从目的论的角度看《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的两种中译本
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摘要
在翻译研究的发展过程中,传统翻译研究将翻译仅看作两种语言之间的文字转换,其研究的侧重点往往在于原作与译作之间的文本对比,而遵循的判断标准多是“忠实”和“对等”。传统的翻译理论把原文看作译文的“绝对标准”,认为译者应该摆脱主观干扰,客观再现原文,使译文忠实于原文。这种传统译论的积极作用在于从理论上强调了翻译的客观性,然而,毕竟翻译不是在真空中进行的,翻译的过程受到各种因素的影响,所以不能仅用“对等”来作为翻译评判的标准。
在当前的翻译研究中,翻译研究不再局限于传统的对等理论,而是将其他诸多文本外因素也纳入研究范围。由德国功能派翻译理论发展而来的目的论指出,翻译是有明确目的的跨文化交际活动,翻译的目的决定翻译策略,翻译的过程受到各种因素的综合制约。它突破了对等理论的限制,强调在翻译中协调原文意图、译者和译文读者之间的关系,为翻译提供了一种动态多元的视角。
本文以目的论为基础,对《汤姆叔叔的小屋》不同历史时期的两种中译本进行比较研究,指出在翻译过程中译者基于不同的翻译目的采取了不同的翻译策略,使译文呈现不同的翻译风格,取得不同的翻译效果。从总体而言,两个译本都实现了译文的目的,满足了读者不同的期待,因此都能够被当时代的读者所接受。通过对比,文章旨在提出:对于一篇翻译作品的评价如果只基于源文本和目的文本之间单纯的语言文字上的对比,实际上是不全面的,翻译批评和评价还应该关注译者、译语读者和翻译的历史文化背景等因素对译本形成的影响,从而给出更为全面、合理的评价。
In the history of translation studies, traditional translation studies regard translation merely as a linguistic transmission between languages and give the top priority to“faithfulness”and“equivalence”. They hold that the translator should cast off the interference of subjectivity and reproduce the source text objectively and faithfully. Traditional translation studies have focused on the comparison between the source text and the target text, taking“faithfulness”as the highest criterion. The positive aspect of traditional theories lies in that they attach importance to the objectivity of translation. However, as translation does not take place in a vacuum, translators are inevitably influenced by various factors during the course of translation. So it’s unwise to narrowly use“equivalence”to assess the quality of translation.
The present study of translation is no longer constrained by traditional equivalence-oriented translation theories. It takes more extra-textual factors into consideration. Skopos theory (Skopostheorie), developed from German Functionalist Approaches, holds that translation is a purposeful intercultural action; the reproduction of any translation is conditioned by many factors, and the skopos of the overall translation action determines the translation strategies. As a break with the equivalence-oriented linguistic translation theory, it places emphasis on the interaction of the intention of the original author and the translator and the target-text readers as well; it offers a dynamic and multi-dimensional perspective on translation studies.
Based on the Skopos theory, the thesis attempts to make a comparative study of the two Chinese versions of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in different phases of Chinese history and indicates that the translators adopt different translation strategies according to their different purposes and the two versions have different styles which lead to different effects. In general, the two versions are acceptable as they achieve the translation purpose and meet the expectation of readers at different times. Through the comparison, the author of the thesis concludes that the evaluation of translation based merely upon linguistic comparison between the original text and the target text is incomprehensive. Rather, influence of various factors such as translator, the target readers and the situation in the shaping of the translation should be given full consideration in the course of translation evaluation and judgment so as to make a more comprehensive and rational evaluation.
在当前的翻译研究中,翻译研究不再局限于传统的对等理论,而是将其他诸多文本外因素也纳入研究范围。由德国功能派翻译理论发展而来的目的论指出,翻译是有明确目的的跨文化交际活动,翻译的目的决定翻译策略,翻译的过程受到各种因素的综合制约。它突破了对等理论的限制,强调在翻译中协调原文意图、译者和译文读者之间的关系,为翻译提供了一种动态多元的视角。
本文以目的论为基础,对《汤姆叔叔的小屋》不同历史时期的两种中译本进行比较研究,指出在翻译过程中译者基于不同的翻译目的采取了不同的翻译策略,使译文呈现不同的翻译风格,取得不同的翻译效果。从总体而言,两个译本都实现了译文的目的,满足了读者不同的期待,因此都能够被当时代的读者所接受。通过对比,文章旨在提出:对于一篇翻译作品的评价如果只基于源文本和目的文本之间单纯的语言文字上的对比,实际上是不全面的,翻译批评和评价还应该关注译者、译语读者和翻译的历史文化背景等因素对译本形成的影响,从而给出更为全面、合理的评价。
In the history of translation studies, traditional translation studies regard translation merely as a linguistic transmission between languages and give the top priority to“faithfulness”and“equivalence”. They hold that the translator should cast off the interference of subjectivity and reproduce the source text objectively and faithfully. Traditional translation studies have focused on the comparison between the source text and the target text, taking“faithfulness”as the highest criterion. The positive aspect of traditional theories lies in that they attach importance to the objectivity of translation. However, as translation does not take place in a vacuum, translators are inevitably influenced by various factors during the course of translation. So it’s unwise to narrowly use“equivalence”to assess the quality of translation.
The present study of translation is no longer constrained by traditional equivalence-oriented translation theories. It takes more extra-textual factors into consideration. Skopos theory (Skopostheorie), developed from German Functionalist Approaches, holds that translation is a purposeful intercultural action; the reproduction of any translation is conditioned by many factors, and the skopos of the overall translation action determines the translation strategies. As a break with the equivalence-oriented linguistic translation theory, it places emphasis on the interaction of the intention of the original author and the translator and the target-text readers as well; it offers a dynamic and multi-dimensional perspective on translation studies.
Based on the Skopos theory, the thesis attempts to make a comparative study of the two Chinese versions of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in different phases of Chinese history and indicates that the translators adopt different translation strategies according to their different purposes and the two versions have different styles which lead to different effects. In general, the two versions are acceptable as they achieve the translation purpose and meet the expectation of readers at different times. Through the comparison, the author of the thesis concludes that the evaluation of translation based merely upon linguistic comparison between the original text and the target text is incomprehensive. Rather, influence of various factors such as translator, the target readers and the situation in the shaping of the translation should be given full consideration in the course of translation evaluation and judgment so as to make a more comprehensive and rational evaluation.
引文
Baker, Mona. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Bassnett, Susan, and Andre Lefevere. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
- - -. Translation Studies. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: an Essay in Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation, Rewriting, and Manipulation of Literary Fame. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
- - -. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
Nida, Eugene A. The Theory and Practice of Translation. London: E. J. Brill, 1969.
- - -. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism: The Potentials & Limitations. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Shuttleworth, Mark, and Moria Cowie. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom’s Cabin. New York: Airmont Publishing Company, Inc., 1967.
Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Vermeer, Hans J. “Skopos and Commission in Translational Action”. Trans. Andrew Chesterman. The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. London and New York: Routledge, 1989. 221-32.
阿英. 晚清小说史. 北京:人民文学出版社, 1980.
鲍玉君. 从《黑奴吁天录》到《汤姆大伯的小屋》翻译、重译及其社会历史背
景的描述性研究. [学位论文]. 广州: 广东外语外贸大学, 2003.
卞建华. 关于翻译目的论相关问题的讨论——与克里斯蒂安·诺德教授的四次网上交流. 中国翻译, 2006,(1):44-46.
陈福康. 中国译学理论史稿. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.
陈宏薇等. 新编汉英翻译教程. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2004.
陈燕. 从《黑奴吁天录》看林纾翻译的文化改写. 海南师范大学学报, 2002,(1):138.
程巍. 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和南北方问题. 外国文学, 2004, (1): 72-84.
范祥涛. 论翻译选择的目的性. 中国翻译, 2002,(6):25-28.
郭建中. 编著 当代美国翻译理论. 武汉: 湖北教育出版社, 2000.
郭延礼. 中国近代翻译文学概论. 武汉: 湖北教育出版社, 1998.
哈里特·比彻·斯托. 黑奴吁天录. 林纾 译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1900.
哈里特·比彻·斯托. 汤姆大伯的小屋. 黄继忠 译. 上海: 上海译文出版社, 1982.
姜治文,文军. 翻译批评论. 重庆: 重庆大学出版社, 1999.
克里斯蒂安·诺德. 译有所为——功能翻译理论阐释. 张美芳, 王克非 译. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2005.
孔茂庆. 林纾传. 北京:团结出版社, 1998.
廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索. 南京: 译林出版社, 2000.
林佩璇. 林纾翻译研究新探. 福建师范大学学报, 2003, (2): 98.
刘宓庆. 当代翻译理论. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司, 1999.
刘重德. 文学翻译十讲. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991.
罗新璋. 翻译论集. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1984,5.
茅盾. 直译 顺译 歪译. 孙艺风 译. 中国翻译, 2001,(2):69-73.
马祖毅. 中国翻译简史. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司, 1998.
潘艳红. 目的论研究在中国. 哈尔滨学院学报, 2005,(3):129-32.
钱钟书, 郑振铎, 阿英等. 林纾的翻译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1981.
谭载喜. 翻译学. 武汉: 湖北教育出版社, 2000.
文军, 高晓鹰. 功能翻译理论在文学翻译批评中的应用. 外语与外语教学, 2003,(11):48-52.
巫宁坤. 黄继忠:一位被遗忘的文学翻家. 南方网教育频道.吕剑 编辑. 2007 (http://www.southcn.com/edu/newbook/dushu/200509150938.htm).
吴文安. 功能翻译理论与文学翻译. 广州大学学报, 2003,(6):46-50.
杨晓荣. 翻译批评导论. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005.
杨英明. 论功能翻译理论. 中国翻译, 2001, (6): 39-42.
邹振环. 影响中国近代社会的 100 种译作. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1996.
张俊才. 林纾评传. 天津: 南开大学出版社, 1992.
张锦兰. 目的论与翻译方法. 中国科技翻译, 2004, (1): 35-37.
张美芳. 翻译研究的功能途径. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2005.
张南峰. 中西译学批评. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2004.
张佩瑶. 从话语的角度重读魏易和林纾合译的《黑奴吁天录》. 中国 翻译, 2003, (2): 15-20.
周晓莉. 论林纾的翻译事业对新文化运动的贡献. 青岛大学师范学 院学报, 1999, (3): 16-18.
仲伟合,钟钰. 德国的功能派翻译理论. 中国翻译, 1999, (3): 47-49.
Bassnett, Susan, and Andre Lefevere. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
- - -. Translation Studies. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: an Essay in Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation, Rewriting, and Manipulation of Literary Fame. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
- - -. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
Nida, Eugene A. The Theory and Practice of Translation. London: E. J. Brill, 1969.
- - -. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism: The Potentials & Limitations. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Shuttleworth, Mark, and Moria Cowie. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom’s Cabin. New York: Airmont Publishing Company, Inc., 1967.
Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Vermeer, Hans J. “Skopos and Commission in Translational Action”. Trans. Andrew Chesterman. The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. London and New York: Routledge, 1989. 221-32.
阿英. 晚清小说史. 北京:人民文学出版社, 1980.
鲍玉君. 从《黑奴吁天录》到《汤姆大伯的小屋》翻译、重译及其社会历史背
景的描述性研究. [学位论文]. 广州: 广东外语外贸大学, 2003.
卞建华. 关于翻译目的论相关问题的讨论——与克里斯蒂安·诺德教授的四次网上交流. 中国翻译, 2006,(1):44-46.
陈福康. 中国译学理论史稿. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.
陈宏薇等. 新编汉英翻译教程. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2004.
陈燕. 从《黑奴吁天录》看林纾翻译的文化改写. 海南师范大学学报, 2002,(1):138.
程巍. 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和南北方问题. 外国文学, 2004, (1): 72-84.
范祥涛. 论翻译选择的目的性. 中国翻译, 2002,(6):25-28.
郭建中. 编著 当代美国翻译理论. 武汉: 湖北教育出版社, 2000.
郭延礼. 中国近代翻译文学概论. 武汉: 湖北教育出版社, 1998.
哈里特·比彻·斯托. 黑奴吁天录. 林纾 译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1900.
哈里特·比彻·斯托. 汤姆大伯的小屋. 黄继忠 译. 上海: 上海译文出版社, 1982.
姜治文,文军. 翻译批评论. 重庆: 重庆大学出版社, 1999.
克里斯蒂安·诺德. 译有所为——功能翻译理论阐释. 张美芳, 王克非 译. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2005.
孔茂庆. 林纾传. 北京:团结出版社, 1998.
廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索. 南京: 译林出版社, 2000.
林佩璇. 林纾翻译研究新探. 福建师范大学学报, 2003, (2): 98.
刘宓庆. 当代翻译理论. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司, 1999.
刘重德. 文学翻译十讲. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991.
罗新璋. 翻译论集. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1984,5.
茅盾. 直译 顺译 歪译. 孙艺风 译. 中国翻译, 2001,(2):69-73.
马祖毅. 中国翻译简史. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司, 1998.
潘艳红. 目的论研究在中国. 哈尔滨学院学报, 2005,(3):129-32.
钱钟书, 郑振铎, 阿英等. 林纾的翻译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1981.
谭载喜. 翻译学. 武汉: 湖北教育出版社, 2000.
文军, 高晓鹰. 功能翻译理论在文学翻译批评中的应用. 外语与外语教学, 2003,(11):48-52.
巫宁坤. 黄继忠:一位被遗忘的文学翻家. 南方网教育频道.吕剑 编辑. 2007 (http://www.southcn.com/edu/newbook/dushu/200509150938.htm).
吴文安. 功能翻译理论与文学翻译. 广州大学学报, 2003,(6):46-50.
杨晓荣. 翻译批评导论. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005.
杨英明. 论功能翻译理论. 中国翻译, 2001, (6): 39-42.
邹振环. 影响中国近代社会的 100 种译作. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1996.
张俊才. 林纾评传. 天津: 南开大学出版社, 1992.
张锦兰. 目的论与翻译方法. 中国科技翻译, 2004, (1): 35-37.
张美芳. 翻译研究的功能途径. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2005.
张南峰. 中西译学批评. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2004.
张佩瑶. 从话语的角度重读魏易和林纾合译的《黑奴吁天录》. 中国 翻译, 2003, (2): 15-20.
周晓莉. 论林纾的翻译事业对新文化运动的贡献. 青岛大学师范学 院学报, 1999, (3): 16-18.
仲伟合,钟钰. 德国的功能派翻译理论. 中国翻译, 1999, (3): 47-49.