食用鱼乳粉的工艺技术研究
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摘要
本论文以八须革胡子鲶为试验原料,从食用鱼乳粉生产工艺中的要点入手,主要研究了鱼乳粉的脱腥、脱脂和如何提高溶解度等技术,确定了食用鱼乳粉的最佳生产技术。在此基础上,对其成品的营养成分和含量进行了检测,并设计了贮藏试验,以对其贮藏期间感官性状、微生物指标和理化指标的变化情况进行分析,为食用鱼乳粉的工业化生产和应用提供了理论依据和参考。本论文主要结论如下:
     1、采用了水漂洗法、β-CD包埋法、酵母粉发酵法和活性炭吸附法四种脱腥方法对鲶鱼肉进行了脱腥处理,以腥味感官评定评分法为判断指标,通过设计单因素试验和正交试验,确定了酵母发酵法为最佳脱腥方法,其最佳脱腥条件为:接种量1.0%、作用时间60min、pH为7。经过酵母发酵处理的鲶鱼肉,腥味基本上消失。
     2、采用了水漂洗法、有机溶剂萃取法和脂肪酶酶解法等脱脂方法对鲶鱼肉进行了脱脂处理,以脱脂率和蛋白回收率作为综合评定指标,通过设计单因素试验和正交试验,确定脂肪酶酶解法为最佳脱脂方法,其最佳脱脂条件为酶用量0.3%、酶解时间50min、料液比1:4,其脱脂率可达95%以上。
     3、以溶解度为判断指标,设计了食用鱼乳粉的三种不同生产工艺:
     通过工艺一制得的食用鱼乳粉,其溶解度值在20%-25%,相比于乳粉的溶解度值很低,故此工艺不理想。
     在工艺二的试验中通过添加剂的使用,主要研究了食用鱼乳粉的溶解度。以溶解度为判断指标,单因素试验确定了添加剂的种类和用量,设计了三因素二次通用旋转中心组合试验,确定了添加剂的最佳用量和配比,食用鱼乳粉的溶解度达到76%以上。
     工艺三选择四种酶作为水解用酶,分别在各酶最佳酶解条件下对鲶鱼肉糜进行水解,以溶解度为评价指标,结果表明:经中性蛋白酶在其最佳酶解条件下酶解后制成的食用鱼乳粉的溶解度最高,为88.1%。在中性蛋白酶单因素试验的基础上设计了止交试验,确定了生产鲶鱼肉粉的最佳酶解工艺条件:酶用量为0.55%,酶解时间为60min,底物浓度为1:3,食用鱼乳粉溶解度可达90%以上。
     综合比较了上述三种生产工艺,确定工艺三即有限酶解法为生产鲶鱼乳粉的最佳工艺技术。
     4、通过对食用鱼乳粉贮藏期间感官性状、微生物指标和理化指标变化的分析,了解了食用鱼乳粉贮藏期间的变化,为延长其货架期提供了理论基础。
     5、通过对食用鱼乳粉营养成分的检测,得出了其营养组成及含量:水分含量约2.83%;蛋白质含量:74.55%;脂肪含量:5.52%;总灰分含量:0.95%。
This thesis took eight-beard catfish as the trial raw material, began with the main points in the production of catfish edible powder, mainly studied how to take off fishy smell,degrease and raise the solubility etc, determined the optimal technology to produce the catfish edible powder. On the base of the above-mentioned, detected the nutritional composition and content of the finished product, meanwhile, designed the storage experiment, as to analyze the variation of the organ character, the physics and chemistry index and the microorganism index in the storage period, that provided theories basis and reference to the industrialization production and application of the edible fish powder.The main conclusion of the thesis was as follows:
     1.Adopted four methods to take off fishy smell, such as water poaching,β-CD embedding, yeast fermentation, took the organoleptic investigation as the criterion, form designing the single factor and orthogonal experiment, determined that yeast fermentation as the optimal method to take off fishy smell, and the optimal condition was:inoculum size 1.0%,time 60mins, pH 7.The fishy smell essentially disappeared by yeast fermentation.
     2.Adopted three degreasing methods, including water poaching, organic solvent extracting and lipase hydrolyzing,took the degreasing rate and the protein recovery rate as the synthetic judgment index, from designing the single-factor and orthogonal experiment, determined lipase hydrolyzing as the best degreasing method, and the optimal condition was:time 50mins, dosage 0.3%,dosage liquor 1:4, and the degreasing rate was above 95%.
     3.Took the solubility as the judgment index, designed three different kinds of technology to produce the edible catfish powder:
     The solubility of the catfish edible powder produced by the first craft was about 20%-25%,which was lower compared to milk powder, so the process was not the ideal.
     In the second craft, by using the additive, desiged the single factor experiment to decide the category and dosage of the additive, desiged three factors quadratic rotation to determine the optimal dosage of the additive and the ratio, the solubility was above 76%.
     In the third craft,choose four kinds of enzymes to hydrolyze the catfish meat,under their best condition,took the solubility as the judgment index. The solubity of catfish edible powder was about 88.1%,which was hydrolyzed by neutral enzyme. Designed its orthogonal experiment based on the single factor experiment to determine the best hydrolyzation condition to produce catfish edible powder. The optimal condition was:dosage 0.55%, time 60mins and the dosage liquor rate 1:3,the solubility could reach 90%.
     Comprehensive compared the above three kinds of productions, we could know that the craft third was the best one,which was named limited-hydrolyzation.
     4,Analyzed the variation of the organ character, microorganism index and the physics-chemistry index in storage, comprehended the variation of the catfish edible powder, provided the theories foundation. to prolong its shelf period.
     5,With the examination towards the catfish edible powder nourishment composition,got its nourishment constitute and contents:the humidity content 2.83%,protein content 74.55%,fat content 5.52%,total ash centcontent 0.93%.
引文
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