从《黑奴吁天录》到《汤姆大伯的小屋》翻译、重译及其社会历史背景的描述性研究
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摘要
本文采用描述性翻译研究派的理论为框架，主要通过对Uncle Tom's cabin不同时期两个中文译本及其各自社会历史文化背景的考察，分析了译者小说翻译决策和其所处社会历史背景下各种翻译及非翻译因素之间的关系。
本文一方面通过重新描绘各个译本产生的时代背景，梳理可能影响小说翻译的各种规范性条件，另一方面透过各个译文文本，总结译者采用的翻译策略，回答了为什么清末译者选择了该作品进行翻译，为什么当时的译者在倡导白话文之际采用文言文译出，为何在第一个版本出现后80余年才出现其他版本，为什么不同时代的译者对原著作了不同的处理等问题。
通过对问题的解释，说明了一定社会历史背景下的意识形态及各种规范性条件不可避免地介入翻译过程，影响到翻译选目，译者翻译策略的选择以及对译者本身的选择，进而导致译文呈现出不同的面目。
Based on the theories from the Manipulation school and adopting the descriptive and systemic approach to the study of translation, the thesis aims at exploring the correlations between translators' decision-making in fiction translation and the social-cultural contexts in which translations are produced.
To give a substantial representation of my analysis, case studies will be done on two Chinese translations of Uncle Tom's Cabin. I will specify the time-bound nominative conditions relating to literary translation through reconstructing the contexts where the two translations are produced and identify actual strategies adopted by the translators by examining the translated texts. Instead of dealing with local, linguistic issues in the translations and thus making judgement as one version is better than the other, the major concern of this study is to provide certain explanations to such questions as why this novel was chosen (not) to be (re)translated and why it was first translated in this way and later in another.
Based on the evidence found, I will then argue that the act of translating is usually constrained by certain socio-cultural forces and prevailing norms in the overall environment and translators tend to produce rewritings, echoing the requirements of the current ideology and other historical nominative conditions.
本文一方面通过重新描绘各个译本产生的时代背景，梳理可能影响小说翻译的各种规范性条件，另一方面透过各个译文文本，总结译者采用的翻译策略，回答了为什么清末译者选择了该作品进行翻译，为什么当时的译者在倡导白话文之际采用文言文译出，为何在第一个版本出现后80余年才出现其他版本，为什么不同时代的译者对原著作了不同的处理等问题。
通过对问题的解释，说明了一定社会历史背景下的意识形态及各种规范性条件不可避免地介入翻译过程，影响到翻译选目，译者翻译策略的选择以及对译者本身的选择，进而导致译文呈现出不同的面目。
Based on the theories from the Manipulation school and adopting the descriptive and systemic approach to the study of translation, the thesis aims at exploring the correlations between translators' decision-making in fiction translation and the social-cultural contexts in which translations are produced.
To give a substantial representation of my analysis, case studies will be done on two Chinese translations of Uncle Tom's Cabin. I will specify the time-bound nominative conditions relating to literary translation through reconstructing the contexts where the two translations are produced and identify actual strategies adopted by the translators by examining the translated texts. Instead of dealing with local, linguistic issues in the translations and thus making judgement as one version is better than the other, the major concern of this study is to provide certain explanations to such questions as why this novel was chosen (not) to be (re)translated and why it was first translated in this way and later in another.
Based on the evidence found, I will then argue that the act of translating is usually constrained by certain socio-cultural forces and prevailing norms in the overall environment and translators tend to produce rewritings, echoing the requirements of the current ideology and other historical nominative conditions.
引文
Brooks, Cleanth, etc. 1973. American Literature: The Makers and The Making.New York: Martin's Press
Cheung, Martha P.Y. 1998. "The Discourse of Occidentalism? Wei Yi and Lin Shu's Treatment of Religious Material in Their Translation of Uncle Tom's Cabin". Pollard. ed. 1998.
Duke, Michael, 1985. Blooming and Contending: Chinese Literatures in the Post-Mao Era. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Even-Zohar, Itamar & Toury, Gideon. 1981. "Introduction". In Translation Theory and Intercultural Relations". Even-Zohar, Itamar & Toury, Gideon eds. [A special issue of Poetics Today], Ⅱ, 4: v-xi. (available at http://www.tau.ac.il/tarbut).
Even-Zohar, Itamar. 1990. "Polysystem Theory". A special issue of Poetics Today 11:1, (Available: http://www.tau.ac.il/～itamarez)
Even-Zohar, Itamar. 1990a. "The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem". Poetics Today 11:1, 45-51
Even-Zohar, Itamar. 1990b. "Laws of Literary Interference'. Poetics Today 11:1,53-72
Even-Zohar, Itamar. 1997. "Polysystem Theory" (Revised version). Available: http://www.tau.ac.il/～itamarez/papers/ps-th-r.htm
Fan, Shouyi. 1999a. "Highlights of Translation Studies in China Since the Mid-Nineteenth Century". Meta, XLIV, 1, 1999
Fan, Shouyi. 1999b. "Translation of English Fiction and Drama in Modern China: Social Context, Literary Trends, and Impact". Meta, XLIV, 1, 1999
Hawthorn, Jeremy. 2000. A Glossary of Contemporary Literary Theory. London: Arnold
Hermans, Theo. 1997. "Translation as Institution". Snell-Hornby, Mary, Zuzana Jettmarov(?) & Klaus Kaindl, eds. 1997. Translation as Intercultural Communication: Selected Papers from the EST Congress-.Prague 1995.Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1997
Hermans, Theo. 1999. Translation in System. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing
Hung, Eva. 1995. "Sherlock Holmes in Early Twentieth Century China (1896-1916)- Popular Fiction as an Educational Tool". Beyland-Ozeroff, A., J.Kralova & B. Moser-Mercer. eds. Translators' Strategies and Creativity.Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V. 1995
Hung, Eva. 1998. "Giving Texts a Context: Chinese Translations of Classical English Detective Stories 1896-1916". Pollard. ed. 1998
Ke, Ping. 1999. "Cultural Presuppositions and Misreadings". Meta, XLIV, 1,1999
Kujam(?)ki, Pekka. 2001. Finnish comet in German skies: Translation, retranslation and norms. Target 13:1 (2001) 45-70
Lefevere, Andr(?). 1992. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London/New York: Routledge
Link, Perry. 1985. Fiction and the Reading Public in Guangzhou and Other Chinese Cities, 1979-1980. Kinkley Jeffrey C. ed. After Mao: Chinese Literature and Society 1978-1981. Cambridge & London: The Harvard University Press. 1985
Lu, Hsun. 1930. "Hard Translation and Class Character of Literature". Selected Works of Lu Hsun, Yang & Yang. trs. English Edition, Volume 3 Beijing: Foreign Language Press.1959,1980
Pollard, David E. ed. 1998. Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China: 1840-1918. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins B. V.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher. 1967. Uncle Tom's Cabin. New York: Airmont Publishing Company, INC.
Tammoto, Teruo. 1998. "A Statistical Survey of Translated Fiction 1840-1920".Pollard. ed. 1998
Toury, Gideon. "A Handful of Paragraphs on 'Translation' and 'Norms'". Sch(?)fner, Christina. ed. Translation and Norms. Clevedon, Philadelphia,Toronto, Sydney, Johannesburg: Multilingual Matters Ltd. 1999
Toury, Gideon. 1980. In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv: Porter Institute.
Toury, Gideon. 1985. "A Rationale for Descriptive Translation Studies". Hermans,Theo. ed. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation.London-Sydney: Croom Helm.1985
Toury, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond.Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V.
Tsau, Shu-Ying. 1980. "The Rise of 'New Fiction'". Dolezelova-Velingerova,Mary. The Chinese Novel at the Turn of the Century. Toronto: Toronto University Press.1980
Wang, Kefei & Fan Shouyi. 1999. "Translation in China: A Motivating Force".Meta, XLIV, 1, 1999
Wang, Yougui. 2002. Ideology and Translation of American Literature in China: 1864-1979. to be published in a collection of essays by Peking University Press
Weissbrod, Rachel. "Translation research in the framework of the Tel Aviv School of poetics and semiotics". Meta, XLⅢ, 1, 1998
Wilss, Wolfram. 1996. Knowledge and Skills in Translator Behavior. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins B. V.
Wong, Dongfeng & Shen Dan. "Factors Influencing the Process of Translating".
Meta, XLIV, 1, 1999
Xia, Xiaohong. 1998. "Ms Picha and Mrs Stowe". Pollard. ed. 1998 Chinese:
陈白尘，董健1990中国现代戏剧史稿 中国戏剧出版社
陈福康 2000《中国译学理论史稿》上海外语教育出版社
陈平原 1989 《二十世纪中国小说史稿》 第一卷 北京大学出版社
陈平原 1997 《陈平原中国小说史论集》中册，河北人民出版社
陈平原，夏晓虹(编)《二十世纪中国小说理论资料》第一卷 北京大学出版社1989
陈玉刚 1989 《中国翻译文学史稿》北京中国对外翻译出版公司
陈子展1929，2000 《中国近代文学之变迁》上海古籍出版社
郭延礼1998 《中国近代翻译文学概论》武汉湖北教育出版社
黄继忠(译)，斯托夫人(著)1982《汤姆大伯的小屋或贱民生涯》上海译文出版社
孔慧怡，杨承淑(编)2000 《亚洲翻译传统与现代动向》北京大学出版社
梁启超1902a 《十五小豪杰》译后语 罗新璋(编)1984翻译论集 商务出版社
梁启超1902b 《论小说与群治的关系》陈平原，夏晓虹(编)，1989
梁启超1898 《译印政治小说序》 陈平原，夏晓虹(编)，1989
林纾1900 《译林》叙 罗新璋(编)1985
林纾(译)，斯土活(著)1901，1981《黑奴吁天录》商务印书馆
鲁迅 1933 《小彼得》译序 罗新璋(编)翻译论集 商务出版社1984
马良春，张大明1995《中国现代文学思潮史》北京十月文艺出版社
马祖毅1984 《中国翻译简史：“五四”以前部分》北京对外翻译出版公司
茅盾(沈雁冰)1954为繁荣文学翻译提高翻译质量而奋斗——第一次文学翻译全国代表大会报告，罗新璋(编)翻译论集 商务出版社1984
欧阳予倩1962 《黑奴恨》中国戏剧出版社
蒲隆(译) 1998 汤姆叔叔的小屋，斯托夫人集 三联书店
钱锺书1964 《林纾的翻译》罗新璋(编)翻译论集 商务出版社1984
施蜇存(主编)1990 《中国近代文学大系》第十一集，翻译文学集，上海书店
王德威1995 被压抑的现代性—晚清小说的重新评价，王晓明(编)1998
王宏志 1995 民元前鲁迅的翻译活动——兼论晚清的意译风尚，王晓明(编)1997
王宏志 1999《重释“信达雅”—二十世纪中国翻译研究》东方出版中心
王宏志 一本《晚清翻译史》的构思，中国比较文学 2001：2，98
王克非1997 《翻译文化史论》上海外语教育出版社
王晓明(编)1997 《二十世纪中国文学史论》第一卷，东方出版中心
王晓明(编)1998 《批评空间的开创》东方出版中心
王晓元1999 意识形态与文学翻译的互动关系，中国翻译 1999：2，10
王晓元2002 文学翻译中的删改，翻译季刊，第16／17期
薛卓1981 林纾前期译书思想管窥——读“林译小说”序跋札记 薛绥之，张俊才，1985 林纾研究资料 福建人民出版社
严复，夏曾佑1897 《本馆附印说部缘起》陈平原，夏晓虹(编)，1989
张培均(译) 1982 黑奴吁天录 漓江出版社
郑振铎1924 《林琴南先生》罗新璋(编)翻译论集 商务出版社1984
Cheung, Martha P.Y. 1998. "The Discourse of Occidentalism? Wei Yi and Lin Shu's Treatment of Religious Material in Their Translation of Uncle Tom's Cabin". Pollard. ed. 1998.
Duke, Michael, 1985. Blooming and Contending: Chinese Literatures in the Post-Mao Era. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Even-Zohar, Itamar & Toury, Gideon. 1981. "Introduction". In Translation Theory and Intercultural Relations". Even-Zohar, Itamar & Toury, Gideon eds. [A special issue of Poetics Today], Ⅱ, 4: v-xi. (available at http://www.tau.ac.il/tarbut).
Even-Zohar, Itamar. 1990. "Polysystem Theory". A special issue of Poetics Today 11:1, (Available: http://www.tau.ac.il/～itamarez)
Even-Zohar, Itamar. 1990a. "The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem". Poetics Today 11:1, 45-51
Even-Zohar, Itamar. 1990b. "Laws of Literary Interference'. Poetics Today 11:1,53-72
Even-Zohar, Itamar. 1997. "Polysystem Theory" (Revised version). Available: http://www.tau.ac.il/～itamarez/papers/ps-th-r.htm
Fan, Shouyi. 1999a. "Highlights of Translation Studies in China Since the Mid-Nineteenth Century". Meta, XLIV, 1, 1999
Fan, Shouyi. 1999b. "Translation of English Fiction and Drama in Modern China: Social Context, Literary Trends, and Impact". Meta, XLIV, 1, 1999
Hawthorn, Jeremy. 2000. A Glossary of Contemporary Literary Theory. London: Arnold
Hermans, Theo. 1997. "Translation as Institution". Snell-Hornby, Mary, Zuzana Jettmarov(?) & Klaus Kaindl, eds. 1997. Translation as Intercultural Communication: Selected Papers from the EST Congress-.Prague 1995.Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1997
Hermans, Theo. 1999. Translation in System. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing
Hung, Eva. 1995. "Sherlock Holmes in Early Twentieth Century China (1896-1916)- Popular Fiction as an Educational Tool". Beyland-Ozeroff, A., J.Kralova & B. Moser-Mercer. eds. Translators' Strategies and Creativity.Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V. 1995
Hung, Eva. 1998. "Giving Texts a Context: Chinese Translations of Classical English Detective Stories 1896-1916". Pollard. ed. 1998
Ke, Ping. 1999. "Cultural Presuppositions and Misreadings". Meta, XLIV, 1,1999
Kujam(?)ki, Pekka. 2001. Finnish comet in German skies: Translation, retranslation and norms. Target 13:1 (2001) 45-70
Lefevere, Andr(?). 1992. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London/New York: Routledge
Link, Perry. 1985. Fiction and the Reading Public in Guangzhou and Other Chinese Cities, 1979-1980. Kinkley Jeffrey C. ed. After Mao: Chinese Literature and Society 1978-1981. Cambridge & London: The Harvard University Press. 1985
Lu, Hsun. 1930. "Hard Translation and Class Character of Literature". Selected Works of Lu Hsun, Yang & Yang. trs. English Edition, Volume 3 Beijing: Foreign Language Press.1959,1980
Pollard, David E. ed. 1998. Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China: 1840-1918. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins B. V.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher. 1967. Uncle Tom's Cabin. New York: Airmont Publishing Company, INC.
Tammoto, Teruo. 1998. "A Statistical Survey of Translated Fiction 1840-1920".Pollard. ed. 1998
Toury, Gideon. "A Handful of Paragraphs on 'Translation' and 'Norms'". Sch(?)fner, Christina. ed. Translation and Norms. Clevedon, Philadelphia,Toronto, Sydney, Johannesburg: Multilingual Matters Ltd. 1999
Toury, Gideon. 1980. In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv: Porter Institute.
Toury, Gideon. 1985. "A Rationale for Descriptive Translation Studies". Hermans,Theo. ed. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation.London-Sydney: Croom Helm.1985
Toury, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond.Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V.
Tsau, Shu-Ying. 1980. "The Rise of 'New Fiction'". Dolezelova-Velingerova,Mary. The Chinese Novel at the Turn of the Century. Toronto: Toronto University Press.1980
Wang, Kefei & Fan Shouyi. 1999. "Translation in China: A Motivating Force".Meta, XLIV, 1, 1999
Wang, Yougui. 2002. Ideology and Translation of American Literature in China: 1864-1979. to be published in a collection of essays by Peking University Press
Weissbrod, Rachel. "Translation research in the framework of the Tel Aviv School of poetics and semiotics". Meta, XLⅢ, 1, 1998
Wilss, Wolfram. 1996. Knowledge and Skills in Translator Behavior. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins B. V.
Wong, Dongfeng & Shen Dan. "Factors Influencing the Process of Translating".
Meta, XLIV, 1, 1999
Xia, Xiaohong. 1998. "Ms Picha and Mrs Stowe". Pollard. ed. 1998 Chinese:
陈白尘，董健1990中国现代戏剧史稿 中国戏剧出版社
陈福康 2000《中国译学理论史稿》上海外语教育出版社
陈平原 1989 《二十世纪中国小说史稿》 第一卷 北京大学出版社
陈平原 1997 《陈平原中国小说史论集》中册，河北人民出版社
陈平原，夏晓虹(编)《二十世纪中国小说理论资料》第一卷 北京大学出版社1989
陈玉刚 1989 《中国翻译文学史稿》北京中国对外翻译出版公司
陈子展1929，2000 《中国近代文学之变迁》上海古籍出版社
郭延礼1998 《中国近代翻译文学概论》武汉湖北教育出版社
黄继忠(译)，斯托夫人(著)1982《汤姆大伯的小屋或贱民生涯》上海译文出版社
孔慧怡，杨承淑(编)2000 《亚洲翻译传统与现代动向》北京大学出版社
梁启超1902a 《十五小豪杰》译后语 罗新璋(编)1984翻译论集 商务出版社
梁启超1902b 《论小说与群治的关系》陈平原，夏晓虹(编)，1989
梁启超1898 《译印政治小说序》 陈平原，夏晓虹(编)，1989
林纾1900 《译林》叙 罗新璋(编)1985
林纾(译)，斯土活(著)1901，1981《黑奴吁天录》商务印书馆
鲁迅 1933 《小彼得》译序 罗新璋(编)翻译论集 商务出版社1984
马良春，张大明1995《中国现代文学思潮史》北京十月文艺出版社
马祖毅1984 《中国翻译简史：“五四”以前部分》北京对外翻译出版公司
茅盾(沈雁冰)1954为繁荣文学翻译提高翻译质量而奋斗——第一次文学翻译全国代表大会报告，罗新璋(编)翻译论集 商务出版社1984
欧阳予倩1962 《黑奴恨》中国戏剧出版社
蒲隆(译) 1998 汤姆叔叔的小屋，斯托夫人集 三联书店
钱锺书1964 《林纾的翻译》罗新璋(编)翻译论集 商务出版社1984
施蜇存(主编)1990 《中国近代文学大系》第十一集，翻译文学集，上海书店
王德威1995 被压抑的现代性—晚清小说的重新评价，王晓明(编)1998
王宏志 1995 民元前鲁迅的翻译活动——兼论晚清的意译风尚，王晓明(编)1997
王宏志 1999《重释“信达雅”—二十世纪中国翻译研究》东方出版中心
王宏志 一本《晚清翻译史》的构思，中国比较文学 2001：2，98
王克非1997 《翻译文化史论》上海外语教育出版社
王晓明(编)1997 《二十世纪中国文学史论》第一卷，东方出版中心
王晓明(编)1998 《批评空间的开创》东方出版中心
王晓元1999 意识形态与文学翻译的互动关系，中国翻译 1999：2，10
王晓元2002 文学翻译中的删改，翻译季刊，第16／17期
薛卓1981 林纾前期译书思想管窥——读“林译小说”序跋札记 薛绥之，张俊才，1985 林纾研究资料 福建人民出版社
严复，夏曾佑1897 《本馆附印说部缘起》陈平原，夏晓虹(编)，1989
张培均(译) 1982 黑奴吁天录 漓江出版社
郑振铎1924 《林琴南先生》罗新璋(编)翻译论集 商务出版社1984