging and Visualization of Plumes Discharging from Black Smoker Vents on the Deep Sea floo -r.IEEE,1998
[12] D.Yoeger,S.Stahr.Estimation of Velocity of Buoyant Deep-sea Hydroth -ermal Plume through Dynamic Analysis of an Automatic Vehicl -e.IEEE, 2001
[13] K.Santilli,K.Benis.Generating Realistic Images from Hydrothermal Plume Data.IEEE,2004
[14]翟世奎,李怀明,于增毁.现代海底热液活动调查研究技术进展.地球科学进展.22(8),2007年
[15]栾锡武,鲁银涛.现代海底热液活动分布规律研究的中期研究报告.中国科学院海洋研究所.2008年7月
[16]栾锡武,王静.现代海底冷泉气幕的探测技术的终期研究报告.中国科学院海洋研究所.2009年9月
[17]刘珑龙.现代海底热液活动中巨羽流形成机制的模型研究.中国海洋大学硕士论文.2005年
[18] Victor C.Anderson.Sound Scattering from a Fluid Sphere,J.A.S.A,22 (4),July,1950
[19] Francis M Winener.Sound Diffraction by Rigid Spheres and Circular Cy -linders.J.A.S.A,19(3),May,1947
[20] Age Kristensen,John Dalen.Acoustic Estimation of Size Distribution and Abundance of Zooplankton..J.A.S.A,80(2),August,1986
[21] Aneta Nikolovska,Richard Manasseh,Andrew Ooi.On the Propagation of Acoustic Energy in the Vicinity of a Bubble Chain.Journal of Sound and Vibration,306,2007
[22]陈立纲,苑秉成.平面波照射下的球形目标散射函数计算.舰船科学技术.31(9),2009年
[23]何祚镛,赵玉芳.声学理论基础.国防工业出版社.1981年:315-317P
[24] Kenneth G. Foote.Developing Acoustic Methods for Surveying Ground -fish.120(6),Mar,2003
[25] Philip L.Marston.Scattering of a Bessel Beam by a Sphere.J.A.S.A,121(2),Feb,2007
[26] George Kapodistrias,Peter H.Dahl.Effects of Interaction between Two Bubble Scatters.J.A.S.A,107(6),June,2000
[27] George Kapodistrias,Peter H.Dahl.On Scattering from a Bubble Located near a Flat Air-Water Interface:Laboratory Measurements and Mode -ling.J.A.S.A,10(3),Sep,2001
[28]聂邦胜,邱仁贵.气泡声学特性探潜方法研究.海洋技术.26(4),2007年
[29]姚文苇.气泡对声传播影响的研究.陕西教育学院学报.24(1),2008年
[30]刘伯胜,雷家煜.水声学原理.哈尔滨工程大学出版社.1993年:168-175P,196-197P
[31] Thomas C.weber.Acoustic Propagation Through Bubble Clouds.Thesis in Acoustic of the Pennsylvania State University,May, 2006
[32] Guy V Norton,Jorge C Novarini.Modeling the Propagation from a Horizontally Directed High-frequency Source in Shallow Water in the Presence of Bubble Clouds and Sea Surface Roughnes -s.J.A.S.A.103(6),June,1998
[33] Foldy.The Multiple Scattering of Waves,I:General Theory of Isotropic Scattering by Randomly Distributed Scatterers.Phys.Rev,1945.67
[34]王兴涛.现代海底热液活动的热液循环及烟囱体研究.中国海洋大学博士研究生学位论文.2004年
[35]刘胜,杨成渝,王平义.水中气泡运动规律的研究.重庆交通学院学报.26(3),2007年
[36]蒋炎坤.水下气泡群运动特性及其三位数值模拟研究.武汉理工大学学报.27(4),2005年
[37] Eberhard J.Sautera,Sergey I.Muyakshin.Methane Discharge from a Deep-sea Submarine Mud Volcano into the upper Water Column by Gas Hydrate-coated Methane Bubbles.Earth and Planetary Science Lette -rs.243(3),March,2006
[38]田坦,刘国枝,孙大军.声呐技术.哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2000年:14-16P
[39] I.M.布列霍夫斯基.海洋声学.科学出版社.1983年:38-39P
[40]栾锡武,赵一阳,秦蕴珊.热液柱的形态研究.热带海洋学报,21(2),2002年
[41]尤立克.水声原理.哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社.1990年:166-168P
[42]樊昌信.通信原理.国防工业出版社.2002年:326-327P
[43]卢逢春,张殿伦.多波束条带测深仪的增益控制方案.海洋工程.21(1),2003年
[44]赵建虎,刘经南.多波束测深及图像数据处理.武汉大学出版社.2008年:148-171P
[45]项楚骐,田坦.离散估计导论.哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社.1989年:127-128P
[46]李胜全,滕惠忠.侧扫声纳图像实时增强技术.应用声学.25(5),2006年
[47]江峰,郎殿军,惠俊英.彩色视觉门限及LOFAR显示的数学模型.声学学报.123(4),1998年