从后殖民理论视角论林纾的翻译
|
摘要
20世纪80年代末期,后殖民理论被应用到翻译研究中去,形成了后殖民翻译理论。该理论超越了传统翻译研究中文本的局限,转而对影响翻译活动的社会,历史,政治等其他因素进行研究。后殖民翻译理论关注翻译中强势文化和弱势文化之间的权利差异,从弱小民族和弱势文化的角度来探讨文化交流中的翻译问题。林纾作为我国近代半殖民地半封建社会时期的一名翻译家,所从事的大量翻译活动正是在中西文化交流不平等时期进行的,因此本文试图从后殖民理论视角来研究林纾的翻译,以期能为林纾的翻译研究提供新的思路。
本文通过个案研究和对比分析的方法,对林纾的《黑奴吁天录》和黄继忠的《汤姆大伯的小屋》进行了对比研究,旨在找出同一部作品在不同历史时期的译本中存在哪些差异,进而找出林纾翻译所独有的特点,并尝试在后殖民语境下对林纾的这些翻译特征进行分析,阐明其产生并存在的合理性。通过对比分析,作者发现林纾的翻译特点大体上可总结为以下两点:一是林纾的翻译中存在大量删减,增补和改译的情况;二是林纾的翻译采用归化为主的翻译策略,对原文中大量出现的西方思想和文化行了处理,使其融入到传统的中国语言文化框架之内。
论文主体核心部分对以上所列林纾翻译的特点进行了后殖民语境下的分析,并得出以下结论:首先,林纾所处的社会、历史和文化背景是后殖民视角下影响林纾翻译的重要因素之一;其次,后殖民语境下林纾的政治态度关系到他对译文文本的选择,也影响着他对翻译策略的选取;最后,根据后殖民翻译理论,林纾把翻译视为一种抵抗外来思想文化入侵的手段,并因此采取了归化为主的翻译策略以达到翻译的解殖民化作用。论文继而对林纾的这种独特翻译方法在当时的历史时期所起的作用进行了论述,指出他的翻译不仅给当时的中国文学带来了启示,更加从政治层面对整个国民的思想乃至中国政府产生了巨大的影响。文章最后进行全面总结并指出了未来研究中值得进一步探讨的问题。
概之,本文旨在将林纾的翻译活动置回于当时具体的社会、历史、文化语境中去,从后殖民主义理论视角来探析影响其翻译活动的外部因素,以期丰富林纾翻译研究的视角。
At the end of 1980s, postcolonial theory was applied to the research of translation practice and thus brought out postcolonial translation theory. This theory started to probe translation practice beyond the text with a focus on other factors such as social, historical and political context that had affected translation. Postcolonial translation theory pays attention to the power differentials between the dominant and dominated culture, and approaches the cultural communication issue from the point of those weak countries and weak cultures. Lin Shu, as a translator in Late Qing Dynasty of modern China, did a lot of translation practice under the unequal cultural communication between China and the West. As a result, this paper attempts to make a research on Lin Shu’s translation from the perspective of postcolonial theory, aiming at providing new ideas for Lin Shu’s translation.
The research is made through case study as well as comparative analysis. After comparing Lin Shu’s Hei Nu Yu Tian Lu with Huang Jizhong’s Tang Mu Da Bo De Xiao Wu, the author has found some differences between the two versions of the same original text that were translated in different historical periods, and then generalized Lin Shu’s unique translation features. Postcolonial translation theory is used in order to analyze these features as well as to explain their reasonability. Based on the comparison, Lin Shu’s translation features can be concluded as the following two aspects: firstly there exist a lot of omissions, additions and alterations; secondly the dominated strategy adopted by Lin Shu in his translation is domestication, which had integrated western cultures into the structure of Chinese language and culture.
In the body part of the paper, the above mentioned features of Lin Shu’s translation are discussed under the postcolonial context, with the major findings listed as follows: first and foremost, the social, historical and cultural background concerned with Lin Shu is one of the essential factors that affected his translation; secondly, Lin Shu’s political attitude in the postcolonial context had something to do with his selection of translated texts and furthermore influenced his translation strategy; last but not the least, according to postcolonial translation theory, Lin Shu regarded translation as a tool of resisting foreign cultural invasion and thus adopted the domestication strategy for the purpose of decolonization. Following closely, the paper points out the functions of such kind of translation produced by Lin Shu in that special period of time, it had not only brought about enlightenment to Chinese literary, but more importantly it had exerted great influences on Chinese readers even on the Chinese government form the political point of view. The last part gives conclusion to what have been discussed in the paper, and points out the unsettled problems as well as the desired further explorations into this research.
Briefly speaking, this paper is intended to position Lin Shu’s translation into its specific social, historical and cultural context and make a research on it from the perspective of postcolonial theory, thus to enrich the angles for Lin Shu’s translation.
本文通过个案研究和对比分析的方法,对林纾的《黑奴吁天录》和黄继忠的《汤姆大伯的小屋》进行了对比研究,旨在找出同一部作品在不同历史时期的译本中存在哪些差异,进而找出林纾翻译所独有的特点,并尝试在后殖民语境下对林纾的这些翻译特征进行分析,阐明其产生并存在的合理性。通过对比分析,作者发现林纾的翻译特点大体上可总结为以下两点:一是林纾的翻译中存在大量删减,增补和改译的情况;二是林纾的翻译采用归化为主的翻译策略,对原文中大量出现的西方思想和文化行了处理,使其融入到传统的中国语言文化框架之内。
论文主体核心部分对以上所列林纾翻译的特点进行了后殖民语境下的分析,并得出以下结论:首先,林纾所处的社会、历史和文化背景是后殖民视角下影响林纾翻译的重要因素之一;其次,后殖民语境下林纾的政治态度关系到他对译文文本的选择,也影响着他对翻译策略的选取;最后,根据后殖民翻译理论,林纾把翻译视为一种抵抗外来思想文化入侵的手段,并因此采取了归化为主的翻译策略以达到翻译的解殖民化作用。论文继而对林纾的这种独特翻译方法在当时的历史时期所起的作用进行了论述,指出他的翻译不仅给当时的中国文学带来了启示,更加从政治层面对整个国民的思想乃至中国政府产生了巨大的影响。文章最后进行全面总结并指出了未来研究中值得进一步探讨的问题。
概之,本文旨在将林纾的翻译活动置回于当时具体的社会、历史、文化语境中去,从后殖民主义理论视角来探析影响其翻译活动的外部因素,以期丰富林纾翻译研究的视角。
At the end of 1980s, postcolonial theory was applied to the research of translation practice and thus brought out postcolonial translation theory. This theory started to probe translation practice beyond the text with a focus on other factors such as social, historical and political context that had affected translation. Postcolonial translation theory pays attention to the power differentials between the dominant and dominated culture, and approaches the cultural communication issue from the point of those weak countries and weak cultures. Lin Shu, as a translator in Late Qing Dynasty of modern China, did a lot of translation practice under the unequal cultural communication between China and the West. As a result, this paper attempts to make a research on Lin Shu’s translation from the perspective of postcolonial theory, aiming at providing new ideas for Lin Shu’s translation.
The research is made through case study as well as comparative analysis. After comparing Lin Shu’s Hei Nu Yu Tian Lu with Huang Jizhong’s Tang Mu Da Bo De Xiao Wu, the author has found some differences between the two versions of the same original text that were translated in different historical periods, and then generalized Lin Shu’s unique translation features. Postcolonial translation theory is used in order to analyze these features as well as to explain their reasonability. Based on the comparison, Lin Shu’s translation features can be concluded as the following two aspects: firstly there exist a lot of omissions, additions and alterations; secondly the dominated strategy adopted by Lin Shu in his translation is domestication, which had integrated western cultures into the structure of Chinese language and culture.
In the body part of the paper, the above mentioned features of Lin Shu’s translation are discussed under the postcolonial context, with the major findings listed as follows: first and foremost, the social, historical and cultural background concerned with Lin Shu is one of the essential factors that affected his translation; secondly, Lin Shu’s political attitude in the postcolonial context had something to do with his selection of translated texts and furthermore influenced his translation strategy; last but not the least, according to postcolonial translation theory, Lin Shu regarded translation as a tool of resisting foreign cultural invasion and thus adopted the domestication strategy for the purpose of decolonization. Following closely, the paper points out the functions of such kind of translation produced by Lin Shu in that special period of time, it had not only brought about enlightenment to Chinese literary, but more importantly it had exerted great influences on Chinese readers even on the Chinese government form the political point of view. The last part gives conclusion to what have been discussed in the paper, and points out the unsettled problems as well as the desired further explorations into this research.
Briefly speaking, this paper is intended to position Lin Shu’s translation into its specific social, historical and cultural context and make a research on it from the perspective of postcolonial theory, thus to enrich the angles for Lin Shu’s translation.
引文
[1] Ashcroft, Bill&Ahluwalia, Pal. Edward Said. London&New York: Routledge, 2001.1
[2] A Ying. Novel History of Late Qing Dynasty [M]. Bei Jing: Writers' Publishing House, 1955. (阿英. 1955.晚清小说史[M].北京:作家出版社.)
[3] Bao, Yujun. What makes the difference: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Revisited [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, 2003. (鲍玉君.从《黑奴吁天录》到《汤姆大伯的小屋》翻译、重译及其社会历史背景的描述性研究[D].广州:广东外语外贸大学, 2003.)
[4] Bart Moore-Gilbert. Postcolonial Theory: context, practice and politics [M]. Nan Jing: Nan Jing University Press, 2001. (巴特·穆尔-吉尔伯特著,陈仲丹译,2001,后殖民理论:语境、实践、政治[M].南京:南京大学出版社.)
[5] Bart Moore-Gilbert. Postcolonial Criticism [M]. Bei Jing: Peking University Press, 2001. (巴特·穆尔-吉尔伯特著,杨乃乔等译,2001,后殖民批评[M].北京:北京大学出版社.)
[6] Bassnett, Susan&Trivedi, Harish (ed.). Postcolonial Translation Theory and Practice. London&New York: Routledge, 1999.
[7] Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London&New York: Routledge, 1994. 114.
[8] Boltner, J. The Political Novel. Westport: Greewood Press, 1955. 10.
[9] Chen, Dehong, Zhang, Nanfeng. Selected Western Translation Theories [M]. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2000. (陈德鸿,张南峰. 2000.西方翻译理论精选[M].香港:香港城市大学出版社.)
[10] Chen, Fukang. A History of Translation Theory in China [M]. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press, 2000. (陈福康. 2000.中国译学理论史稿[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.)
[11] Chen, Pingyuan, Xia Xiaohong. Theoretical Data of Chinese 20th Century Novels, Volume I [M]. Bei Jing: Peking University Press, 1989. (陈平原,夏晓虹. 1989.二十世纪中国小说理论资料(第一卷)[M].北京:北京大学出版.)
[12] Chen, Yan. Cultural Adaptation in Lin Shu’s Translation of Uncle Tom’s Cabin [J]. Journal of Hainan Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 2000, (1): 136-140. (陈燕. 2002.从《黑奴吁天录》看林纾翻译的文化改写[J].海南师范学院学报(人文社会科学版), (1):136-140.)
[13] Chen, Yugang. Draft History of Chinese Translated Literature [M]. Bei Jing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 1989. (陈玉刚. 1989.中国翻译文学史稿[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司.)
[14] Chen, Yongguo. Translation and Post-Modernity [M]. Bei Jing: China Renmin University Press, 2005. (陈永国. 2005.翻译与后现代性[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.)
[15] Cheung, Martha P.Y.“The Discourse of Occidentalism? Wei YI and Lin Shu’s Treatment of Religious Material in Their Translation of Uncle Tom’s Cabin”. Pollard. Ed. 1998.
[16] Cheyfitz, Eric. The Poetics of Imperialism: Translation and Colonization from the Tempest to Tarzan. New York&Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
[17] Compton, Robert. W. A Study of Lin Shu’s Translations: 1825-1924, PhD thesis, Stanford University, 1971.
[18] Ge, Xiaoqin. Domestication/Foreignization in the Postcolonial Context [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2002, (5): 32-35. (葛校琴.当前归化/异化策略讨论的后殖民视阈[J].中国翻译, 2002(5):32-35.)
[19] Guo, Yanli. The Modern Translated Literature of China: An Introduction [M]. WuHan: Hubei Education Press, 2005. (郭延礼. 2005.中国近代翻译文学概论[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社.)
[20] Han, Ziman. Hybridity and Literary Translation [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2002, (2): 54-58. (韩子满.文学翻译与杂合[J].中国翻译, 2002 (2): 54-58.)
[21] He, Chunyan. Lin Shu’s Translation: A Perspective of the Manipulation Theory [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Hunan Normal University, 2007. (何春燕.从操纵论的角度看林纾的翻译[D].湖南:湖南师范大学, 2007.)
[22] Huang, Jizhong. Uncle Tom’s Cabin [M]. Shang Hai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1982. (黄继忠. 1982.汤姆大伯的小屋[M].上海:上海译文出版社.)
[23] Hu Ying. The Translator Transfigured: Lin Shu and the Cultural Logic of Writing in the Late Qing, Positions, 1995, 3: 71.
[24] Kong, Li. Lin Shu and His Translations [M]. Bei Jing: Chinese Publishing House, 1981. (孔立. 1981.林纾和林译小说[M].北京:中华书局.)
[25] Kong, Qingmao. Biography of Lin Shu [M]. Bei Jing: Tuanjie Press, 1998. (孔庆茂. 1998.林纾转[M].北京:团结出版社.)
[26] Lee, L. O. The Romantic Generation of Modern Chinese Writers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, 44.
[27] Lefevere, Andre. Translation,Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Frame. London/New York: Routledge, 1992. 110.
[28] Li, Heqing et al. Methodology of Western Translation Studies: after the 1970s [M]. Bei Jing: Peking University Press, 2005. (李和庆等. 2005.西方翻译研究方法论:70年代以后[M].北京:北京大学出版社.)
[29] Liang, Zhifang, Liu, Junping. Postcolonial Translation Studies and its Chinese Context [J]. Foreign Language and Translation, 2004, (1).(梁志芳,刘军平.“后殖民翻译研究及其中国语境”[J].外语与翻译,2004(1).)
[30] Lin, Shu, Wei, Yi. Uncle Tom’s Cabin [M]. Bei Jing: Commercial Press, 1981. (林纾,魏易. 1981.黑奴吁天录[M].北京:商务印书馆.)
[31] Lin, Wei. Summary of Lin Shu’s Search: Over Hundred Years [M]. Tian Jin: Tian Jin Education Press, 1990. (林薇. 1990.百年沉浮:林纾研究综述[M].天津:天津教育出版社.)
[32] Liu, Lu. On the Traces of Rewriting in Lin Shu’s Hei Nu Yu Tian Lu: A Cultural Perspective [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Guizhou University, 2007. (刘鹭.林纾译本《黑奴吁天录》改写痕迹的文化透视[D].贵州:贵州大学, 2007.)
[33] Liu, Qin. A Descriptive Study: A Comparison between Two Chinese Versions of Uncle Tom’s Cabin [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Huazhong Normal University, 2006. (刘琴.从描述性翻译研究视角比较Uncle Tom’s Cabin的两个中译本[D].武汉:华中师范大学,2006.)
[34] Luo, Xinzhang. Essays on Translation [M]. Bei Jing: Commercial Press, 1984. (罗新璋. 1984.翻译论集[M].北京:商务印书馆.)
[35] Lu, Yan. Norms and Translation: A Descriptive Study of Lin Shu’s Translations [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, East China Normal University, 2005. (陆艳.规范与翻译:林纾翻译的描述研究[D].上海:华东师范大学, 2005.)
[36] Ma, Zuyi. A Brief History of Chinese Translation: Before the May Fourth Movement [M]. Bei Jing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 1984. (马祖毅. 1984.中国翻译简史:“五四”以前部分[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版社.)
[37] Ma, Zuyi. A Brief History of Chinese Translation: Second Edition [M]. Shang Hai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1998. (马祖毅. 1998.中国翻译简史(增订本)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.)
[38] Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
[39] Niranjana, Tejaswini. Sitting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992.
[40] Pan, Wenguo. Contemporary Translation Studies in the West: Translation Studies as an Independent Academic Discipline [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2002, (3): 18-22. (潘文国.当代西方的翻译学研究—兼谈“翻译学”的学科性问题[J].中国翻译, 2002(3): 18-22.)
[41] Pan, Xuequan, Liu Wenjun. Post-Colonial Turn in Translation Studies: Analysis on the Main Ideas of Postcolonial Translation Studies Representatives Abroad [J]. Foreign Language Forum, 2004, (3). (潘学权,刘文军.“翻译研究的后殖民转向——国外后殖民翻译研究代表人物主要思想评述”[J].外语论坛,2004(3).)
[42] Pettersson, Bo. 2001. http://www.uqtr.uquebec.ca/AE/vol_4/notesbio.htm. The Postcolonial Turn in Literary Translation Studies: Theoretical fameworks Reviewed.
[43] Phillipson, Robert. 2000. Linguistic Imperialism. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[44] Qian Zhongshu. Lin Shu’s Translation [M]. Bei Jing: Commercial Press, 1981. (钱钟书. 1981.林纾的翻译[M].北京:商务印书馆.)
[45] Robinson, Douglas. Translation and Empire: Postcolonial Theories Explained. Manchester, UK: St Jerome, 1997.
[46] Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York; Random House, 1978.
[47] Said, Edward W. Figures, Configurations, Transfigurations. Race & Class 32: 1990. pp. 1-16
[48] Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Alfred A. Clopf, 1993.
[49] Schwartz, B. In Search of Wealth and Power: Yan Fu and the West. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964, 100.
[50] Sherry Simon, Paul St-Pierre. Changing the Terms: Translating in the PostcolonialEra. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2007.
[51] Shi Qingbo. A Reevaluation of Lin Shu’s Translation from A Historical-cultural Perspective: A Case Study of Hei Nu Yu Tian Lu [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Shanghai International Studies University, 2005. (施清波.从历史文化角度重评林纾的翻译——《黑奴吁天录》个案分析[D].上海:上海外国语大学, 2005.)
[52] Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[53] Spivak, G. C. In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics. New York&London: Routledge, 1988. 24.
[54] Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom’s Cabin. A Bantam Book. 1981.
[55] Sun, Huijun. Universal and Difference: Translation Studies from the Perspective of Postcolonial Criticism [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 2005. (孙会军. 2005.普遍与差异:后殖民批评视域下的翻译研究[M].上海:上海译文出版社.)
[56] Tymoczko, Maria. Translation in a Postcolonial Context: Early Irish Literature in English Translation. Manchester, UK: St. Jerome Publishing, 1999. 65.
[57] Tymocako, Maria and Gentzler, Edwin. Translation and Power. Amherst and Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.
[58] Venuti, Lawrence. Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.1.
[59] Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. 20.
[60] Venuti, Lawrence. The Translation Studies Reader. London: Routledge. 2000.
[61] Waley, Arthur. Arthur waley on Lin Shu. Reanditions. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University, 1975.
[62] Wang, Dongfeng. Postcolonial Perspective of Translation Studies [J]. ChineseTranslators Journal, 2003, (4). (王东风.“翻译研究的后殖民视角”[J].中国翻译, 2003 (4).)
[63] Wang, Hongyin. Classics Interpretation of Chinese Traditional Translation Theory: From Dao An to Fu Lei [M]. Wu Han: Hu Bei Education Press, 2003. (王宏印. 2003.中国传统译论经典诠释——从道安到傅雷[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社.)
[64] Wang, Kefei. A Cultural History of Translation [M]. Shang Hai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1997. (王克非. 1997.翻译文化史论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.)
[65] Wen, Yue’e. On Lin Shu and Wei Yi’s Transaltion of Uncle Tom’s Cabin: A Perspective of Skopos Theory [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Hunan Normal University, 2006. (文月娥.从目的论看林纾与魏易合译的《黑奴吁天录》[D].湖南:湖南师范大学, 2006.)
[66] Xie Tianzhen. Medio-Translatology [M]. Shang Hai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1999. (谢天振. 1999.译介学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.)
[67] Xue, Suizhi, Zhang, Juncai. Material for the Study of Lin Shu [M]. Fu Jian: Fu Jian People’s Press, 1983. (薛绥之,张俊才. 1983.林纾研究资料[M].福建:福建人民出版社.)
[68] Yang, Yingcan. On Lin Shu’s Translation from a New Perspective: Probing into the Interaction between the Translator and Society [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Sichuan University, 2005. (杨蓥璨.新角度看林纾翻译——兼论译者与社会的互动[D].四川:四川大学, 2005.)
[69] Yang, Xiaohong. A Study on Ideological and Poetological Manipulation of Domestication in Lin Shu’s Translation [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Northwest Normal University, 2005. (杨晓红.意识形态和诗学对林纾翻译中归化策略的操控研究[D].兰州:西北师范大学, 2005.)
[70] Yang, Hua. Functionalist Approaches to Translation Criticism: Lin Shu’s Rendition of Uncle Tom’s Cabin as a Case in Point [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Suzhou University, 2004. (杨婳.试由功能翻译理论角度看翻译批评——兼评林纾《黑奴吁天录》[D].苏州:苏州大学, 2004.)
[71] Zhang, Boran, Xu, Jun. Translation Studies Oriented to 21th Century [M]. Bei Jing: Commercial Press, 2002. (张柏然,许钧. 2002.面向二十一世纪的译学研究[M].北京:商务印书馆.)
[72] Zhang, Juncai. Critical Biography of Lin Shu with Writing and Translating Works [M]. Tian Jin: Nankai University Press, 1992. (张俊才. 1992.林纾评传(附著译目录)[M].天津:南开大学出版社.)
[73] Zhang, Lijun. The Interaction Between Lin Shu’s Literary Translation Activities and China’s Socio-Cultural Context [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Huazhong Normal University, 2003. (张丽君.林纾的文学翻译活动与中国社会文化语境的互动[D].武汉:华中师范大学, 2003.)
[74] Zheng, Zhengduo. Mr. Lin Qinnan [N]. Novel Monthly, 1924. (郑振铎.林琴南先生[N].小说月报.1924.)
[75] Zhou, Wenjing. A Tentative Study on Postcolonial Transaltion Studies [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Sichuan University, 2007. (周文静.后殖民翻译研究述评[D].成都:四川大学. 2007.)
[76] Zhu, Yu. Lin Shu’s Translation and the Era [J]. A Collection of Modern Chinese Literature Studies, 2008, (5). (朱瑜. 2008.林纾的翻译和时代[J].中国现代文学研究丛刊, (5).)
[2] A Ying. Novel History of Late Qing Dynasty [M]. Bei Jing: Writers' Publishing House, 1955. (阿英. 1955.晚清小说史[M].北京:作家出版社.)
[3] Bao, Yujun. What makes the difference: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Revisited [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, 2003. (鲍玉君.从《黑奴吁天录》到《汤姆大伯的小屋》翻译、重译及其社会历史背景的描述性研究[D].广州:广东外语外贸大学, 2003.)
[4] Bart Moore-Gilbert. Postcolonial Theory: context, practice and politics [M]. Nan Jing: Nan Jing University Press, 2001. (巴特·穆尔-吉尔伯特著,陈仲丹译,2001,后殖民理论:语境、实践、政治[M].南京:南京大学出版社.)
[5] Bart Moore-Gilbert. Postcolonial Criticism [M]. Bei Jing: Peking University Press, 2001. (巴特·穆尔-吉尔伯特著,杨乃乔等译,2001,后殖民批评[M].北京:北京大学出版社.)
[6] Bassnett, Susan&Trivedi, Harish (ed.). Postcolonial Translation Theory and Practice. London&New York: Routledge, 1999.
[7] Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London&New York: Routledge, 1994. 114.
[8] Boltner, J. The Political Novel. Westport: Greewood Press, 1955. 10.
[9] Chen, Dehong, Zhang, Nanfeng. Selected Western Translation Theories [M]. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2000. (陈德鸿,张南峰. 2000.西方翻译理论精选[M].香港:香港城市大学出版社.)
[10] Chen, Fukang. A History of Translation Theory in China [M]. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press, 2000. (陈福康. 2000.中国译学理论史稿[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.)
[11] Chen, Pingyuan, Xia Xiaohong. Theoretical Data of Chinese 20th Century Novels, Volume I [M]. Bei Jing: Peking University Press, 1989. (陈平原,夏晓虹. 1989.二十世纪中国小说理论资料(第一卷)[M].北京:北京大学出版.)
[12] Chen, Yan. Cultural Adaptation in Lin Shu’s Translation of Uncle Tom’s Cabin [J]. Journal of Hainan Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 2000, (1): 136-140. (陈燕. 2002.从《黑奴吁天录》看林纾翻译的文化改写[J].海南师范学院学报(人文社会科学版), (1):136-140.)
[13] Chen, Yugang. Draft History of Chinese Translated Literature [M]. Bei Jing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 1989. (陈玉刚. 1989.中国翻译文学史稿[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司.)
[14] Chen, Yongguo. Translation and Post-Modernity [M]. Bei Jing: China Renmin University Press, 2005. (陈永国. 2005.翻译与后现代性[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.)
[15] Cheung, Martha P.Y.“The Discourse of Occidentalism? Wei YI and Lin Shu’s Treatment of Religious Material in Their Translation of Uncle Tom’s Cabin”. Pollard. Ed. 1998.
[16] Cheyfitz, Eric. The Poetics of Imperialism: Translation and Colonization from the Tempest to Tarzan. New York&Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
[17] Compton, Robert. W. A Study of Lin Shu’s Translations: 1825-1924, PhD thesis, Stanford University, 1971.
[18] Ge, Xiaoqin. Domestication/Foreignization in the Postcolonial Context [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2002, (5): 32-35. (葛校琴.当前归化/异化策略讨论的后殖民视阈[J].中国翻译, 2002(5):32-35.)
[19] Guo, Yanli. The Modern Translated Literature of China: An Introduction [M]. WuHan: Hubei Education Press, 2005. (郭延礼. 2005.中国近代翻译文学概论[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社.)
[20] Han, Ziman. Hybridity and Literary Translation [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2002, (2): 54-58. (韩子满.文学翻译与杂合[J].中国翻译, 2002 (2): 54-58.)
[21] He, Chunyan. Lin Shu’s Translation: A Perspective of the Manipulation Theory [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Hunan Normal University, 2007. (何春燕.从操纵论的角度看林纾的翻译[D].湖南:湖南师范大学, 2007.)
[22] Huang, Jizhong. Uncle Tom’s Cabin [M]. Shang Hai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1982. (黄继忠. 1982.汤姆大伯的小屋[M].上海:上海译文出版社.)
[23] Hu Ying. The Translator Transfigured: Lin Shu and the Cultural Logic of Writing in the Late Qing, Positions, 1995, 3: 71.
[24] Kong, Li. Lin Shu and His Translations [M]. Bei Jing: Chinese Publishing House, 1981. (孔立. 1981.林纾和林译小说[M].北京:中华书局.)
[25] Kong, Qingmao. Biography of Lin Shu [M]. Bei Jing: Tuanjie Press, 1998. (孔庆茂. 1998.林纾转[M].北京:团结出版社.)
[26] Lee, L. O. The Romantic Generation of Modern Chinese Writers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, 44.
[27] Lefevere, Andre. Translation,Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Frame. London/New York: Routledge, 1992. 110.
[28] Li, Heqing et al. Methodology of Western Translation Studies: after the 1970s [M]. Bei Jing: Peking University Press, 2005. (李和庆等. 2005.西方翻译研究方法论:70年代以后[M].北京:北京大学出版社.)
[29] Liang, Zhifang, Liu, Junping. Postcolonial Translation Studies and its Chinese Context [J]. Foreign Language and Translation, 2004, (1).(梁志芳,刘军平.“后殖民翻译研究及其中国语境”[J].外语与翻译,2004(1).)
[30] Lin, Shu, Wei, Yi. Uncle Tom’s Cabin [M]. Bei Jing: Commercial Press, 1981. (林纾,魏易. 1981.黑奴吁天录[M].北京:商务印书馆.)
[31] Lin, Wei. Summary of Lin Shu’s Search: Over Hundred Years [M]. Tian Jin: Tian Jin Education Press, 1990. (林薇. 1990.百年沉浮:林纾研究综述[M].天津:天津教育出版社.)
[32] Liu, Lu. On the Traces of Rewriting in Lin Shu’s Hei Nu Yu Tian Lu: A Cultural Perspective [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Guizhou University, 2007. (刘鹭.林纾译本《黑奴吁天录》改写痕迹的文化透视[D].贵州:贵州大学, 2007.)
[33] Liu, Qin. A Descriptive Study: A Comparison between Two Chinese Versions of Uncle Tom’s Cabin [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Huazhong Normal University, 2006. (刘琴.从描述性翻译研究视角比较Uncle Tom’s Cabin的两个中译本[D].武汉:华中师范大学,2006.)
[34] Luo, Xinzhang. Essays on Translation [M]. Bei Jing: Commercial Press, 1984. (罗新璋. 1984.翻译论集[M].北京:商务印书馆.)
[35] Lu, Yan. Norms and Translation: A Descriptive Study of Lin Shu’s Translations [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, East China Normal University, 2005. (陆艳.规范与翻译:林纾翻译的描述研究[D].上海:华东师范大学, 2005.)
[36] Ma, Zuyi. A Brief History of Chinese Translation: Before the May Fourth Movement [M]. Bei Jing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 1984. (马祖毅. 1984.中国翻译简史:“五四”以前部分[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版社.)
[37] Ma, Zuyi. A Brief History of Chinese Translation: Second Edition [M]. Shang Hai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1998. (马祖毅. 1998.中国翻译简史(增订本)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.)
[38] Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
[39] Niranjana, Tejaswini. Sitting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992.
[40] Pan, Wenguo. Contemporary Translation Studies in the West: Translation Studies as an Independent Academic Discipline [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2002, (3): 18-22. (潘文国.当代西方的翻译学研究—兼谈“翻译学”的学科性问题[J].中国翻译, 2002(3): 18-22.)
[41] Pan, Xuequan, Liu Wenjun. Post-Colonial Turn in Translation Studies: Analysis on the Main Ideas of Postcolonial Translation Studies Representatives Abroad [J]. Foreign Language Forum, 2004, (3). (潘学权,刘文军.“翻译研究的后殖民转向——国外后殖民翻译研究代表人物主要思想评述”[J].外语论坛,2004(3).)
[42] Pettersson, Bo. 2001. http://www.uqtr.uquebec.ca/AE/vol_4/notesbio.htm. The Postcolonial Turn in Literary Translation Studies: Theoretical fameworks Reviewed.
[43] Phillipson, Robert. 2000. Linguistic Imperialism. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[44] Qian Zhongshu. Lin Shu’s Translation [M]. Bei Jing: Commercial Press, 1981. (钱钟书. 1981.林纾的翻译[M].北京:商务印书馆.)
[45] Robinson, Douglas. Translation and Empire: Postcolonial Theories Explained. Manchester, UK: St Jerome, 1997.
[46] Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York; Random House, 1978.
[47] Said, Edward W. Figures, Configurations, Transfigurations. Race & Class 32: 1990. pp. 1-16
[48] Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Alfred A. Clopf, 1993.
[49] Schwartz, B. In Search of Wealth and Power: Yan Fu and the West. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964, 100.
[50] Sherry Simon, Paul St-Pierre. Changing the Terms: Translating in the PostcolonialEra. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2007.
[51] Shi Qingbo. A Reevaluation of Lin Shu’s Translation from A Historical-cultural Perspective: A Case Study of Hei Nu Yu Tian Lu [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Shanghai International Studies University, 2005. (施清波.从历史文化角度重评林纾的翻译——《黑奴吁天录》个案分析[D].上海:上海外国语大学, 2005.)
[52] Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[53] Spivak, G. C. In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics. New York&London: Routledge, 1988. 24.
[54] Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom’s Cabin. A Bantam Book. 1981.
[55] Sun, Huijun. Universal and Difference: Translation Studies from the Perspective of Postcolonial Criticism [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 2005. (孙会军. 2005.普遍与差异:后殖民批评视域下的翻译研究[M].上海:上海译文出版社.)
[56] Tymoczko, Maria. Translation in a Postcolonial Context: Early Irish Literature in English Translation. Manchester, UK: St. Jerome Publishing, 1999. 65.
[57] Tymocako, Maria and Gentzler, Edwin. Translation and Power. Amherst and Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.
[58] Venuti, Lawrence. Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.1.
[59] Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. 20.
[60] Venuti, Lawrence. The Translation Studies Reader. London: Routledge. 2000.
[61] Waley, Arthur. Arthur waley on Lin Shu. Reanditions. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University, 1975.
[62] Wang, Dongfeng. Postcolonial Perspective of Translation Studies [J]. ChineseTranslators Journal, 2003, (4). (王东风.“翻译研究的后殖民视角”[J].中国翻译, 2003 (4).)
[63] Wang, Hongyin. Classics Interpretation of Chinese Traditional Translation Theory: From Dao An to Fu Lei [M]. Wu Han: Hu Bei Education Press, 2003. (王宏印. 2003.中国传统译论经典诠释——从道安到傅雷[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社.)
[64] Wang, Kefei. A Cultural History of Translation [M]. Shang Hai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1997. (王克非. 1997.翻译文化史论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.)
[65] Wen, Yue’e. On Lin Shu and Wei Yi’s Transaltion of Uncle Tom’s Cabin: A Perspective of Skopos Theory [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Hunan Normal University, 2006. (文月娥.从目的论看林纾与魏易合译的《黑奴吁天录》[D].湖南:湖南师范大学, 2006.)
[66] Xie Tianzhen. Medio-Translatology [M]. Shang Hai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1999. (谢天振. 1999.译介学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.)
[67] Xue, Suizhi, Zhang, Juncai. Material for the Study of Lin Shu [M]. Fu Jian: Fu Jian People’s Press, 1983. (薛绥之,张俊才. 1983.林纾研究资料[M].福建:福建人民出版社.)
[68] Yang, Yingcan. On Lin Shu’s Translation from a New Perspective: Probing into the Interaction between the Translator and Society [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Sichuan University, 2005. (杨蓥璨.新角度看林纾翻译——兼论译者与社会的互动[D].四川:四川大学, 2005.)
[69] Yang, Xiaohong. A Study on Ideological and Poetological Manipulation of Domestication in Lin Shu’s Translation [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Northwest Normal University, 2005. (杨晓红.意识形态和诗学对林纾翻译中归化策略的操控研究[D].兰州:西北师范大学, 2005.)
[70] Yang, Hua. Functionalist Approaches to Translation Criticism: Lin Shu’s Rendition of Uncle Tom’s Cabin as a Case in Point [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Suzhou University, 2004. (杨婳.试由功能翻译理论角度看翻译批评——兼评林纾《黑奴吁天录》[D].苏州:苏州大学, 2004.)
[71] Zhang, Boran, Xu, Jun. Translation Studies Oriented to 21th Century [M]. Bei Jing: Commercial Press, 2002. (张柏然,许钧. 2002.面向二十一世纪的译学研究[M].北京:商务印书馆.)
[72] Zhang, Juncai. Critical Biography of Lin Shu with Writing and Translating Works [M]. Tian Jin: Nankai University Press, 1992. (张俊才. 1992.林纾评传(附著译目录)[M].天津:南开大学出版社.)
[73] Zhang, Lijun. The Interaction Between Lin Shu’s Literary Translation Activities and China’s Socio-Cultural Context [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Huazhong Normal University, 2003. (张丽君.林纾的文学翻译活动与中国社会文化语境的互动[D].武汉:华中师范大学, 2003.)
[74] Zheng, Zhengduo. Mr. Lin Qinnan [N]. Novel Monthly, 1924. (郑振铎.林琴南先生[N].小说月报.1924.)
[75] Zhou, Wenjing. A Tentative Study on Postcolonial Transaltion Studies [D]. Unpublished MA thesis, Sichuan University, 2007. (周文静.后殖民翻译研究述评[D].成都:四川大学. 2007.)
[76] Zhu, Yu. Lin Shu’s Translation and the Era [J]. A Collection of Modern Chinese Literature Studies, 2008, (5). (朱瑜. 2008.林纾的翻译和时代[J].中国现代文学研究丛刊, (5).)