基于IEEE802.11接入控制方法的认知无线电网络MAC层研究
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摘要
无线通信技术在人们日常生活中的应用越来越广泛,但是有限的频谱资源和较低的频谱资源利用率,导致频谱资源匮乏这一问题也日益严重。瑞典Joseph Mitola博士于1999年提出的认知无线电(Cognitive Radio, CR)系统为解决频谱资源不足、实现频谱动态管理以及提高频谱利用率开创了崭新的局面,对认知无线电网络的研究已经成为国内外无线通信技术的热点。其中,认知无线电网络的媒体访问控制层(Medium Access Control, MAC)协议的作用是根据服务质量(Quality of Service, QoS)要求和用户配置来协调、控制网络中各节点共享无线资源从而实现通信资源的最优化使用。
作为一种MAC层接入控制协议,载波侦听多路访问／冲突避免(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoid, CSMA/CA)协议已经成功应用在IEEE802.11无线局域网络(Wireless Local Area Network, WLAN)中。但是由于认知无线电网络中各节点可利用频谱资源存在着动态性和差异性,所以认知无线电网络MAC层必须实现动态频谱接入和动态频谱共享。这导致IEEE802.11无线局域网络的接入控制协议不能直接应用在认知无线电网络系统中,必须对其做出相应的改进,以使其能适应认知环境。因此本论文的研究思路就是在IEEE802.11无线局域网络的接入控制方法研究分析的基础上循序渐进地对认知无线电网络MAC层进行深入研究。
本论文首先分析研究了IEEE802.11无线局域网的接入控制方法,详细地对分布式协调接入控制方法进行建模分析,提出改进后的接入控制优化方案；并在此基础上,提出CSMA/CA为适应认知无线电网络环境而做出的改进方案；然后,进一步对认知无线电网络MAC层基于频谱池策略的频谱分配算法建立模型并对其性能进行定量分析；最后,结合干扰温度机制得出一种频谱资源管理方案。
The wireless communication technology has been widely used in daily life, but the limited spectrum resources and low utilization of the spectrum resources make the lack of spectrum more and more serious. Cognitive Radio (CR) was proposed by Joseph Mitola in 1999, which was based on the conception of Software Radio and enhanced it. The CR Network has a cognitive process that can perceive current network conditions, and then plan, decide and act on those conditions and the network can learn from these adaptations and use them to make future decisions, all while taking into account end-to-end goals, which can increase the utilization of the spectrum resources and the prime user in the CR Network cannot be disturbed.
The IEEE802.22 standard promises to be the first practical implementation of Cognitive Radio technology. It is based on dynamic spectrum sensing and opportunistic access of the bands that are not currently in use by TV transmitters. The distinctive and most critical requirement for the IEEE802.22 air interface is the flexibility and adaptability. This stems from the fact that IEEE802.22 operates in a spectrum where incumbents (such as wireless microphones) may appear and disappear arbitrarily and where the collocated operation of multiple networks will be commonplace, as IEEE802.22 operates under license exempt regulatory model. This requirement has a direct impact on the various dynamic spectrum access (DSA) and dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) mechanisms present at the PHY and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layers, which will be discussed in detail in this paper.
The MAC protocol in the wireless communication coordinates and controls the access process to the medium. The Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), as a MAC protocol, has been widely used in Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). Different from the MAC of IEEE802.11, the application of CR technology suffers the uncertain spectrum and frequency width, which can not ensure the access of mobile users to be valid. To solve the problem, in this paper, we first analysis the CSMA/CA mechanism in IEEE802.11 in detail, and then we modify the CSMA/CA mechanism in order to make it suit the CR environments, in which the spectrum can be effectively used. In addition, we make some proposals for the spectrum sharing and the spectrum management based on the conception of spectrum pooling and interfere temperature.
作为一种MAC层接入控制协议,载波侦听多路访问／冲突避免(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoid, CSMA/CA)协议已经成功应用在IEEE802.11无线局域网络(Wireless Local Area Network, WLAN)中。但是由于认知无线电网络中各节点可利用频谱资源存在着动态性和差异性,所以认知无线电网络MAC层必须实现动态频谱接入和动态频谱共享。这导致IEEE802.11无线局域网络的接入控制协议不能直接应用在认知无线电网络系统中,必须对其做出相应的改进,以使其能适应认知环境。因此本论文的研究思路就是在IEEE802.11无线局域网络的接入控制方法研究分析的基础上循序渐进地对认知无线电网络MAC层进行深入研究。
本论文首先分析研究了IEEE802.11无线局域网的接入控制方法,详细地对分布式协调接入控制方法进行建模分析,提出改进后的接入控制优化方案；并在此基础上,提出CSMA/CA为适应认知无线电网络环境而做出的改进方案；然后,进一步对认知无线电网络MAC层基于频谱池策略的频谱分配算法建立模型并对其性能进行定量分析；最后,结合干扰温度机制得出一种频谱资源管理方案。
The wireless communication technology has been widely used in daily life, but the limited spectrum resources and low utilization of the spectrum resources make the lack of spectrum more and more serious. Cognitive Radio (CR) was proposed by Joseph Mitola in 1999, which was based on the conception of Software Radio and enhanced it. The CR Network has a cognitive process that can perceive current network conditions, and then plan, decide and act on those conditions and the network can learn from these adaptations and use them to make future decisions, all while taking into account end-to-end goals, which can increase the utilization of the spectrum resources and the prime user in the CR Network cannot be disturbed.
The IEEE802.22 standard promises to be the first practical implementation of Cognitive Radio technology. It is based on dynamic spectrum sensing and opportunistic access of the bands that are not currently in use by TV transmitters. The distinctive and most critical requirement for the IEEE802.22 air interface is the flexibility and adaptability. This stems from the fact that IEEE802.22 operates in a spectrum where incumbents (such as wireless microphones) may appear and disappear arbitrarily and where the collocated operation of multiple networks will be commonplace, as IEEE802.22 operates under license exempt regulatory model. This requirement has a direct impact on the various dynamic spectrum access (DSA) and dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) mechanisms present at the PHY and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layers, which will be discussed in detail in this paper.
The MAC protocol in the wireless communication coordinates and controls the access process to the medium. The Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), as a MAC protocol, has been widely used in Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). Different from the MAC of IEEE802.11, the application of CR technology suffers the uncertain spectrum and frequency width, which can not ensure the access of mobile users to be valid. To solve the problem, in this paper, we first analysis the CSMA/CA mechanism in IEEE802.11 in detail, and then we modify the CSMA/CA mechanism in order to make it suit the CR environments, in which the spectrum can be effectively used. In addition, we make some proposals for the spectrum sharing and the spectrum management based on the conception of spectrum pooling and interfere temperature.
引文
[1]J. Mitola, Q. Gerald, J. R. Maguire. Cognitive Radios:Making Software Radios More Personal. IEEE Personal Communications, August 1999, pp.13-18
[2]C. Cordeiro, K. Challapali, and D. Birru. IEEE802.22:An Introduction to the First Wireless Standard based on Cognitive Radios, Journal of Communications, Vol.1, No.1,2006, pp.38-47
[3]N. Kundargi, A. Tewfik. Sequential Pilot Sensing of ATSC Signal in IEEEE802.22 Cognitive Radio Networks, Proc. of IEEE ICASSP 2008, pp.2789-2792
[4]N. Han, S. Shon, J. H. Chung. Spectral Correlation Based Signal Detection Method for Spectrum Sensing in IEEE802.22 WRAN System, IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, Phoenix,2006, pp.1765-1770
[5]Q. Zhao, L. Tong, A. Swami, and Y. Chen. Decentralized Cognitive MAC for Opportunistic Spectrum Access in Ad Hoc Networks:A POMDP Framework, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol.25, No.3,2007, pp.589-600
[6]IEEE802.22 Working Group Wireless Regional Area Networks,http://www.ieee802.org/22
[7]IEEE802.22 draft standard. IEEE802.22TM/D0.1 Draft Standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks, IEEE802.22 doc. no.22-06-0068-00-0000, May 2006
[8]Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Revision of Parts 2 and 15 of the Commissions Rules to Permit Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) Devices in the 5GHz Band, ET Docket no.03-122, Nov.18,2003
[9]G.Chouinard, D. Cabric and M. Ghosh. Sensing Thresholds, IEEE802.22, doc. no. 22-06-0051-04-0000, May 2006
[10]C. Cordeiro et al. A PHY/MAC Proposal for IEEE802.22 WRAN Systems, IEEE802.22 doc. no. 22-06-0005-05-0000, March 2006
[11]S.-Y. Chang et al. IEEE802.22 WRAN Merger Framework, IEEE802.22, doc. no. 22-06-0030-03-0000, March 2006
[12]IEEE802.11n draft standard. Standard for Enhancements for Higher Throughput, http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/, May 2006
[13]Giuseppe Bianchi. Performance Analysis of the IEEE802.11 Distributed Coordination Function. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol.18, No.3,2000, pp.535-547
[14]Yong Shyang Liaw, Arek Dadej, Aruna Jayasuriya. Performance Analysis of IEEE802.11 DCF under Limited Load. Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, Perth, Western Australia, 3-5 October 2005, pp.759-763
[15]Jiho Ryu, Yongho Seok, Nakjung Choi, Taekyoung Kwon, Yanghee Choi. S-EDCA:EDCA based on SuperSlot and Pseudo Collision. Mobile Computing and Communication Review, Volume 1, Number 2, pp.1-2
[16]ZHANG Wei, Sun Jun, LIU Jing, ZHANG Hai-bin. Performance analysis of IEEE802.11e EDCA in wireless LANs. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A,2007 8(1):18-23
[17]Jeng Farn Lee, Wanjiun Liao, Meng Chang Chen. A Differentiated Service Model for Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) of IEEE802.11e WLANs. Mobile Netw Appl (2007)
12:69-77
[18]Jing Liu, Zhisheng Niu. Delay Analysis of IEEE802.11e EDCA under Unsaturated Conditions. Proc. of WCNC 2007
[19]Y.C.Tay, K.C.Chua.A Capacity Analysis for the IEEE802.11 MAC protocol. Wireless Networks, 2001,7(2):159-171
[20]B.Bellalta, M.Oliver, M.Meo and M.Guerrero. A Simple Model of the IEEE802.11 MAC Protocol with Heterogeneous Traffic Flows, EUROCON 2005, pp.1830-1833
[21]IEEE802.11 WG, Part 11, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications, ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11-1999
[22]K.Medepalli, F.A.Tobagi, System Centric and User Centric Queuing Models for IEEE802.11 based Wireless LANs, IEEE Broadnets 2005
[23]The Network Simulator-ns-2[CP/DK].http://www. isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
[24]N.Hoven, A.Sahai, R.Tandra.Some Fundamental Limits on Cognitive Radio.Allerton Conf. on Commun., Control and Computing 2004, Octorber 2004
[25]I.F.Akyildiz, Y.Li, OCRA:OFDM-based cognitive radio networks, Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory Technical Report, March 2006
[26]FCC. Establishment of interference temperature metric to quantify and manage interfence and to expand available unlicensed operation in certain fixed mobile and satellite frequency bands, ET Docks 03-289. Notice of Inquiry and Proposed Rulemaking,2003
[27]孙昭,薛小平,董德存.无线局域网中服务质量保障机制研究与实现.计算机应用研究,2006,(7)：213-215
[28]鲍晶晶,彭端,赵兴华.IEEE802.22标准的物理层与MAC层协议.标准、检测与仪器,2009,33(S2)：238-240
[29]陈睿,陈维英,陈东IEEE802.22标准的MAC层协议分析.Wide band network & transmission,2007,31 (8):71-79
[30]方路平,刘世华,陈盼等.NS-2网络模拟基础与应用.国防工业出版社.2008年5月
[31]刘乃安.无线局域网(WLAN)-——原理技术与应用.西安电子科技大学出版,2004年4月
[32]http://www.fcc.gov/sptf
[33]http://www.wireless.kth.se
[34]陈大絟.随机过程及其应用.北京：清华大学出版社,1986,117-19
[2]C. Cordeiro, K. Challapali, and D. Birru. IEEE802.22:An Introduction to the First Wireless Standard based on Cognitive Radios, Journal of Communications, Vol.1, No.1,2006, pp.38-47
[3]N. Kundargi, A. Tewfik. Sequential Pilot Sensing of ATSC Signal in IEEEE802.22 Cognitive Radio Networks, Proc. of IEEE ICASSP 2008, pp.2789-2792
[4]N. Han, S. Shon, J. H. Chung. Spectral Correlation Based Signal Detection Method for Spectrum Sensing in IEEE802.22 WRAN System, IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, Phoenix,2006, pp.1765-1770
[5]Q. Zhao, L. Tong, A. Swami, and Y. Chen. Decentralized Cognitive MAC for Opportunistic Spectrum Access in Ad Hoc Networks:A POMDP Framework, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol.25, No.3,2007, pp.589-600
[6]IEEE802.22 Working Group Wireless Regional Area Networks,http://www.ieee802.org/22
[7]IEEE802.22 draft standard. IEEE802.22TM/D0.1 Draft Standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks, IEEE802.22 doc. no.22-06-0068-00-0000, May 2006
[8]Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Revision of Parts 2 and 15 of the Commissions Rules to Permit Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) Devices in the 5GHz Band, ET Docket no.03-122, Nov.18,2003
[9]G.Chouinard, D. Cabric and M. Ghosh. Sensing Thresholds, IEEE802.22, doc. no. 22-06-0051-04-0000, May 2006
[10]C. Cordeiro et al. A PHY/MAC Proposal for IEEE802.22 WRAN Systems, IEEE802.22 doc. no. 22-06-0005-05-0000, March 2006
[11]S.-Y. Chang et al. IEEE802.22 WRAN Merger Framework, IEEE802.22, doc. no. 22-06-0030-03-0000, March 2006
[12]IEEE802.11n draft standard. Standard for Enhancements for Higher Throughput, http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/, May 2006
[13]Giuseppe Bianchi. Performance Analysis of the IEEE802.11 Distributed Coordination Function. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol.18, No.3,2000, pp.535-547
[14]Yong Shyang Liaw, Arek Dadej, Aruna Jayasuriya. Performance Analysis of IEEE802.11 DCF under Limited Load. Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, Perth, Western Australia, 3-5 October 2005, pp.759-763
[15]Jiho Ryu, Yongho Seok, Nakjung Choi, Taekyoung Kwon, Yanghee Choi. S-EDCA:EDCA based on SuperSlot and Pseudo Collision. Mobile Computing and Communication Review, Volume 1, Number 2, pp.1-2
[16]ZHANG Wei, Sun Jun, LIU Jing, ZHANG Hai-bin. Performance analysis of IEEE802.11e EDCA in wireless LANs. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A,2007 8(1):18-23
[17]Jeng Farn Lee, Wanjiun Liao, Meng Chang Chen. A Differentiated Service Model for Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) of IEEE802.11e WLANs. Mobile Netw Appl (2007)
12:69-77
[18]Jing Liu, Zhisheng Niu. Delay Analysis of IEEE802.11e EDCA under Unsaturated Conditions. Proc. of WCNC 2007
[19]Y.C.Tay, K.C.Chua.A Capacity Analysis for the IEEE802.11 MAC protocol. Wireless Networks, 2001,7(2):159-171
[20]B.Bellalta, M.Oliver, M.Meo and M.Guerrero. A Simple Model of the IEEE802.11 MAC Protocol with Heterogeneous Traffic Flows, EUROCON 2005, pp.1830-1833
[21]IEEE802.11 WG, Part 11, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications, ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11-1999
[22]K.Medepalli, F.A.Tobagi, System Centric and User Centric Queuing Models for IEEE802.11 based Wireless LANs, IEEE Broadnets 2005
[23]The Network Simulator-ns-2[CP/DK].http://www. isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
[24]N.Hoven, A.Sahai, R.Tandra.Some Fundamental Limits on Cognitive Radio.Allerton Conf. on Commun., Control and Computing 2004, Octorber 2004
[25]I.F.Akyildiz, Y.Li, OCRA:OFDM-based cognitive radio networks, Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory Technical Report, March 2006
[26]FCC. Establishment of interference temperature metric to quantify and manage interfence and to expand available unlicensed operation in certain fixed mobile and satellite frequency bands, ET Docks 03-289. Notice of Inquiry and Proposed Rulemaking,2003
[27]孙昭,薛小平,董德存.无线局域网中服务质量保障机制研究与实现.计算机应用研究,2006,(7)：213-215
[28]鲍晶晶,彭端,赵兴华.IEEE802.22标准的物理层与MAC层协议.标准、检测与仪器,2009,33(S2)：238-240
[29]陈睿,陈维英,陈东IEEE802.22标准的MAC层协议分析.Wide band network & transmission,2007,31 (8):71-79
[30]方路平,刘世华,陈盼等.NS-2网络模拟基础与应用.国防工业出版社.2008年5月
[31]刘乃安.无线局域网(WLAN)-——原理技术与应用.西安电子科技大学出版,2004年4月
[32]http://www.fcc.gov/sptf
[33]http://www.wireless.kth.se
[34]陈大絟.随机过程及其应用.北京：清华大学出版社,1986,117-19