从目的论看林纾与魏易合译的《黑奴吁天录》
摘要
林纾的翻译在翻译界一直颇有争议,有褒有贬,但普遍认为林译是“不忠实”的。他与魏易合译的《黑奴吁天录》也不例外。《黑奴吁天录》是《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(Uncle Tom's Cabin)的第一个中文译本,译作中充满了漏译、删节甚至改写。然而就是这样一部在传统翻译理论中被认为是“不忠实”的译作却在当时中国受到读者的热烈欢迎,并产生了巨大的社会反响,这是传统翻译理论无法解释的。然而Hans J.Vermeer的目的论却为解释这一现象提供了一个新的视角。
文章首先介绍了本文的理论基础:翻译目的论。目的论认为翻译是一种有目的的人类行为,它主要包含三个法则:目的法则、连贯法则和忠实法则。在这三大法则中,最重要的是目的法则,即翻译目的决定整个翻译过程,亦即译本的预期目的决定翻译的方法和策略。文章接着介绍了林纾、魏易及其合译的《黑奴吁天录》,再从目的论视角对原文和译文进行了分析。文章重点从目的论的三法则角度对原文与译本进行了系统的比较研究,发现林纾和魏易鉴于晚清时期的民族危机,想通过把《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(Uncle Tom's Cabin)翻译为《黑奴吁天录》,来警醒国人,使人们认识到灭国亡种的危机,从而发愤图强,以求爱国保种。在这种翻译目的的指导下,林纾和魏易采用了增添、删节、改写等翻译方法以期达到预期的目的。最终《黑奴吁天录》受到了广泛接受,并产生了巨大社会反响,较好地实现了其预期目的。
最后是论文的总结:林纾和魏易的翻译方法是《黑奴吁天录》的的预期目的决定的。他们采用的增、删、改写等翻译方法达到了预期的目的,因此也是值得肯定的。
Lin Shu's translation has been a controversial problem in the translation circle. Among all the criticisms, it is commonly admitted that his translation is not faithful. Chronicle ( 《黑奴吁天录》 ) translated by Lin Shu and Wei Yi is of no exception. Being the first Chinese version of Uncle Tom's Cabin, it was full of additions, deletions and adaptations. This was labeled as "not being faithful" within the framework of traditional translation theories. However, it. was very popular with the Chinese readers and exerted great impact on the Chinese society at that time. The traditional translation theories cannot give a satisfactory explanation to this phenomenon, but Hans J. Vermeer's skopos theory offers a new-perspective to probe into it.The theoretical framework of this research is skopos theory, which considers translation as a purposeful activity. In skopos theory, there are three, very important rules, namely skopos rule, intratextual coherence and intertextual coherence and skopos rule is the top-ranking one. According to skopos theory, "the end justifies the means" (qtd. in Nord, 2001:29), that is, the intended communicative purpose determines the translation strategies the translator adopts. After a brief introduction to Lin Shu, Wei Yi and their joint translation of Uncle Tom's Cabin and a comparison of Uncle Tom's Cabin with Chronicle in light, of skopos theory, the thesis comes to the climax: the analysis of Chronicle in terms of the rules of skopos theory. Through the comparative study on Chronicle and Uncle Tom's Cabin, the thesis finds: in view of the national crisis of the late Qing period, Lin Shu and Wei Yi wanted to translate Uncle Tom's Cabin into Chinese to warn the Chinese people of the befalling danger and to protect the Chinese nation. Guided by this communicative skopos, Lin Shu and Wei Yi adopted various translation strategies such as addition, deletion and alteration to achieve the intended
skopos. Judged from the reception and the impact of Chronicle, it was really a great success. Finally comes the conclusion: Lin Shu and Wei Yi's strategies of the translation of Chronicle were actually manipulated by the intended skopos. Since they have attained the skopos, they are justified.
文章首先介绍了本文的理论基础:翻译目的论。目的论认为翻译是一种有目的的人类行为,它主要包含三个法则:目的法则、连贯法则和忠实法则。在这三大法则中,最重要的是目的法则,即翻译目的决定整个翻译过程,亦即译本的预期目的决定翻译的方法和策略。文章接着介绍了林纾、魏易及其合译的《黑奴吁天录》,再从目的论视角对原文和译文进行了分析。文章重点从目的论的三法则角度对原文与译本进行了系统的比较研究,发现林纾和魏易鉴于晚清时期的民族危机,想通过把《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(Uncle Tom's Cabin)翻译为《黑奴吁天录》,来警醒国人,使人们认识到灭国亡种的危机,从而发愤图强,以求爱国保种。在这种翻译目的的指导下,林纾和魏易采用了增添、删节、改写等翻译方法以期达到预期的目的。最终《黑奴吁天录》受到了广泛接受,并产生了巨大社会反响,较好地实现了其预期目的。
最后是论文的总结:林纾和魏易的翻译方法是《黑奴吁天录》的的预期目的决定的。他们采用的增、删、改写等翻译方法达到了预期的目的,因此也是值得肯定的。
Lin Shu's translation has been a controversial problem in the translation circle. Among all the criticisms, it is commonly admitted that his translation is not faithful. Chronicle ( 《黑奴吁天录》 ) translated by Lin Shu and Wei Yi is of no exception. Being the first Chinese version of Uncle Tom's Cabin, it was full of additions, deletions and adaptations. This was labeled as "not being faithful" within the framework of traditional translation theories. However, it. was very popular with the Chinese readers and exerted great impact on the Chinese society at that time. The traditional translation theories cannot give a satisfactory explanation to this phenomenon, but Hans J. Vermeer's skopos theory offers a new-perspective to probe into it.The theoretical framework of this research is skopos theory, which considers translation as a purposeful activity. In skopos theory, there are three, very important rules, namely skopos rule, intratextual coherence and intertextual coherence and skopos rule is the top-ranking one. According to skopos theory, "the end justifies the means" (qtd. in Nord, 2001:29), that is, the intended communicative purpose determines the translation strategies the translator adopts. After a brief introduction to Lin Shu, Wei Yi and their joint translation of Uncle Tom's Cabin and a comparison of Uncle Tom's Cabin with Chronicle in light, of skopos theory, the thesis comes to the climax: the analysis of Chronicle in terms of the rules of skopos theory. Through the comparative study on Chronicle and Uncle Tom's Cabin, the thesis finds: in view of the national crisis of the late Qing period, Lin Shu and Wei Yi wanted to translate Uncle Tom's Cabin into Chinese to warn the Chinese people of the befalling danger and to protect the Chinese nation. Guided by this communicative skopos, Lin Shu and Wei Yi adopted various translation strategies such as addition, deletion and alteration to achieve the intended
skopos. Judged from the reception and the impact of Chronicle, it was really a great success. Finally comes the conclusion: Lin Shu and Wei Yi's strategies of the translation of Chronicle were actually manipulated by the intended skopos. Since they have attained the skopos, they are justified.
引文
Baker, Mona. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Chueng, Martha P.Y. 1998. "The Discourse of Occidentalism? Wei Yi and Lin Shu's Treatment of Religious Material in Their Translation of Uncle Tom's Cabin". Ed. David Pollard. Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840-1918.
Amsternam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,1998.127-49.
Fan, Shouyi. "Highlights of Translation Studies in China since the Mid-Nineteenth Century". Meta XLIV. 1 (1999): 27-43.
—. "Translation of English Fiction and Drama in Modern China: Social Context, Literary Trends, and Impact". Meta XLIV. 1 (1999):154-77.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Hermans, Theo. "Introduction: Translation Studies and a New Paradigm".The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation. Ed.Hermans. London and Sydney. Croom Helm, 1985. 7-15.
—. Translation in Systems: Descriptive and System-Oriented Approaches Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1999.
Holmes, James. "The Name and Nature of Translation Studies". 1972.
Trans. Holmes. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies. Amsterdom: Rodpi, 1988.
Kazin, Alfred. Introduction. Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe.Toronto/New York/London/Sydney: Bantam Books, 1981. vii-xv.
Kirkham, Edwin Bruce. The Building of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Knoxville:The University of Tennessee Press, 1977.
Lefevere, André. Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies, Theory and Application. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Bill, 1969.
Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Shuttleworth, Mark & Moira Cowie. Dictionary of Translation Studies Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Toronto/New York/London/Sydney: Bantam Books, 1981.
Vermeer, Hans J. "Skopos and Commission in Translational Action". Trans. Andrew Chesterman. The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.221-232.
陈福康.中国译学理论史稿.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
陈刚,胡维佳.功能翻译理论适合文学翻译吗?—兼析《红楼梦》咏蟹诗译文及语言学派批评.外语与外语教学2(2004):43—45.
陈平原.二十世纪中国小说史(第一卷).北京:北京大学出版社,1997.
陈燕.从《黑奴吁天录》看林纾翻译的文化改写.海南师范大学学报 1(2002):136-140.
范祥涛.论翻译选择的目的性.中国翻译6(2002):25-28.
郭冬女.从目的论看文化因素的翻译.河北理工学院学报(社会科学版)2(2003):114—116.
郭延礼.中国近代翻译文学概论.武汉:湖北教育出版社,1998.
胡庚申.翻译适应选择论.武汉:湖北教育出版社,2004.
黄继忠译.汤姆大伯的小屋.[美]斯托夫人著.上海:上海译文出版社,1982.
姜治文,文军.翻译批评论.重庆:重庆大学出版社,1999.
孔茂庆.林纾传.北京:团结出版社,1998.
李文革.西方翻译理论流派研究.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004.
廖七一.当代西方翻译理论探索.南京:译林出版社,2000.
林纾译.黑奴吁天录.[美]斯托夫人著.北京:商务印书馆,1900.
罗新璋.翻译论集.北京:商务印书馆;1984.
茅盾(著),孙艺风(译).直译·顺译·歪译.中国翻译2(2001):69-73.
潘艳红.目的论研究在中国.哈尔滨学院学报 3(2005):129—132.
鲍玉君.从《黑奴吁天录》到《汤姆大伯的小屋》翻译、重译及其社会历史背景的描述性研究.广州:广东外语外贸大学,2003.
钱钟书.林纾的翻译.北京:商务印书馆,1981.
苏桂宁.林译小说与林纾的文化选择.文学评论 5(2000):60—67.
杨英明.论功能翻译理论.中国翻译 6(2001):39—42.
邹振环.影响中国近代社会的100种译作.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1996.
张锦兰.目的论与翻译方法.中国科技翻译 1(2004):35—37.
张俊才.林纾评传.天津:南开大学出版社,1992.
张南峰.中西译学批评.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
张佩瑶.从话语的角度重读魏易和林纾合译的《黑奴吁天录》.中国翻译.2(2003):15-20.
周晓莉.论林纾的翻译事业对新文化运动的贡献.青岛大学师范学院学报 3(1999):16-18.
仲伟合,钟钰.德国的功能派翻译理论.中国翻译 3(1999):47-49.
祝朝伟.林纾与庞德翻译思想比较研究.解放军外国语学院学报 3(2002):78-82.
Chueng, Martha P.Y. 1998. "The Discourse of Occidentalism? Wei Yi and Lin Shu's Treatment of Religious Material in Their Translation of Uncle Tom's Cabin". Ed. David Pollard. Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840-1918.
Amsternam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,1998.127-49.
Fan, Shouyi. "Highlights of Translation Studies in China since the Mid-Nineteenth Century". Meta XLIV. 1 (1999): 27-43.
—. "Translation of English Fiction and Drama in Modern China: Social Context, Literary Trends, and Impact". Meta XLIV. 1 (1999):154-77.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Hermans, Theo. "Introduction: Translation Studies and a New Paradigm".The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation. Ed.Hermans. London and Sydney. Croom Helm, 1985. 7-15.
—. Translation in Systems: Descriptive and System-Oriented Approaches Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1999.
Holmes, James. "The Name and Nature of Translation Studies". 1972.
Trans. Holmes. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies. Amsterdom: Rodpi, 1988.
Kazin, Alfred. Introduction. Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe.Toronto/New York/London/Sydney: Bantam Books, 1981. vii-xv.
Kirkham, Edwin Bruce. The Building of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Knoxville:The University of Tennessee Press, 1977.
Lefevere, André. Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies, Theory and Application. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Bill, 1969.
Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Shuttleworth, Mark & Moira Cowie. Dictionary of Translation Studies Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Toronto/New York/London/Sydney: Bantam Books, 1981.
Vermeer, Hans J. "Skopos and Commission in Translational Action". Trans. Andrew Chesterman. The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.221-232.
陈福康.中国译学理论史稿.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
陈刚,胡维佳.功能翻译理论适合文学翻译吗?—兼析《红楼梦》咏蟹诗译文及语言学派批评.外语与外语教学2(2004):43—45.
陈平原.二十世纪中国小说史(第一卷).北京:北京大学出版社,1997.
陈燕.从《黑奴吁天录》看林纾翻译的文化改写.海南师范大学学报 1(2002):136-140.
范祥涛.论翻译选择的目的性.中国翻译6(2002):25-28.
郭冬女.从目的论看文化因素的翻译.河北理工学院学报(社会科学版)2(2003):114—116.
郭延礼.中国近代翻译文学概论.武汉:湖北教育出版社,1998.
胡庚申.翻译适应选择论.武汉:湖北教育出版社,2004.
黄继忠译.汤姆大伯的小屋.[美]斯托夫人著.上海:上海译文出版社,1982.
姜治文,文军.翻译批评论.重庆:重庆大学出版社,1999.
孔茂庆.林纾传.北京:团结出版社,1998.
李文革.西方翻译理论流派研究.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004.
廖七一.当代西方翻译理论探索.南京:译林出版社,2000.
林纾译.黑奴吁天录.[美]斯托夫人著.北京:商务印书馆,1900.
罗新璋.翻译论集.北京:商务印书馆;1984.
茅盾(著),孙艺风(译).直译·顺译·歪译.中国翻译2(2001):69-73.
潘艳红.目的论研究在中国.哈尔滨学院学报 3(2005):129—132.
鲍玉君.从《黑奴吁天录》到《汤姆大伯的小屋》翻译、重译及其社会历史背景的描述性研究.广州:广东外语外贸大学,2003.
钱钟书.林纾的翻译.北京:商务印书馆,1981.
苏桂宁.林译小说与林纾的文化选择.文学评论 5(2000):60—67.
杨英明.论功能翻译理论.中国翻译 6(2001):39—42.
邹振环.影响中国近代社会的100种译作.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1996.
张锦兰.目的论与翻译方法.中国科技翻译 1(2004):35—37.
张俊才.林纾评传.天津:南开大学出版社,1992.
张南峰.中西译学批评.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
张佩瑶.从话语的角度重读魏易和林纾合译的《黑奴吁天录》.中国翻译.2(2003):15-20.
周晓莉.论林纾的翻译事业对新文化运动的贡献.青岛大学师范学院学报 3(1999):16-18.
仲伟合,钟钰.德国的功能派翻译理论.中国翻译 3(1999):47-49.
祝朝伟.林纾与庞德翻译思想比较研究.解放军外国语学院学报 3(2002):78-82.