厦门湾及邻近海域地形地貌研究
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摘要
海湾是海或洋伸入大陆或大陆与岛屿之间的一部分水域,其处在海洋和陆地的交接地带,是人类的生存发展的核心区域。本文通过我国近海海洋综合调查与评价专项在厦门湾及邻近海域的所获得最新水深测量数据、浅剖侧扫声呐影像图及海底沉积物资料进行综合分析,结合研究区自然地理环境、水动力特征以及区域地质等因素,对研究区内的海底地形地貌特征进行了较为详细的描述与分析;根据相关地貌分类原则和地貌分类系统,构建了研究区海域海底地貌较为完整详细的海底地貌体系;并收集厦门湾海域的历史调查图件并与现今海底地貌特征进行对比分析,概要说明了研究区二十余年间的地貌演化状况,并对海底地貌发育的成因进行了分析。本文通过研究分析主要有以下4点结论:
A.厦门湾及邻近海域湾内岛屿众多,属强潮多岛屿海湾,其潮差大,潮波变形剧烈,受岛屿地形狭束效应,潮流较急,具强动力特征。海底地形多呈现潮流冲刷水道地形,水道底部礁石与深槽交替分布。潮流侵蚀搬运作用特别强烈,携带有大量泥沙,当水动力减弱时,便沉积下来形成海底浅滩地貌。区内礁石林立,水道冲刷槽及海底浅滩地貌发育明显。
B.海底地貌主要有潮滩、海滩、现代河口水下三角洲、水下岸坡、潮流沙脊群、潮流三角洲、陆架堆积平原、海底人工地貌等多种地貌类型,并发育了潮沟、现代水下汊道、河口沙坝、海底浅滩、冲刷槽、礁石(群)、潮流沙脊、埋藏古河道等多种次一级地貌形态。研究发现了一片海底礁石群、潮流沙脊群,长期以来一直被认为是海底浅滩。海底礁石群面积约64km~2,水深在20~32m之间;潮流沙脊群水深处于10～22m之间,坡度约0.9‰,呈NE-SW走向,近平行、条带状分布,沙脊脊线偏居沙脊南侧,呈北坡缓南坡陡趋势。新发现的海底礁石群及潮流沙脊群,丰富了区域海底地貌类型。
C.通过将1985年至2009年二十五年间的调查资料进行对比、分析发现:研究区内潮滩、海滩等海岸带地貌受人为影响较大,厦门岛和同安湾海域潮滩大面积消失,海滩则出现了不同程度的增长;九龙江口的现代河口水下三角洲正向厦门港海域不断伸展;大小金门岛南侧狭道的潮流三角洲规模也在不断增大,且形状也由原来的扇形向现在的舌状发生转变。
D.海底地形地貌主要以晚三叠纪以来的构造运动基础为格架、在海平面升降、沉积物的补给、搬运和沉积作用及水动力共同作用下发育演化。近年来,人类高强度的开发活动对地貌的改造和演化起着相当重要的作用,塑造了全新的人工地貌类型。
The bay is a part of coast which stretches into mainland or islands, it locates in land-sea transition zone, has a great significance for human's development. This study data is derived from "China 908 marine environment survey and assessment" special project, including bathymetry data, shallow stratum profile and side scan sonar pictures, sediment data and so on. Combined with the natural environment, hydrodynamic characteristics and regional geology, a detailed description and analysis of topography and geomorphology of Xiamen Bay and adjacent regions were made. The landscape system of the study area was set up by the principles of landscape classification and landscape classification system. Brief analysis on geography and geomorphology process of the study area in recent 20 years and its influence factors on landscape development based on comparing and analyzing the different of the topographic feature between 1985 and 2009 ( the relief maps in 1985 is from china's coastal survey map) have been achieved. The conclusions were acquired as follow:
A. Xiamen Bay and its adjacent regions with many sub-island bays inside are affected by a strong tide action. The tidal range and tide current speed is obvious and thus its dynamic action is strong. The main topography of waterway showed many erosion grooves and submerge reef on its bottom. When the hydrodynamic force turns weak, lots of sediment carried by tide current would settle down, sometimes submarine ford are formed.
B. Submarine geomorphology in the study area has many tapes, including tidal flat, beach, modern estuary subaqueous delta, submarine slop, tidal sand ridge, tidal delta, continental shelf plain, artificial landscape, channel, submerge reef, waterway, estuarine sandbar, submarine ford, paleochannel and so on. A tidal sand ridge and submerge reef group was discovered at first time. The newly discovered submerge reef group and tidal sand ridges has a great significance for local geomorphology diversity.
C. By comparing physiognomic maps from 1985 and 2009, the process development of geomorphology could be analyzed. Tidal flat and beach in study area had been transformed by human being. Lots of tidal flat formerly locating on the side of Xiamen Island and in Tong'an bay disappeared, and the beach had grown in some extent. The modern estuary subaqueous delta and tide delta had grown greatly, with shape from fan-shape to tongue-shape.
D. The tectonic movement provided a basic framework for geography and geomorphology, however, the sea level changing, deposition and hydrodynamic changing affected the geomorphology forming later. Afterwards, human beings modified the landscape strongly forming some artificial landscapes.
A.厦门湾及邻近海域湾内岛屿众多,属强潮多岛屿海湾,其潮差大,潮波变形剧烈,受岛屿地形狭束效应,潮流较急,具强动力特征。海底地形多呈现潮流冲刷水道地形,水道底部礁石与深槽交替分布。潮流侵蚀搬运作用特别强烈,携带有大量泥沙,当水动力减弱时,便沉积下来形成海底浅滩地貌。区内礁石林立,水道冲刷槽及海底浅滩地貌发育明显。
B.海底地貌主要有潮滩、海滩、现代河口水下三角洲、水下岸坡、潮流沙脊群、潮流三角洲、陆架堆积平原、海底人工地貌等多种地貌类型,并发育了潮沟、现代水下汊道、河口沙坝、海底浅滩、冲刷槽、礁石(群)、潮流沙脊、埋藏古河道等多种次一级地貌形态。研究发现了一片海底礁石群、潮流沙脊群,长期以来一直被认为是海底浅滩。海底礁石群面积约64km~2,水深在20~32m之间;潮流沙脊群水深处于10～22m之间,坡度约0.9‰,呈NE-SW走向,近平行、条带状分布,沙脊脊线偏居沙脊南侧,呈北坡缓南坡陡趋势。新发现的海底礁石群及潮流沙脊群,丰富了区域海底地貌类型。
C.通过将1985年至2009年二十五年间的调查资料进行对比、分析发现:研究区内潮滩、海滩等海岸带地貌受人为影响较大,厦门岛和同安湾海域潮滩大面积消失,海滩则出现了不同程度的增长;九龙江口的现代河口水下三角洲正向厦门港海域不断伸展;大小金门岛南侧狭道的潮流三角洲规模也在不断增大,且形状也由原来的扇形向现在的舌状发生转变。
D.海底地形地貌主要以晚三叠纪以来的构造运动基础为格架、在海平面升降、沉积物的补给、搬运和沉积作用及水动力共同作用下发育演化。近年来,人类高强度的开发活动对地貌的改造和演化起着相当重要的作用,塑造了全新的人工地貌类型。
The bay is a part of coast which stretches into mainland or islands, it locates in land-sea transition zone, has a great significance for human's development. This study data is derived from "China 908 marine environment survey and assessment" special project, including bathymetry data, shallow stratum profile and side scan sonar pictures, sediment data and so on. Combined with the natural environment, hydrodynamic characteristics and regional geology, a detailed description and analysis of topography and geomorphology of Xiamen Bay and adjacent regions were made. The landscape system of the study area was set up by the principles of landscape classification and landscape classification system. Brief analysis on geography and geomorphology process of the study area in recent 20 years and its influence factors on landscape development based on comparing and analyzing the different of the topographic feature between 1985 and 2009 ( the relief maps in 1985 is from china's coastal survey map) have been achieved. The conclusions were acquired as follow:
A. Xiamen Bay and its adjacent regions with many sub-island bays inside are affected by a strong tide action. The tidal range and tide current speed is obvious and thus its dynamic action is strong. The main topography of waterway showed many erosion grooves and submerge reef on its bottom. When the hydrodynamic force turns weak, lots of sediment carried by tide current would settle down, sometimes submarine ford are formed.
B. Submarine geomorphology in the study area has many tapes, including tidal flat, beach, modern estuary subaqueous delta, submarine slop, tidal sand ridge, tidal delta, continental shelf plain, artificial landscape, channel, submerge reef, waterway, estuarine sandbar, submarine ford, paleochannel and so on. A tidal sand ridge and submerge reef group was discovered at first time. The newly discovered submerge reef group and tidal sand ridges has a great significance for local geomorphology diversity.
C. By comparing physiognomic maps from 1985 and 2009, the process development of geomorphology could be analyzed. Tidal flat and beach in study area had been transformed by human being. Lots of tidal flat formerly locating on the side of Xiamen Island and in Tong'an bay disappeared, and the beach had grown in some extent. The modern estuary subaqueous delta and tide delta had grown greatly, with shape from fan-shape to tongue-shape.
D. The tectonic movement provided a basic framework for geography and geomorphology, however, the sea level changing, deposition and hydrodynamic changing affected the geomorphology forming later. Afterwards, human beings modified the landscape strongly forming some artificial landscapes.
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