从操纵理论看《黑奴吁天录》与《汤姆大伯的小屋》
摘要
传统的翻译理论偏重研究语言转换过程中意义的精确传达,认为翻译的首要标准是忠实于原文。而从上世纪七十年代起翻译研究开始出现文化转向。翻译被置于更为广泛的政治,社会,历史与文化语境之中,从而拓宽了翻译学的研究领域。影响翻译活动的外部因素得到关注。任何译者,在任何时代对任何文本的翻译都无法摆脱当时社会文化环境的影响。
AndréLefevere提出的操纵理论是翻译研究文化学派中的一种著名理论。AndréLefevere认为,在翻译过程中,翻译受到三种因素的操纵:意识形态、诗学观和赞助人。意识形态是一个重要的因素,它对主题的选择、翻译方法的运用、以及细节的处理都产生着巨大的影响。诗学作为一个社会文学标准的总和,对翻译中语言的运用起着至关重要的作用。而赞助人,则通过意识形态对翻译的出版和发行起到重要的作用。同为Uncle Tom's Cabin的中文译本,《黑奴吁天录》和《汤姆大伯的小屋》产生于不同的历史环境中,不仅译者所采取的翻译策略、翻译语言有着很大的差异,其产生的社会作用也不相同。本文以AndréLefevere的操纵理论为基础,对《黑奴吁天录》和《汤姆大伯的小屋》进行研究,通过分析译者对源文本的选择、译者翻译策略的取舍以及最后文本的发行情况,探究译入语文化中的意识形态、诗学以及赞助人在文学翻译过程中的制约和操纵作用。
本文采用描述翻译学研究方法,首先介绍了原文本Uncle Tom's Cabin、两个中译本《黑奴吁天录》和《汤姆大伯的小屋》以及国内外对这两个译本的研究情况。接着具体阐释Lefevere的操纵理论以及对翻译施加影响的三要素:意识形态、诗学和赞助人。然后对这两个中译本进行比较,通过分析具体实例研究林纾和黄继忠各自所处时代的意识形态,诗学以及赞助人对译本的形成有着什么样的作用。在意识形态部分,首先分析了林纾和黄继忠所处社会的主导意识形态,然后分析他们不同的翻译目的和翻译策略是否受到意识形态的影响。通过研究林纾和黄继忠对源文本中关于宗教、道德观念和政治因素的翻译,本文发现他们在译本翻译过程中采取了不同的翻译策略,而正是意识形态决定了他们的翻译目的和翻译策略。在诗学部分,通过对两个译者所处社会的诗学和具体的翻译实例进行分析,发现林纾和黄继忠在语言风格的选取,翻译情节和人物塑造以及译本的风格受到其所处社会主导诗学的影响,两个译者采用了不同的语言风格,对情节和人物进行了重新塑造来迎合读者。最后分析了两个译本中的赞助人因素,得出赞助人在促进或阻止文本发行方面有十分重要的作用。译本的命运实际上也受到赞助人的操控。
因此,通过《黑奴吁天录》和《汤姆大伯的小屋》进行对比和研究,很多从语言层面对比解决不了的问题找到了答案。翻译是一种有目的的对源文本的操纵。不同时期的译者在翻译同一作品时不可避免的受到其所处社会的意识形态、诗学和赞助人的影响。为了达到自己的翻译目的,使翻译文本能够顺利到达读者,译者必须采用其意识形态、诗学以及赞助人允许的策略来翻译源文本。这也就解释了同一作品为什么在不同的时期会有不同的译本出现。
Traditional translation theories lay particular stress on transferring the meaning precisely between two languages, holding that prime criteria of translation should be fidelity to the source text. With the cultural turn in translation studies from the 1970s, translation studies have been conducted under a broader context taking into account of such factors as politics, society, history and culture, which has broadened the field of translation studies. Translations at any time by any translator cannot escape from the influence of socio-cultural context of its time.
The manipulation theory brought forward by AndréLefevere is one of the most famous theories in translation studies. AndréLefevere believes that in translation process, there are three elements constraining translation: ideology, poetics and patronage. Among these elements, ideology plays an important role in the selection of translation materials, adoption of translation strategies and translators' treatment of details. As the collection of literary standards in a society, poetics decides the language used in the translation. Patronage, however, always plays a significant role in determining what to translate, and in the publication and spreading of translations through controlling the ideology of translations.
Heinu Yu Tian Lu (A Chronicle of the Black Slave's Appeals to Heaven) by Lin Shu and Tangmu Dabo de Xiaowu (Uncle Tom's Cabin or Life among the Lowly) by Huang Jizhong are two Chinese versions of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Translated at different times, these two translations show differences not only in language and strategy, but also in the influence they produced at their times. Based on the Manipulation Theory promoted by AndréLefevere, through the analysis of Heinu Yu Tian Lu and Tangmu Dabo de Xiaowu and the examination of Lin Shu's and Huang Jizhong's selection of the source text, their adoption of translation strategies and the publication of their translations, this dissertation is aimed to explore the role the ideology, poetics and patronages in the target culture plays in the process of literary translation.
This dissertation adopts a descriptive methodology of translation studies. It first introduces Uncle Tom's Cabin and the two Chinese versions in question as well as the existent research on these two versions. Then it explores Manipulation Theory promoted by AndréLefevere, particularly the three manipulating factors: ideology, poetics and patronage. Then it makes a comparison between the two Chinese versions. Through analyzing examples from the two versions, this dissertation tries to find what role the three factors play in the translation process.
In the part of ideology, after studying the dominant ideology in Lin Shu's and Huang Jizhong's time, the two translators' motivations and strategies adopted to deal with ideological issues such as religion, ethics and political issues are analyzed. The conclusion is that the dominant ideology in their society decides their different translation motivations and strategies.
Then, it comes to poetics. After discussing the dominant poetics in the two translators' society, the two translated texts are compared in terms of language, plot and characterization and style. Affected by the dominant poetics in their society, Lin Shu and Huang Jizhong adopted different language styles in their translation and through different strategies, creating two different images of the source text for their readers.
Finally, the role of patronage in the translation process is analyzed. Patronage plays an important role in promoting or delaying the publication of translations and controls the fate of the translated text.
Through the case study of Heinu Yutian Lu and Tangmu Dabo de Xiaowu, questions that cannot be resolved by linguistic analysis find their answers. Translation is a kind of manipulation to the source text for certain purpose. Translators in different times are affected by ideology, poetics and patronage in their society. To achieve their translation purpose, translators must employ strategies that are allowed by ideology, poetics and patronage. This also explains why there are retranslations and why retranslations are necessary.
AndréLefevere提出的操纵理论是翻译研究文化学派中的一种著名理论。AndréLefevere认为,在翻译过程中,翻译受到三种因素的操纵:意识形态、诗学观和赞助人。意识形态是一个重要的因素,它对主题的选择、翻译方法的运用、以及细节的处理都产生着巨大的影响。诗学作为一个社会文学标准的总和,对翻译中语言的运用起着至关重要的作用。而赞助人,则通过意识形态对翻译的出版和发行起到重要的作用。同为Uncle Tom's Cabin的中文译本,《黑奴吁天录》和《汤姆大伯的小屋》产生于不同的历史环境中,不仅译者所采取的翻译策略、翻译语言有着很大的差异,其产生的社会作用也不相同。本文以AndréLefevere的操纵理论为基础,对《黑奴吁天录》和《汤姆大伯的小屋》进行研究,通过分析译者对源文本的选择、译者翻译策略的取舍以及最后文本的发行情况,探究译入语文化中的意识形态、诗学以及赞助人在文学翻译过程中的制约和操纵作用。
本文采用描述翻译学研究方法,首先介绍了原文本Uncle Tom's Cabin、两个中译本《黑奴吁天录》和《汤姆大伯的小屋》以及国内外对这两个译本的研究情况。接着具体阐释Lefevere的操纵理论以及对翻译施加影响的三要素:意识形态、诗学和赞助人。然后对这两个中译本进行比较,通过分析具体实例研究林纾和黄继忠各自所处时代的意识形态,诗学以及赞助人对译本的形成有着什么样的作用。在意识形态部分,首先分析了林纾和黄继忠所处社会的主导意识形态,然后分析他们不同的翻译目的和翻译策略是否受到意识形态的影响。通过研究林纾和黄继忠对源文本中关于宗教、道德观念和政治因素的翻译,本文发现他们在译本翻译过程中采取了不同的翻译策略,而正是意识形态决定了他们的翻译目的和翻译策略。在诗学部分,通过对两个译者所处社会的诗学和具体的翻译实例进行分析,发现林纾和黄继忠在语言风格的选取,翻译情节和人物塑造以及译本的风格受到其所处社会主导诗学的影响,两个译者采用了不同的语言风格,对情节和人物进行了重新塑造来迎合读者。最后分析了两个译本中的赞助人因素,得出赞助人在促进或阻止文本发行方面有十分重要的作用。译本的命运实际上也受到赞助人的操控。
因此,通过《黑奴吁天录》和《汤姆大伯的小屋》进行对比和研究,很多从语言层面对比解决不了的问题找到了答案。翻译是一种有目的的对源文本的操纵。不同时期的译者在翻译同一作品时不可避免的受到其所处社会的意识形态、诗学和赞助人的影响。为了达到自己的翻译目的,使翻译文本能够顺利到达读者,译者必须采用其意识形态、诗学以及赞助人允许的策略来翻译源文本。这也就解释了同一作品为什么在不同的时期会有不同的译本出现。
Traditional translation theories lay particular stress on transferring the meaning precisely between two languages, holding that prime criteria of translation should be fidelity to the source text. With the cultural turn in translation studies from the 1970s, translation studies have been conducted under a broader context taking into account of such factors as politics, society, history and culture, which has broadened the field of translation studies. Translations at any time by any translator cannot escape from the influence of socio-cultural context of its time.
The manipulation theory brought forward by AndréLefevere is one of the most famous theories in translation studies. AndréLefevere believes that in translation process, there are three elements constraining translation: ideology, poetics and patronage. Among these elements, ideology plays an important role in the selection of translation materials, adoption of translation strategies and translators' treatment of details. As the collection of literary standards in a society, poetics decides the language used in the translation. Patronage, however, always plays a significant role in determining what to translate, and in the publication and spreading of translations through controlling the ideology of translations.
Heinu Yu Tian Lu (A Chronicle of the Black Slave's Appeals to Heaven) by Lin Shu and Tangmu Dabo de Xiaowu (Uncle Tom's Cabin or Life among the Lowly) by Huang Jizhong are two Chinese versions of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Translated at different times, these two translations show differences not only in language and strategy, but also in the influence they produced at their times. Based on the Manipulation Theory promoted by AndréLefevere, through the analysis of Heinu Yu Tian Lu and Tangmu Dabo de Xiaowu and the examination of Lin Shu's and Huang Jizhong's selection of the source text, their adoption of translation strategies and the publication of their translations, this dissertation is aimed to explore the role the ideology, poetics and patronages in the target culture plays in the process of literary translation.
This dissertation adopts a descriptive methodology of translation studies. It first introduces Uncle Tom's Cabin and the two Chinese versions in question as well as the existent research on these two versions. Then it explores Manipulation Theory promoted by AndréLefevere, particularly the three manipulating factors: ideology, poetics and patronage. Then it makes a comparison between the two Chinese versions. Through analyzing examples from the two versions, this dissertation tries to find what role the three factors play in the translation process.
In the part of ideology, after studying the dominant ideology in Lin Shu's and Huang Jizhong's time, the two translators' motivations and strategies adopted to deal with ideological issues such as religion, ethics and political issues are analyzed. The conclusion is that the dominant ideology in their society decides their different translation motivations and strategies.
Then, it comes to poetics. After discussing the dominant poetics in the two translators' society, the two translated texts are compared in terms of language, plot and characterization and style. Affected by the dominant poetics in their society, Lin Shu and Huang Jizhong adopted different language styles in their translation and through different strategies, creating two different images of the source text for their readers.
Finally, the role of patronage in the translation process is analyzed. Patronage plays an important role in promoting or delaying the publication of translations and controls the fate of the translated text.
Through the case study of Heinu Yutian Lu and Tangmu Dabo de Xiaowu, questions that cannot be resolved by linguistic analysis find their answers. Translation is a kind of manipulation to the source text for certain purpose. Translators in different times are affected by ideology, poetics and patronage in their society. To achieve their translation purpose, translators must employ strategies that are allowed by ideology, poetics and patronage. This also explains why there are retranslations and why retranslations are necessary.
引文
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[2]Bassnett,S.& Lefevere,A.(2001).Constructing cultures.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language School Press.
[3]Bao,Y J.[鲍玉君],2003.从《黑奴吁天录》到《汤姆大伯的小屋》翻译、重译及其社会历史背景的描述性研究[What Makes the Differences:Uncle Tom's Cabin Revisited].广东外语外贸大学硕士学位论文.
[4]Cao,W X.[曹文轩],1998.中国八十年代文学现象研究.北京:北京大学出版社.
[5]Chen,F.K.[陈福康],1992.中国译学理论史稿.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
[6]Chen,P.[陈平],2005.从意识形态与文化看林纾译《黑奴吁天录》.北京语言大学硕士学位论文.
[7]Chen,P.Y.& Xia,X.H.[陈平原,夏晓虹],1989.二十世纪中国小说理论资料.北京:北京大学出版社.
[8]Chen,X.J.[陈熙绩],《歇洛克奇案》开场叙.选自陈平原,夏晓虹编,1989.二十世纪中国小说理论资料(第一卷).北京:北京大学出版社.
[9]Chen,Y[陈燕],2002,从《黑奴吁天录》看林纾翻译的文化改写[Cultural Adaptation in Lin Shu's Translation of Uncle Tom's Cabin].海南师范学院学报(1):136-140.
[10]Chen,Y.G.[陈玉刚],1989.中国翻译文学史稿.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司.
[11]Eagleton,T.(1991).Ideology:An introduction.London:Verso.
[12]Even-Zohar,I.(1990).The position of translated literature within the literary polysystem.Polysystem Studies,Poetic Today(11):12.
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