图牧吉自然保护区五种鹤春季觅食生境选择比较
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摘要
2005年4月13日～5月14日以及2006年4月15日～5月15日，在内蒙古图牧吉国级自然保护区，利用观察法、样方法、样线法、因子测定等外业方法结合秩合检验(Wilcoxon)、卡方(Chi-square)、主成分分析等内业方法，对丹顶鹤、白鹤、白枕鹤、白头鹤、灰鹤5种鹤的生境选择进行了研究，对采食生境和非采食的对照生境进行了比较，并对5种鹤的生境选择进行了比较。结果如下：
通过卡方检验表明五种鹤在植被类型、水流状况、基底状况、距水源距离、人为干扰距离的选择上均表现出不同程度的差异性。丹顶鹤喜栖息于人为干扰大于2000m、水深在25cm左右的芦苇沼泽之中，早春也见于农田；白鹤喜栖息于人为干扰距离1000m～2000m之间、水深30cm左右的芦苇沼泽之中，也见于杂草草甸，偶见于苔草草甸；白枕鹤栖息于人为干扰大于2000m、多半干涸的苔草草甸、杂草草甸，离水源一般小于1000m，其在植被类型的选择上显著性小，相伴概率大于0.01；白头鹤对植被类型的选择显著也较小，相伴概率大于0.01，人为干扰多大于1000m，距水源距离的选择显著性小，相伴概率大于0.01；灰鹤植被类型的选择显著也较小，相伴概率大于0.01，人为干扰多大于1000m，距水源距离的选择显著性小，相伴概率大于0.01。
通过秩合检验表明五种鹤对植被高度选择的显著性大，均小于0.001，其中丹顶鹤白鹤对植被的高度要求高，白枕鹤对植物高度要求低；对植被密度选择性只有丹顶鹤与灰鹤差异不显著，相伴概率大于0.05，其它均达到显著水平；对植被盖度的选择上丹顶鹤与白鹤、白头鹤与白鹤、丹顶鹤与白头鹤之间差异不显著，相伴概率大于0.05，其它均达到显著水平；对植被地水深的选择上白头鹤与白枕鹤、白头鹤与灰鹤、灰鹤与白枕鹤之间差异不显著，相伴概率大于0.05，其它均达到显著水平；对植物种数的选择上白鹤与白枕鹤、白头鹤与白鹤、白头鹤与白枕鹤之间差异不显著，相伴概率大于0.05，其它均达到显著水平。
对五种鹤的主成分分析表明丹顶鹤对生境选择的主因子为食物因子、隐蔽因子、水因子和植被因子；白鹤对生境选择的主因子为食物因子和隐蔽因子；白枕鹤对生境选择的主因子为食物因子、水因子和植被因子；白头鹤对生境选择的主因子为隐蔽因子、水因子和植被因子；灰鹤对生境选择的主因子为取食适宜性因子、隐蔽因子和植被因子。
通过对五种鹤觅食生境因子的距离相关分析，表明丹顶鹤与白鹤的觅食生境选择相似性较大，相似性最大的为白头鹤与灰鹤，白枕鹤与白头鹤、灰鹤的相似性也较大。
During April 13-May 14 of 2005 and April 15 - May 15 of 2006, in Tumuji Nature Reserve of Inner Mongolia, I maked use of observation's method, kind square method, kind line method, factor measurement's method etc. which belong to wild method and combine with Wilcoxon test, Chi-square test, Principal componants analysis etc. to study habitat selection of Redcrowned Crane, Siberian crane, White-naped Crane, Hooded Crane, Common Crane and compare their Feeding habitats and non-feeding habitats, and carryed on comparison on the habitat selection of the 5 cranes. Result is as follows:
Chi-square test showed that five kinds of cranes are different in plant types, water current condition, underground condition, distance to waters.The red crowned crane are pleased to dwell for rest above 2000m of artificial interference, and the water depth is around 25 cm in reed marsh, the early spring also are seen in farmland; The white crane like to rest in the artificial interference is between 1000m and 2000m,the water depth is around 30 cm in reed marsh.They are also seen in sedge meadow and accidentally are seen in moss meadow; The white naped crane like to rest in the artificial interference is above 2000m, most dried moss meadow and sedge meadow,the distance to water is below 1000m, it shows markedness is small in plant types selection,the concomitant rate is above 0.01; The markedness of hooded crane is also smaller in plant types selection, the concomitant rate is above 0.01, the artificial interference is above 1000m and markedness is small in the distance to water, the concomitant rate is above 0.01; Common crane's markedness is smaller in plant types, the concomitant rate is above 0.01, the artificial interference is above 1000m and markedness is small in the distance to water ,the concomitant rate is above 0.01.
Wilcoxon test showed that markedness of five kinds of cranes towards plants hight selection is big ,all below 0.001, among them, the red crowned crane and white crane has high request towards plants hight while white naped crane has low request towards plants hight; On plants density selectivity only red crowned crane and white crane are not marked, the concomitant rate is above 0.05, the other all attains to marked level;On plants cover selectivity ,between the red crowned crane and the white crane, hooded and white crane, red crowned crane and hooded crane the difference is not marked,the concomitant rate is above 0.05, the other all attains marked level;On water's depth on plants ground selection ,between the hooded crane and the white naped crane, hooded crane and common crane,common crane and the white naped crane the difference is not marked, the concomitant rate is above 0.05, the other all attains to marked level;On the number of plant kinds, between white crane and white naped crane, hooded crane and white crane,hooded crane and white naped crane the difference is not marked,the concomitant rate is above 0.05, the other all attains to marked level.
The Principal componants analysis shows that the main gene of the red crane to habitat selection is the food, veil water and vegetation, for the white crane, food and veil are the main gene, for the white nape crane, the main gene are food ,water and vegetation, for white head crane are veil water and vegetation, however, food, veil and vegetation are the main gene for the common crane's habitat selection.
The results of distance mutuality analysis of five kinds of crane show that the red crane and white crane have greater comparability of eating habitat selection, the greatest comparability is between white head crane and common crane, and the comparability between white nape crane to white head crane and common crane is also obvious.
通过卡方检验表明五种鹤在植被类型、水流状况、基底状况、距水源距离、人为干扰距离的选择上均表现出不同程度的差异性。丹顶鹤喜栖息于人为干扰大于2000m、水深在25cm左右的芦苇沼泽之中，早春也见于农田；白鹤喜栖息于人为干扰距离1000m～2000m之间、水深30cm左右的芦苇沼泽之中，也见于杂草草甸，偶见于苔草草甸；白枕鹤栖息于人为干扰大于2000m、多半干涸的苔草草甸、杂草草甸，离水源一般小于1000m，其在植被类型的选择上显著性小，相伴概率大于0.01；白头鹤对植被类型的选择显著也较小，相伴概率大于0.01，人为干扰多大于1000m，距水源距离的选择显著性小，相伴概率大于0.01；灰鹤植被类型的选择显著也较小，相伴概率大于0.01，人为干扰多大于1000m，距水源距离的选择显著性小，相伴概率大于0.01。
通过秩合检验表明五种鹤对植被高度选择的显著性大，均小于0.001，其中丹顶鹤白鹤对植被的高度要求高，白枕鹤对植物高度要求低；对植被密度选择性只有丹顶鹤与灰鹤差异不显著，相伴概率大于0.05，其它均达到显著水平；对植被盖度的选择上丹顶鹤与白鹤、白头鹤与白鹤、丹顶鹤与白头鹤之间差异不显著，相伴概率大于0.05，其它均达到显著水平；对植被地水深的选择上白头鹤与白枕鹤、白头鹤与灰鹤、灰鹤与白枕鹤之间差异不显著，相伴概率大于0.05，其它均达到显著水平；对植物种数的选择上白鹤与白枕鹤、白头鹤与白鹤、白头鹤与白枕鹤之间差异不显著，相伴概率大于0.05，其它均达到显著水平。
对五种鹤的主成分分析表明丹顶鹤对生境选择的主因子为食物因子、隐蔽因子、水因子和植被因子；白鹤对生境选择的主因子为食物因子和隐蔽因子；白枕鹤对生境选择的主因子为食物因子、水因子和植被因子；白头鹤对生境选择的主因子为隐蔽因子、水因子和植被因子；灰鹤对生境选择的主因子为取食适宜性因子、隐蔽因子和植被因子。
通过对五种鹤觅食生境因子的距离相关分析，表明丹顶鹤与白鹤的觅食生境选择相似性较大，相似性最大的为白头鹤与灰鹤，白枕鹤与白头鹤、灰鹤的相似性也较大。
During April 13-May 14 of 2005 and April 15 - May 15 of 2006, in Tumuji Nature Reserve of Inner Mongolia, I maked use of observation's method, kind square method, kind line method, factor measurement's method etc. which belong to wild method and combine with Wilcoxon test, Chi-square test, Principal componants analysis etc. to study habitat selection of Redcrowned Crane, Siberian crane, White-naped Crane, Hooded Crane, Common Crane and compare their Feeding habitats and non-feeding habitats, and carryed on comparison on the habitat selection of the 5 cranes. Result is as follows:
Chi-square test showed that five kinds of cranes are different in plant types, water current condition, underground condition, distance to waters.The red crowned crane are pleased to dwell for rest above 2000m of artificial interference, and the water depth is around 25 cm in reed marsh, the early spring also are seen in farmland; The white crane like to rest in the artificial interference is between 1000m and 2000m,the water depth is around 30 cm in reed marsh.They are also seen in sedge meadow and accidentally are seen in moss meadow; The white naped crane like to rest in the artificial interference is above 2000m, most dried moss meadow and sedge meadow,the distance to water is below 1000m, it shows markedness is small in plant types selection,the concomitant rate is above 0.01; The markedness of hooded crane is also smaller in plant types selection, the concomitant rate is above 0.01, the artificial interference is above 1000m and markedness is small in the distance to water, the concomitant rate is above 0.01; Common crane's markedness is smaller in plant types, the concomitant rate is above 0.01, the artificial interference is above 1000m and markedness is small in the distance to water ,the concomitant rate is above 0.01.
Wilcoxon test showed that markedness of five kinds of cranes towards plants hight selection is big ,all below 0.001, among them, the red crowned crane and white crane has high request towards plants hight while white naped crane has low request towards plants hight; On plants density selectivity only red crowned crane and white crane are not marked, the concomitant rate is above 0.05, the other all attains to marked level;On plants cover selectivity ,between the red crowned crane and the white crane, hooded and white crane, red crowned crane and hooded crane the difference is not marked,the concomitant rate is above 0.05, the other all attains marked level;On water's depth on plants ground selection ,between the hooded crane and the white naped crane, hooded crane and common crane,common crane and the white naped crane the difference is not marked, the concomitant rate is above 0.05, the other all attains to marked level;On the number of plant kinds, between white crane and white naped crane, hooded crane and white crane,hooded crane and white naped crane the difference is not marked,the concomitant rate is above 0.05, the other all attains to marked level.
The Principal componants analysis shows that the main gene of the red crane to habitat selection is the food, veil water and vegetation, for the white crane, food and veil are the main gene, for the white nape crane, the main gene are food ,water and vegetation, for white head crane are veil water and vegetation, however, food, veil and vegetation are the main gene for the common crane's habitat selection.
The results of distance mutuality analysis of five kinds of crane show that the red crane and white crane have greater comparability of eating habitat selection, the greatest comparability is between white head crane and common crane, and the comparability between white nape crane to white head crane and common crane is also obvious.
引文
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