甘肃省白龙江流域鸡皮衣科地衣的研究
|
摘要
本论文对采自甘肃省白龙江流域共计500余份鸡皮衣科(Pertusariaceae)地衣标本从形态-解剖学、生态学、化学和地理学等方面进行了系统研究,共报道鸡皮衣科(Pertusariaceae)地衣36种共41个分类单位,占中国已报到鸡皮衣科地衣总种数的37.3%,其中肉疣衣属(Ochrolechia)21个分类单位,包括2个中国新记录种,即墨西哥肉疣衣(O. mexicana)和俄勒冈肉疣衣(O. oregonensis);鸡皮衣属(Pertusaria)19个分类单位,包括2个中国新记录种,即:短孢鸡皮衣(P. brachyspora)和椭圆鸡皮衣(P. elliptica);果疣衣属(Varicellaria)1个新种,即甘肃果疣衣(V. gansuensis)。41个分类单位均为甘肃省首次报道。
文中首次对中国鸡皮衣科地衣从生态学的角度进行分析。基于基物多样性的分析结果,将甘肃省白龙江流域鸡皮衣科地衣分为四种类型:专性树生型、专性枯木或腐木生型、兼性枯木或腐木生型和混生型。
运用地衣标准薄层色谱法(TLC)测定出23种鸡皮衣科地衣次生代谢产物。根据有关文献资料和本文的研究结果,将甘肃省白龙江流域的鸡皮衣科地衣划分为7个地理成分,即:世界广布成分、泛热带分布成分、环北极成分、欧亚成分、东亚成分、东亚-北美间断分布成分和中国特有成分。
本文提供了鸡皮衣科( Pertusariaceae )的分属检索表,肉疣衣属(Ochrolechia)、鸡皮衣属(Pertusaria)及果疣衣属(Varicellaria)的分种检索表。对文中报道的41个分类单位从形态、解剖、化学、生态和地理方面进行了详细的描述,对于它们与相近种的异同进行了讨论,并提供了地衣体的外部形态图。
本研究论文调查了鸡皮衣科地衣在甘肃省白龙江流域的物种多样性,为深入研究本流域的生态系统多样性和遗传多样性积累了材料,也为中国西北地区乃至整个中国的地衣资源的进一步调查提供了依据,同时为中国地衣志的编研提供了数据。
The comprehensive study of the lichen family Pertusariaceae are performed using the methods of morphology, anatomy, ecology, chemistry and geography on the basis of identification of more than 500 specimens from Bailong River vally of Gansu, China. Forty-one taxa belonging to 36 species of Pertusariaceae are reported (constituting 57% of China Pertusariaceae species), all of them are included in three genera, that is Ochrolechia, Pertusaria and Varicellaria. Among the 41 taxa, V. gansuensis is new to science, and O. mexicana, O. oregonensis, P. brachyspora and P. elliptica are new to China.
Based on the analysis of the diversity of the substrate, the 41 taxa are cllassified into four types.
Twenty-three kinds of the chemical constituents are identified by using thin layer chromatography.
A preliminary geographical analysis of Pertusariaceae from Bailong River vally of Gansu show that they belong to seven elements: Cosmopolitan element, Pantropical element, Circumpolar element, Eurasian element, East Asian element, East Asian-North American disjunctive element and Element endemic to China.
The keys of the Pertusariaceae, Ochrolechia, Pertusaria and Varicellaria are presented in the paper. The discriptions of morphology, anatomy, chemistry, substrate and distribution in the world of each species are supplied in the study, and the similarities and differences between them and other close species are compared and discussed.
文中首次对中国鸡皮衣科地衣从生态学的角度进行分析。基于基物多样性的分析结果,将甘肃省白龙江流域鸡皮衣科地衣分为四种类型:专性树生型、专性枯木或腐木生型、兼性枯木或腐木生型和混生型。
运用地衣标准薄层色谱法(TLC)测定出23种鸡皮衣科地衣次生代谢产物。根据有关文献资料和本文的研究结果,将甘肃省白龙江流域的鸡皮衣科地衣划分为7个地理成分,即:世界广布成分、泛热带分布成分、环北极成分、欧亚成分、东亚成分、东亚-北美间断分布成分和中国特有成分。
本文提供了鸡皮衣科( Pertusariaceae )的分属检索表,肉疣衣属(Ochrolechia)、鸡皮衣属(Pertusaria)及果疣衣属(Varicellaria)的分种检索表。对文中报道的41个分类单位从形态、解剖、化学、生态和地理方面进行了详细的描述,对于它们与相近种的异同进行了讨论,并提供了地衣体的外部形态图。
本研究论文调查了鸡皮衣科地衣在甘肃省白龙江流域的物种多样性,为深入研究本流域的生态系统多样性和遗传多样性积累了材料,也为中国西北地区乃至整个中国的地衣资源的进一步调查提供了依据,同时为中国地衣志的编研提供了数据。
The comprehensive study of the lichen family Pertusariaceae are performed using the methods of morphology, anatomy, ecology, chemistry and geography on the basis of identification of more than 500 specimens from Bailong River vally of Gansu, China. Forty-one taxa belonging to 36 species of Pertusariaceae are reported (constituting 57% of China Pertusariaceae species), all of them are included in three genera, that is Ochrolechia, Pertusaria and Varicellaria. Among the 41 taxa, V. gansuensis is new to science, and O. mexicana, O. oregonensis, P. brachyspora and P. elliptica are new to China.
Based on the analysis of the diversity of the substrate, the 41 taxa are cllassified into four types.
Twenty-three kinds of the chemical constituents are identified by using thin layer chromatography.
A preliminary geographical analysis of Pertusariaceae from Bailong River vally of Gansu show that they belong to seven elements: Cosmopolitan element, Pantropical element, Circumpolar element, Eurasian element, East Asian element, East Asian-North American disjunctive element and Element endemic to China.
The keys of the Pertusariaceae, Ochrolechia, Pertusaria and Varicellaria are presented in the paper. The discriptions of morphology, anatomy, chemistry, substrate and distribution in the world of each species are supplied in the study, and the similarities and differences between them and other close species are compared and discussed.
引文
[1] Acharius, E., 1798, Prodromus Lichenographiae Suecicae. Lincopiae.
[2] Acharius, E., 1810, Lichemogrophia Universalis. Gottingae.
[3] Acharius, E., 1814, Synopsis Methodica Lichenum. Lundae.
[4] Aptroot, A. & Sipman, 1991, New lichens and lichen records from New Guinea. Willdenowia 20: 252-253.
[5] Aptroot, A. & M. R. D. Seaward, 1999, Annotated checklist of Hong Kong Lichens. Tropical Bryology 17:57-101.
[6] Archer, A. W., 1990, A new species in the lichen genus Pertusaria from the Southern Hemisphere: Pertusaria Paeminosa. Nova Hedwigia 50 (3-4): 395-399.
[7] Archer, A. W. & Elix, J. A., 1991, New species and new reports of Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) from Australia and New Zealand with a key to the species in Australia. Mycotaxon 41 (1): 223-269.
[8] Archer, A. W., 1992, Additional new species and new reports of Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) from Australia. Mycotaxon 44: 13-20.
[9] Archer, A. W. & Elix, J. A., 1992, Further new species and new reports of Pertusaria (lichenised ascomycotina) from Australia. Mycotaxon 45: 417-431.
[10] Archer, A. W. & Elix, J. A., 1993, Additional new species and a new report of Pertusaria (Lichenised ascomycotina) from Australia. Mycotaxon 49: 143-150.
[11] Archer, A. W. & Elix, J. A., 1994, Additional new species and new reports of Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) from New Zealand with a revised key to the corticolous species in New Zealand. Mycotaxon 50: 203-217.
[12] Archer, A. W., Malcolm, W. & Elix, J. A., 1995, New species of Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) from New Zealand, Australia and Venezuela. Mycotaxon 53: 273-281.
[13] Archer, A. W., Elix, J. A. & Streimann, H., 1995, The lichen genus Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) in Papua New Guinea. Mycotaxon 56: 387-401.
[14] Archer, A. W. & Malcolm W. M., 1997, Pertusaria spliota, a new species (lichenized ascomycotina) from New Zealand. Mycotaxon 61: 485-486.
[15] Archer, A. W., 1997, The lichen genus Pertusaria in Australia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Berlin: Cevrüder Borntraeger.
[16] Archer, A. W. & Elix, J. A., 1998, Additional new species and two new reports in the lichen genus Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) from Papua New Guinea. Mycotaxon 67: 155-179.
[17] Archer, A. W. & Elix, J. A., 1998, The lichen genus Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) in Papua New Guinea: three new species and two new reports. Mycotaxon 69: 311-318.
[18] Awasthi, D. D. & Tewari, R., 1987, Lichen genus Ochrolechia from Indian subcontinent. Kavaka 15 (1-2): 23-27.
[19] Awasthi, D. D., 1991, A key to the Microlichens of India, Nepal and Srilanka, Bibliotheca Lichenologica 40: 209-222.
[20] Awasthi, D. D. & Srivastava, P., 1993, New species of Pertusaria (lichenized fungi) from India. The Bryologist 96 (2): 210-215.
[21] Boqueras M., & Llimona X., 2003, The genus pertusaria (Lichenised Ascomycotina) on the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands.Ⅰ . Subg. Pertusaria. Mycotaxon 88: 471-492.
[22] Brodo, I. M., 1973, The lichen genus Coccotrema in North America. The Bryologist 76: 260–270.
[23] Brodo, I. M., 1988, Studies of the lichen genus Ochrolechia. 1. A new classification for Pertusaria subplicans and P. rhodoleuca. Canadian Journal of Botan 66: 1264-1269.
[24] Brodo, I. M., 1991, Studies in the lichen genus Ochrolechia. 2. Corticilous species of North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 69 (4): 733-772.
[25] Bruns, T. D., White T. J., Taylor, J. W., 1991. Fungal molecular systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22: 525-564.
[26] Carbone, I. & Kohn, L. M., 1993. Ribosomal DNA sequence divergence within internal transcribed 1 of the Sclerotiniaceae. Mycologia 85: 415-427.
[27] Culberson, C. F. & Kristinsson, H. D., 1970, A Standerdized Method for the Identification of Lichen Products. J. Chromat 46: 85-93.
[28] Culberson, C. F., 1972, Improved Conditions and New Data for the Identification of Lichen Products by a Standardized Thin-layer Chromatographic Method. J. chromatogr 72: 113-125.
[29] Dibben, M. J., 1980, The Chemosystematics of the Lichen Genus Pertusaria in North America North of Mexico, Milwaukee Public Museum, Publication in Biology and Geology 5: 1-162.
[30] Erichsen, E., 1936, Pertusariaceae. In: Zahlbruckner, A. (Ed.) Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamenflora, Bd. IX, Abt. V, T.I. Akad. Verlagsges. Leipzig, 319-728.
[31] Erichsen, E., 1936, Pertusariaceae in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, ?esterreich und der Schweitz. Ed. 2, 9 Band, 5 Abt., 1Teil. Leipzing, 687-699.
[32] Eriksson, O. E. & Hawksworth D. L., 1991, Outline of the Ascomycetes-1990. Systema Ascomycetum 9:3-271
[33] Guo S. Y. and Kashiwadani, 2004, H. Lichen Collection and Herbaria in China. Proceeding of the 5th and 6th Symposia on Collection Building and Natural History Studies in Asia and Acific Rim, 24:49-60.
[34] Hale, M. E., 1974, The biology of lichens. Edward Arnold Ltd., London.
[35] Hale, M. E., 1983, The biology of lichens.3 rd ed.
[36] Hanko, B., Leuckert, C. & Ahti, T., 1986 (“1985”). Beitrage zur Chemotaxonomie der Gatung Ochrolechia (Lichens) in Europa.Nova Hedwigia 42:165-199
[37] Harris, R. C., 1990, Some Florida lichens. The New York Botanical Garden.
[38] Harris, R. C., 1995, More Florida lichens including the tour of the pyrenolichens. The New York Botanical Garden.
[39] Hawksworth D. L, Rose F., 1970, Qualitative scale for estimating sulfur dioxide air pollution in England and wales using epiphytic lichens. Nature 227: 145-148.
[40] Hawksworth, LD., 1991,The Fungal Dimension of Biodiversity: Magutitude, Significance and Conservation [J]. Mycol. Res 95(6): 641-655.
[41] Hawksworth D. L., 1972, Index of fungi supplement lichens. 1961-1969
[42] Hawksworth D. L., Kirk P. M., Sutton B. C., Pegler D. J., 1995, Anisworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. 8th. Edn. Wallingford: CAB International.
[43] Henssen, A. & Jahns, H M., 1974, Lichens. Eine Einführung in die Flechtenkunde. Georg Thieme, Strttgart.
[44] Henssen, A., 1976, Studies in the developmental morphology of lichenized zscomycetes. In Brown, D. H. et al. (Editors) Lichenology: Progress and Problems. Academie Press, London.
[45] Hirabayashi, K. et al., 1989, Inhibitory effect of a lichen polysaccharide sulfate, GE-3-S, on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. Chem Pharm Bull 37: 2410-2412.
[46] Honegger, R., 1982. The ascus apexinlichenized fungi Ⅲ. the pertuszria-type. Lichenologist 14:205-217
[47] Howard, G.. E., 1970, The lichen genus Ochrolechia in North America North of Mexico. The Bryologist 73 (1): 93-130.
[48] Huneck, S. & Yoshimura, I., 1996, Identification of Lichen Substances. Springer: 1-493.
[49] Hue, A. M., 1889, Lichenes Yunnanenses a cl. Delavay praesertim annis 1886-1887, collectos exponit A. M. Hue (1). Bull. Soc. Bot. France 36: 158-174.
[50] Hudson, W., 1762, Flora Anglica(Ed1) Londnii Laurentti Salvii, Holmiae.
[51] Jariangprasert S.,Archer A. W.,Elix J.A. & Anusarnsunthorn V., 2002, Two new species in the lichen genus pertusaria (Ascomycotina) from Thailand. Mycotaxon 83: 353-356.
[52] Jariangprasert S.,Archer A. W.,Elix J.A. & Anusarnsunthorn V., 2003, New taxa in the lichen genus pertusaria (Lichenised Ascomycotina) from Thailand. Mycotaxon 85: 289-295.
[53] Jariangprasert ,S.,Archer A. W. & Anusarnsunthorn V., 2004, Further new species in the genus pertusaria (Lichenised Ascomycota) from Thailand. Mycotaxon 89 (1): 123-129.
[54] Jariangprasert S. & Anusarnsunthorn V., 2005, Additional new taxa in the lichen genus pertusaria (Lichenised Ascomycota) from Thailand. Mycotaxon 91:279-292.
[55] Jariangprasert S., 2006, New taxa of the lichen genus pertusaria (Ascomycota) from Thailand. Mycotaxon 96: 109-121.
[56] Jatta, A., 1902, Licheni cinesi raccolti allo Shen-si negli anni 1894-1898 dal. rev. Padre Missionario G. Giraldi. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Italiano ser.2, IX, 460-481.
[57] Jatta, A., 1910, Flora Italica Cryptogama. Pars 3. Lichenes. 1(3): 265-460. Rocca S. Casciano. Italy.
[58] Kantvilas, G.., 1990, The genus Pertusaria in Tasmanian Rainforests. The Lichenologist 22 (3): 289-300.
[59] Kirk, P .M. et al., 2001, Dictionary of the Fungi (ed 9). CAB International.
[60] K?rber, G.. W., 1855, Systema Lichenum Germaniae. Trewendt & Granier, Breslau.
[61] Krempelhuber, A., 1873, Chinesische Flechten Flora 56: 469.
[62] Lamb, I. M., 1963, Index Nominum Lichenum inter annos 1932 et 1960 divulgatorum, New York, Ronald Press.
[63] Laundon J. R., 1962. The taxonmy of sterile crustaceous lichens in the British Isles: 2. Corticolous species.The lichenologist 2:130-137
[64] Leighton, W. A., 1867, Notulae Lichenologicae No. Ⅶ. On the Cladoniei in the Hoolerian He barium at Kew . Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3(19): 99-124.
[65] Linnaeus, C., 1753, Species Plantarum Ed. 1, 2: 1140-1156. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae.
[66] Lumbsch, H. T., Nash, T. H. & Messuti, M. I., 1999, A Revision of Pertusria Species with Hyaline Ascospores in Southwestern North America (Pertusariales, Ascomycotina). The Bryologist 102 (2): 215-239.
[67] Lumbsch, H. T. & Schmitt, I., 2001, Molecular data suggest that the lichen genus Pertusaria is not monophyletic. Lichenologist 33 (2): 161-170.
[68] Makarevicz, M. F., 1971, Pertusariaceae. In Handbook of the lichens of the U. S. S. R., 1 P. 7-70.
[69] Massalongo, A., 1852, Ricerche sull’ autonomia dei Licheni crotosi. Verona.
[70] Messuti, M. I. & Archer, A. W., 1995, Two new species in the lichen genusPertusaria from Argentina: Pertusaria lalelae and Pertusaria monticola. Nova Hedwigia 61 (3-4): 461-465.
[71] Messuti, M. I. & Archer, A. W., 1999, The lichen genus Pertusaria in the Falkland Islands ( Islas Malvinas). The Bryologist 102 (2): 208-214.
[72] Messuti, M. I., 2005, The genus Pertusaria (Pertusariales: Pertusariaceae) in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago (Chile). The lichenologist 37 (2): 111-122.
[73] Müller, A., 1884, Lichenologische Beitr?ge. Flora 67
[74] Moreau, F., et Moreau, M. F., 1951, Lichens de China. Rev. Briol. Et Lichenol. 20: 183-199.
[75] Nylander, W., 1858, Expositio synoptica Pyrenocarpeorum. Mém. Soc. Acad. Maine-et-Loire 4: 5-88.
[76] Nylander, W., 1865, AD historiam Reactionis Iodi Apud Lichenes et Fungos notulae. Flora. Jena. 48: 465-468.
[77] Oshio, M., 1968, Taxonomical Studies on the Family Pertusariaceae of Japan. Journal of Science Hiroshima University B (2) 12: 81-151.
[78] Oshio, M., 1971,Ocrolechia Rosella (Tuck.) Vers.In Japan and the adjacent area.Bull.Sanyo Women’s Coll.3:5-17
[79] Paulson, R., 1928, Lichens from Yunnan. Journ. Bot. London 66:313-319, Pl.587.
[80] Poelt, J., 1966, Die Gattung Ochrolechia.Lichenes, Pertusariaceae (Flechten des Himalaya 2). Kumbu Himal, 1:251-261.
[81] Poelt, J., 1973, Classification. In Ahmadjian, V. & Hale, M. E. (eds), The lichens: 599-632. Academic Press. London and New York.
[82] Reinke, J., 1896, Abhandlungen über Flechten. V. Das natürliche Flechtensystem. Jahrb. F. Wiss. Bot. 29: 171-286.
[83] Ren Q., Zhao Z.T. & Wei J.C., 2003, A lichen genus Varicellaria Nyl. from China. Mycosystema, 22 (2): 216-218.
[84] Schmifz K. E. et al., 1994, Systematic studies in the Pertusariales 2. The generic concept in the Pertusariaceae (Lichenized Ascomycotina). Acta Bot. Fennica,150: 153-160.
[85] Schmitt, I., Martin, M. P., Kautz, S. & Lumbsch, H. T. 2005. Diversity of non-reducing polyketide synthase genes in the Pertusariales (lichenized Ascomycota): A phylogenetic perspective. Phytochemistry 66: 1241-1253.
[86] Schmitt, I., Lumbsch, H. T. & Yamamoto Y., 2006, Phylogeny of Pertusariales (Ascomycotina): Resurrection of Ochrolechiaceae and new circumscription of Megasporaceae. J Hattori Bot Lab 100: 753-764.
[87] Schmitt, I. & Lumbsch, H. T., 2004, Molecular phylogeny of the Pertusariaceae supports secondary chemistry as important systematic character set in lichen-forming ascomycetes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33: 43-55.
[88] Tehler, A., 1995, Arthoniales, phylogeny as indicated by morphological and rDNA sequence data. CryptogamicBotany 5:82-97.
[89] Tehler, A., 1996, Systematics, phylogeny and classification. In: Nash Ⅲ,T.H.(ed.), Lichen biology, Cambridge.
[90] Thrower, S. L., 1988, Hong Kong Lichens. An Urban Council Publication, Hong Kong. 132-134 .
[91] Verseghy, K., 1962, Die Gattung Ochrolechia. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 1: 1–146.
[92] Wang-Yang, J. R. & Lai, M. J., 1973, A checklist of the lichens of Taiwan. Taiwania 18 (1): 83-104.
[93] Wei, J. C., 1991, An enumeration of lichens in China, Beijing: International Academic Publlishers, 1-278.
[94] Yoshimura, I., 1974, Lichen Flora of Japan in Color (日本原色植物图鉴). Hoikusha Poblishing Co., Ltdd.: L1-139.
[95] Zahlbruckner, A., 1926, Lichenes. B. Spezieller Teil. In: Engler, A. and Prantl, K., Editors, 1926, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Borntr?ger, Leipzig, 61–270.
[96] Zahlbruckner, A., 1928, Catalogus Lichenum Universalis 5. Leipzig, Borntr?ger.
[97] Zahlbruckner, A., 1930, Lichenes in Handel-Mazzetti, Symbolae Sinicae 3: 1-254
[98] Zahlbruckner, A., 1934, Catalogus Lichenum Universalis 9. Leipzig, Borntr?ger.
[99] Zahlbruckner, A., 1934,Nachtrzge Zur Flechtenflora Chinas,Hedwigia 74:195-213.
[100] Zahlbruckner, A., 1940, Catalogus Lichenum Universalis 10. Leipzig, Borntr?ger.
[101] Zahlbruckner, A., 1951, Catalogus Lichenum Universalis. Leipzig. Jonson Reprint Corporation, New York.
[102] Zhao, Z. T. & Jia, Z. F., 2002, Two new records of Ochrolechia from China. Mycosystema 21 (2): 291-292.
[103] Zhao, Z. T., Ren, Q. & Aptroot A., 2004, An annotated key to the lichen genus Pertusaria in China. The Bryologist, 107: 531-541.
[104] Zhao J. Z., Guo S. Y. & Zhao Z. T., 2006, An annotated checklist of the lichen family Pertusariaceae from Qinling Mountains. Mycosystema, 25 (2): 179-183.
[105] Zhao J. Z., Guo S. Y. & Zhao Z. T., 2006, A Species of the Lichen Genus Pertusaria New to China. Journal of Fungal Research, 4(1): 42-44.
[106] 阿不都拉·阿巴斯,吴继农. 1998, 新疆地衣,新疆科技卫生出版社,乌鲁木齐. 141-143.
[107] 曹秀文,邱祖青. 2005, 甘肃省白龙江林区木本药用植物资源的多样性.经济林研究 23 (3):5-10.
[108] 陈健斌, 吴继农, 魏江春. 1989, 神农架真菌和地衣. 世界图书出版公司. 386-493.
[109] 崔桂友,段海. 2000,中国食用地衣种类的研究..江苏农业研究 21(3): 59-62.
[110] 贾泽峰, 赵遵田. 2003, 中国肉疣衣属地衣的初步研究. 菌物系统 22 (1): 30-34.
[111] 贾泽峰, 赵遵田. 2005, 肉疣衣属地衣的一新种. 菌物学报 24 (2): 162-163.
[112] 康永祥,李景侠,曲式曾,陈亚萍. 1999, 白龙江流域木本植物区系研究. 西北林学院学报 14(3):20~27.
[113] 客绍英. 2001,地衣-大气污染的指示灯.生物学通报 36(8):20
[114] 彭黔荣, 杨敏. 2003,贵州地衣香料的开发及其在调香上的应用. 香料香精化妆品 3:5-9
[115] 魏江春. 1982, 中国药用地衣. 科学出版社, 北京.
[116] 魏江春. 1998,地衣. 见:菌物学大全(裘维蕃主编),科学出版社,北京.
[117] 吴金陵. 1987, 中国地衣植物图鉴. 中国展望出版社,北京.
[118] 徐炳升. 1989, 长江三角洲及其邻近地区孢子植物志. 上海科学技术出版社. 158-266.
[119] 俞森华, 吴继农. 1997, 湖北神农架鸡皮衣属(Pertusaria DC.)地衣初步研究,武汉植物研究 15 (4): 331-335.
[120] 俞森华, 吴继农, 李萍. 1999, 中国鸡皮衣属地衣新记录种, 菌物系统 18 (1): 112-115.
[121] 俞森华, 吴继农, 李萍, 陈庆翔. 1999, 中国鸡皮衣属地衣化学成分研究, 菌物系统 18 (4): 420-427.
[122] 张峻, 杨士剑, 王政昆. 2005, 滇金丝猴及其食性. 云南师范大学学报 25(4): 60-64.
[123] 赵遵田, 任强. 2003, 中国鸡皮衣属地衣而新记录种. 菌物系统 22(4): 669-670.
[2] Acharius, E., 1810, Lichemogrophia Universalis. Gottingae.
[3] Acharius, E., 1814, Synopsis Methodica Lichenum. Lundae.
[4] Aptroot, A. & Sipman, 1991, New lichens and lichen records from New Guinea. Willdenowia 20: 252-253.
[5] Aptroot, A. & M. R. D. Seaward, 1999, Annotated checklist of Hong Kong Lichens. Tropical Bryology 17:57-101.
[6] Archer, A. W., 1990, A new species in the lichen genus Pertusaria from the Southern Hemisphere: Pertusaria Paeminosa. Nova Hedwigia 50 (3-4): 395-399.
[7] Archer, A. W. & Elix, J. A., 1991, New species and new reports of Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) from Australia and New Zealand with a key to the species in Australia. Mycotaxon 41 (1): 223-269.
[8] Archer, A. W., 1992, Additional new species and new reports of Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) from Australia. Mycotaxon 44: 13-20.
[9] Archer, A. W. & Elix, J. A., 1992, Further new species and new reports of Pertusaria (lichenised ascomycotina) from Australia. Mycotaxon 45: 417-431.
[10] Archer, A. W. & Elix, J. A., 1993, Additional new species and a new report of Pertusaria (Lichenised ascomycotina) from Australia. Mycotaxon 49: 143-150.
[11] Archer, A. W. & Elix, J. A., 1994, Additional new species and new reports of Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) from New Zealand with a revised key to the corticolous species in New Zealand. Mycotaxon 50: 203-217.
[12] Archer, A. W., Malcolm, W. & Elix, J. A., 1995, New species of Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) from New Zealand, Australia and Venezuela. Mycotaxon 53: 273-281.
[13] Archer, A. W., Elix, J. A. & Streimann, H., 1995, The lichen genus Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) in Papua New Guinea. Mycotaxon 56: 387-401.
[14] Archer, A. W. & Malcolm W. M., 1997, Pertusaria spliota, a new species (lichenized ascomycotina) from New Zealand. Mycotaxon 61: 485-486.
[15] Archer, A. W., 1997, The lichen genus Pertusaria in Australia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Berlin: Cevrüder Borntraeger.
[16] Archer, A. W. & Elix, J. A., 1998, Additional new species and two new reports in the lichen genus Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) from Papua New Guinea. Mycotaxon 67: 155-179.
[17] Archer, A. W. & Elix, J. A., 1998, The lichen genus Pertusaria (lichenized ascomycotina) in Papua New Guinea: three new species and two new reports. Mycotaxon 69: 311-318.
[18] Awasthi, D. D. & Tewari, R., 1987, Lichen genus Ochrolechia from Indian subcontinent. Kavaka 15 (1-2): 23-27.
[19] Awasthi, D. D., 1991, A key to the Microlichens of India, Nepal and Srilanka, Bibliotheca Lichenologica 40: 209-222.
[20] Awasthi, D. D. & Srivastava, P., 1993, New species of Pertusaria (lichenized fungi) from India. The Bryologist 96 (2): 210-215.
[21] Boqueras M., & Llimona X., 2003, The genus pertusaria (Lichenised Ascomycotina) on the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands.Ⅰ . Subg. Pertusaria. Mycotaxon 88: 471-492.
[22] Brodo, I. M., 1973, The lichen genus Coccotrema in North America. The Bryologist 76: 260–270.
[23] Brodo, I. M., 1988, Studies of the lichen genus Ochrolechia. 1. A new classification for Pertusaria subplicans and P. rhodoleuca. Canadian Journal of Botan 66: 1264-1269.
[24] Brodo, I. M., 1991, Studies in the lichen genus Ochrolechia. 2. Corticilous species of North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 69 (4): 733-772.
[25] Bruns, T. D., White T. J., Taylor, J. W., 1991. Fungal molecular systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22: 525-564.
[26] Carbone, I. & Kohn, L. M., 1993. Ribosomal DNA sequence divergence within internal transcribed 1 of the Sclerotiniaceae. Mycologia 85: 415-427.
[27] Culberson, C. F. & Kristinsson, H. D., 1970, A Standerdized Method for the Identification of Lichen Products. J. Chromat 46: 85-93.
[28] Culberson, C. F., 1972, Improved Conditions and New Data for the Identification of Lichen Products by a Standardized Thin-layer Chromatographic Method. J. chromatogr 72: 113-125.
[29] Dibben, M. J., 1980, The Chemosystematics of the Lichen Genus Pertusaria in North America North of Mexico, Milwaukee Public Museum, Publication in Biology and Geology 5: 1-162.
[30] Erichsen, E., 1936, Pertusariaceae. In: Zahlbruckner, A. (Ed.) Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamenflora, Bd. IX, Abt. V, T.I. Akad. Verlagsges. Leipzig, 319-728.
[31] Erichsen, E., 1936, Pertusariaceae in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, ?esterreich und der Schweitz. Ed. 2, 9 Band, 5 Abt., 1Teil. Leipzing, 687-699.
[32] Eriksson, O. E. & Hawksworth D. L., 1991, Outline of the Ascomycetes-1990. Systema Ascomycetum 9:3-271
[33] Guo S. Y. and Kashiwadani, 2004, H. Lichen Collection and Herbaria in China. Proceeding of the 5th and 6th Symposia on Collection Building and Natural History Studies in Asia and Acific Rim, 24:49-60.
[34] Hale, M. E., 1974, The biology of lichens. Edward Arnold Ltd., London.
[35] Hale, M. E., 1983, The biology of lichens.3 rd ed.
[36] Hanko, B., Leuckert, C. & Ahti, T., 1986 (“1985”). Beitrage zur Chemotaxonomie der Gatung Ochrolechia (Lichens) in Europa.Nova Hedwigia 42:165-199
[37] Harris, R. C., 1990, Some Florida lichens. The New York Botanical Garden.
[38] Harris, R. C., 1995, More Florida lichens including the tour of the pyrenolichens. The New York Botanical Garden.
[39] Hawksworth D. L, Rose F., 1970, Qualitative scale for estimating sulfur dioxide air pollution in England and wales using epiphytic lichens. Nature 227: 145-148.
[40] Hawksworth, LD., 1991,The Fungal Dimension of Biodiversity: Magutitude, Significance and Conservation [J]. Mycol. Res 95(6): 641-655.
[41] Hawksworth D. L., 1972, Index of fungi supplement lichens. 1961-1969
[42] Hawksworth D. L., Kirk P. M., Sutton B. C., Pegler D. J., 1995, Anisworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. 8th. Edn. Wallingford: CAB International.
[43] Henssen, A. & Jahns, H M., 1974, Lichens. Eine Einführung in die Flechtenkunde. Georg Thieme, Strttgart.
[44] Henssen, A., 1976, Studies in the developmental morphology of lichenized zscomycetes. In Brown, D. H. et al. (Editors) Lichenology: Progress and Problems. Academie Press, London.
[45] Hirabayashi, K. et al., 1989, Inhibitory effect of a lichen polysaccharide sulfate, GE-3-S, on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. Chem Pharm Bull 37: 2410-2412.
[46] Honegger, R., 1982. The ascus apexinlichenized fungi Ⅲ. the pertuszria-type. Lichenologist 14:205-217
[47] Howard, G.. E., 1970, The lichen genus Ochrolechia in North America North of Mexico. The Bryologist 73 (1): 93-130.
[48] Huneck, S. & Yoshimura, I., 1996, Identification of Lichen Substances. Springer: 1-493.
[49] Hue, A. M., 1889, Lichenes Yunnanenses a cl. Delavay praesertim annis 1886-1887, collectos exponit A. M. Hue (1). Bull. Soc. Bot. France 36: 158-174.
[50] Hudson, W., 1762, Flora Anglica(Ed1) Londnii Laurentti Salvii, Holmiae.
[51] Jariangprasert S.,Archer A. W.,Elix J.A. & Anusarnsunthorn V., 2002, Two new species in the lichen genus pertusaria (Ascomycotina) from Thailand. Mycotaxon 83: 353-356.
[52] Jariangprasert S.,Archer A. W.,Elix J.A. & Anusarnsunthorn V., 2003, New taxa in the lichen genus pertusaria (Lichenised Ascomycotina) from Thailand. Mycotaxon 85: 289-295.
[53] Jariangprasert ,S.,Archer A. W. & Anusarnsunthorn V., 2004, Further new species in the genus pertusaria (Lichenised Ascomycota) from Thailand. Mycotaxon 89 (1): 123-129.
[54] Jariangprasert S. & Anusarnsunthorn V., 2005, Additional new taxa in the lichen genus pertusaria (Lichenised Ascomycota) from Thailand. Mycotaxon 91:279-292.
[55] Jariangprasert S., 2006, New taxa of the lichen genus pertusaria (Ascomycota) from Thailand. Mycotaxon 96: 109-121.
[56] Jatta, A., 1902, Licheni cinesi raccolti allo Shen-si negli anni 1894-1898 dal. rev. Padre Missionario G. Giraldi. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Italiano ser.2, IX, 460-481.
[57] Jatta, A., 1910, Flora Italica Cryptogama. Pars 3. Lichenes. 1(3): 265-460. Rocca S. Casciano. Italy.
[58] Kantvilas, G.., 1990, The genus Pertusaria in Tasmanian Rainforests. The Lichenologist 22 (3): 289-300.
[59] Kirk, P .M. et al., 2001, Dictionary of the Fungi (ed 9). CAB International.
[60] K?rber, G.. W., 1855, Systema Lichenum Germaniae. Trewendt & Granier, Breslau.
[61] Krempelhuber, A., 1873, Chinesische Flechten Flora 56: 469.
[62] Lamb, I. M., 1963, Index Nominum Lichenum inter annos 1932 et 1960 divulgatorum, New York, Ronald Press.
[63] Laundon J. R., 1962. The taxonmy of sterile crustaceous lichens in the British Isles: 2. Corticolous species.The lichenologist 2:130-137
[64] Leighton, W. A., 1867, Notulae Lichenologicae No. Ⅶ. On the Cladoniei in the Hoolerian He barium at Kew . Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3(19): 99-124.
[65] Linnaeus, C., 1753, Species Plantarum Ed. 1, 2: 1140-1156. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae.
[66] Lumbsch, H. T., Nash, T. H. & Messuti, M. I., 1999, A Revision of Pertusria Species with Hyaline Ascospores in Southwestern North America (Pertusariales, Ascomycotina). The Bryologist 102 (2): 215-239.
[67] Lumbsch, H. T. & Schmitt, I., 2001, Molecular data suggest that the lichen genus Pertusaria is not monophyletic. Lichenologist 33 (2): 161-170.
[68] Makarevicz, M. F., 1971, Pertusariaceae. In Handbook of the lichens of the U. S. S. R., 1 P. 7-70.
[69] Massalongo, A., 1852, Ricerche sull’ autonomia dei Licheni crotosi. Verona.
[70] Messuti, M. I. & Archer, A. W., 1995, Two new species in the lichen genusPertusaria from Argentina: Pertusaria lalelae and Pertusaria monticola. Nova Hedwigia 61 (3-4): 461-465.
[71] Messuti, M. I. & Archer, A. W., 1999, The lichen genus Pertusaria in the Falkland Islands ( Islas Malvinas). The Bryologist 102 (2): 208-214.
[72] Messuti, M. I., 2005, The genus Pertusaria (Pertusariales: Pertusariaceae) in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago (Chile). The lichenologist 37 (2): 111-122.
[73] Müller, A., 1884, Lichenologische Beitr?ge. Flora 67
[74] Moreau, F., et Moreau, M. F., 1951, Lichens de China. Rev. Briol. Et Lichenol. 20: 183-199.
[75] Nylander, W., 1858, Expositio synoptica Pyrenocarpeorum. Mém. Soc. Acad. Maine-et-Loire 4: 5-88.
[76] Nylander, W., 1865, AD historiam Reactionis Iodi Apud Lichenes et Fungos notulae. Flora. Jena. 48: 465-468.
[77] Oshio, M., 1968, Taxonomical Studies on the Family Pertusariaceae of Japan. Journal of Science Hiroshima University B (2) 12: 81-151.
[78] Oshio, M., 1971,Ocrolechia Rosella (Tuck.) Vers.In Japan and the adjacent area.Bull.Sanyo Women’s Coll.3:5-17
[79] Paulson, R., 1928, Lichens from Yunnan. Journ. Bot. London 66:313-319, Pl.587.
[80] Poelt, J., 1966, Die Gattung Ochrolechia.Lichenes, Pertusariaceae (Flechten des Himalaya 2). Kumbu Himal, 1:251-261.
[81] Poelt, J., 1973, Classification. In Ahmadjian, V. & Hale, M. E. (eds), The lichens: 599-632. Academic Press. London and New York.
[82] Reinke, J., 1896, Abhandlungen über Flechten. V. Das natürliche Flechtensystem. Jahrb. F. Wiss. Bot. 29: 171-286.
[83] Ren Q., Zhao Z.T. & Wei J.C., 2003, A lichen genus Varicellaria Nyl. from China. Mycosystema, 22 (2): 216-218.
[84] Schmifz K. E. et al., 1994, Systematic studies in the Pertusariales 2. The generic concept in the Pertusariaceae (Lichenized Ascomycotina). Acta Bot. Fennica,150: 153-160.
[85] Schmitt, I., Martin, M. P., Kautz, S. & Lumbsch, H. T. 2005. Diversity of non-reducing polyketide synthase genes in the Pertusariales (lichenized Ascomycota): A phylogenetic perspective. Phytochemistry 66: 1241-1253.
[86] Schmitt, I., Lumbsch, H. T. & Yamamoto Y., 2006, Phylogeny of Pertusariales (Ascomycotina): Resurrection of Ochrolechiaceae and new circumscription of Megasporaceae. J Hattori Bot Lab 100: 753-764.
[87] Schmitt, I. & Lumbsch, H. T., 2004, Molecular phylogeny of the Pertusariaceae supports secondary chemistry as important systematic character set in lichen-forming ascomycetes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33: 43-55.
[88] Tehler, A., 1995, Arthoniales, phylogeny as indicated by morphological and rDNA sequence data. CryptogamicBotany 5:82-97.
[89] Tehler, A., 1996, Systematics, phylogeny and classification. In: Nash Ⅲ,T.H.(ed.), Lichen biology, Cambridge.
[90] Thrower, S. L., 1988, Hong Kong Lichens. An Urban Council Publication, Hong Kong. 132-134 .
[91] Verseghy, K., 1962, Die Gattung Ochrolechia. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 1: 1–146.
[92] Wang-Yang, J. R. & Lai, M. J., 1973, A checklist of the lichens of Taiwan. Taiwania 18 (1): 83-104.
[93] Wei, J. C., 1991, An enumeration of lichens in China, Beijing: International Academic Publlishers, 1-278.
[94] Yoshimura, I., 1974, Lichen Flora of Japan in Color (日本原色植物图鉴). Hoikusha Poblishing Co., Ltdd.: L1-139.
[95] Zahlbruckner, A., 1926, Lichenes. B. Spezieller Teil. In: Engler, A. and Prantl, K., Editors, 1926, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Borntr?ger, Leipzig, 61–270.
[96] Zahlbruckner, A., 1928, Catalogus Lichenum Universalis 5. Leipzig, Borntr?ger.
[97] Zahlbruckner, A., 1930, Lichenes in Handel-Mazzetti, Symbolae Sinicae 3: 1-254
[98] Zahlbruckner, A., 1934, Catalogus Lichenum Universalis 9. Leipzig, Borntr?ger.
[99] Zahlbruckner, A., 1934,Nachtrzge Zur Flechtenflora Chinas,Hedwigia 74:195-213.
[100] Zahlbruckner, A., 1940, Catalogus Lichenum Universalis 10. Leipzig, Borntr?ger.
[101] Zahlbruckner, A., 1951, Catalogus Lichenum Universalis. Leipzig. Jonson Reprint Corporation, New York.
[102] Zhao, Z. T. & Jia, Z. F., 2002, Two new records of Ochrolechia from China. Mycosystema 21 (2): 291-292.
[103] Zhao, Z. T., Ren, Q. & Aptroot A., 2004, An annotated key to the lichen genus Pertusaria in China. The Bryologist, 107: 531-541.
[104] Zhao J. Z., Guo S. Y. & Zhao Z. T., 2006, An annotated checklist of the lichen family Pertusariaceae from Qinling Mountains. Mycosystema, 25 (2): 179-183.
[105] Zhao J. Z., Guo S. Y. & Zhao Z. T., 2006, A Species of the Lichen Genus Pertusaria New to China. Journal of Fungal Research, 4(1): 42-44.
[106] 阿不都拉·阿巴斯,吴继农. 1998, 新疆地衣,新疆科技卫生出版社,乌鲁木齐. 141-143.
[107] 曹秀文,邱祖青. 2005, 甘肃省白龙江林区木本药用植物资源的多样性.经济林研究 23 (3):5-10.
[108] 陈健斌, 吴继农, 魏江春. 1989, 神农架真菌和地衣. 世界图书出版公司. 386-493.
[109] 崔桂友,段海. 2000,中国食用地衣种类的研究..江苏农业研究 21(3): 59-62.
[110] 贾泽峰, 赵遵田. 2003, 中国肉疣衣属地衣的初步研究. 菌物系统 22 (1): 30-34.
[111] 贾泽峰, 赵遵田. 2005, 肉疣衣属地衣的一新种. 菌物学报 24 (2): 162-163.
[112] 康永祥,李景侠,曲式曾,陈亚萍. 1999, 白龙江流域木本植物区系研究. 西北林学院学报 14(3):20~27.
[113] 客绍英. 2001,地衣-大气污染的指示灯.生物学通报 36(8):20
[114] 彭黔荣, 杨敏. 2003,贵州地衣香料的开发及其在调香上的应用. 香料香精化妆品 3:5-9
[115] 魏江春. 1982, 中国药用地衣. 科学出版社, 北京.
[116] 魏江春. 1998,地衣. 见:菌物学大全(裘维蕃主编),科学出版社,北京.
[117] 吴金陵. 1987, 中国地衣植物图鉴. 中国展望出版社,北京.
[118] 徐炳升. 1989, 长江三角洲及其邻近地区孢子植物志. 上海科学技术出版社. 158-266.
[119] 俞森华, 吴继农. 1997, 湖北神农架鸡皮衣属(Pertusaria DC.)地衣初步研究,武汉植物研究 15 (4): 331-335.
[120] 俞森华, 吴继农, 李萍. 1999, 中国鸡皮衣属地衣新记录种, 菌物系统 18 (1): 112-115.
[121] 俞森华, 吴继农, 李萍, 陈庆翔. 1999, 中国鸡皮衣属地衣化学成分研究, 菌物系统 18 (4): 420-427.
[122] 张峻, 杨士剑, 王政昆. 2005, 滇金丝猴及其食性. 云南师范大学学报 25(4): 60-64.
[123] 赵遵田, 任强. 2003, 中国鸡皮衣属地衣而新记录种. 菌物系统 22(4): 669-670.