贺兰山（宁夏）大型真菌多样性及其营养成分的研究
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摘要
贺兰山是我国西北部温带草原与荒漠的分界线和连接青藏高原、蒙古高原及华北植物区系的枢纽。独特的地理位置、地形地貌和自然地理条件及多样的生态系统,造就了贺兰山丰富的大型真菌资源。本论文采用植物分类学与生态学的研究方法,研究了宁夏贺兰山大型真菌物种多样性、生态多样性、区系地理及部分食用真菌的营养价值,对贺兰山(宁夏)大型真菌的保护和利用奠定了理论基础。结果如下：
1、物种多样性研究结果表明：在采集到的706号标本中,通过宏观特征、显微特征与化学试剂反应相结合的方法,共鉴定出大型真菌212种,本文分别对其生境、分布和经济价值进行了描述。以上大型真菌隶属于16目,29科,69属。其中子囊菌门2目,4科,4属,9种；担子菌门14目,25科,65属,203种。并在其中发现有宁夏新纪录种79种。
2、生态多样性研究结果表明：在鉴定出的212种大型真菌中,通过对其生境、生态习性进行分类,可分为腐生菌、植物寄生菌和外生菌根菌三大类。其中腐生菌又可细分为土生菌、木腐菌、落叶及腐草生菌和粪生菌,此外,还有营2种生境的。它们的数量分别为：土生菌99种,木腐菌41种,落叶及腐草生菌3种,粪生菌4种,植物寄生菌3种,外生菌根菌37种,土生与菌根菌20种,土生与木生菌5种。
3、区系地理研究结果表明：宁夏贺兰山大型真菌区系成分十分丰富,具有10种以上的属有4个,含59种,占贺兰山大型真菌总数的27.83%。含有5-10个种的属有10个,含57种,占大型真菌总数的26.89%。5个种以下的有55属,含96种,占总数的45.28%。69个属中世界广布属有18个,北温带分布属有15个。从种的组成上看,世界广布种36个,占总种数的16.98%；北温带分布种有56个,占总种数的26.42%；除此之外还有东亚——北美间断的分布种21个,占总数的9.91%；中国——日本分布种有7个,占总数的3.30%；欧亚大陆分布种17个,占总数的8.02%；这说明宁夏贺兰山的大型真菌区系表现出明显的北温带区系特征。
4、食用真菌研究结果表明：宁夏贺兰山共有野生可食大型真菌137种,其中味道鲜美的有52种,它们中能形成产量的有19种。对其营养成分的研究结果表明：粗蛋白含量在13.25%～51.52%之间,平均含量为30%±,比栽培种高10%±；粗脂肪的含量在0.68%～6.22%,平均含量为4.30%±,与栽培种接近；淀粉含量在1.06%-13.79%之间,平均含量为5.09%±；可溶性糖含量在1.18%-15.32%之间,平均含量为5.66%±；还原糖含量在1.02%-14.89%之间,平均含量为4.90%±;灰分含量在8.46%-19.02%之间,平均含量为13.95%±,比栽培种平均高出5.81%。
Helan Mountain is Boundary between temperate zone gressland and desert of western country, meanwhile it is also the hub connecting Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Mongolian Plateau, North China plantage and unique geographic location, duing to landform, physical geography and diversity of ecosystem, It have been abundant macrofungi resources. The thesis research the diversity of species and ecological, floristic geography and nutrient composition of some edible fungus in Helan Mountain in Ningxia. It was studied systematically by the methods of traditional plant taxonomy and ecology, and the results showed:
1. The results of the species diversity showed that:The combined method of macroscopic characteristics, microstructure and chemical reagent was used to analysis the706specimens collected and212species fungi were identified. And the habitat, distribution and economic value were described. These fungi belong to16ordo,29familia,69genus. Among them there are Ascomycetes2ordo,4familia,4genus,9species, basidiomycotas14ordo,25familia,65genus,203species. And in which79species were identified as new record in Ningxia.
2. The results of the ecological diversity showed that:The212fungi identified were divided into three categories of saprophyte bacteria, bacterial parasite of plant, exotrophic mycorrhiza by the study of the habitat and ecological habits. The saprophyte bacteria could be divided into autochthonism fungi, timber decayed fungi, fallen leaves and grass decayed fungi, shit decayed fungi. In addition, some species lived on two different habitat. The numbers of these fungi were:99saprophyte bacteria,41timber decayed fungi,3fallen leaves and grass decayed fungi,4shit decayed fungi,3bacterial parasite of plant,37exotrophic mycorrhiza,20autochthonism and exotrophic mycorrhiza,5autochthonism and timber decayed fungi.
3. The results of floristic geography showed that:the floristic elements of fungi in Helan Mountain in Ningxia were very rich. There were4genus59species which had more than10kinds of composition, and which accounted for27.83%of the total fungi in Helan Mountain. There were10genus57species which had5～10kinds of composition, and which accounted for26.89%of the total fungi. There were55genus96species which had less than5kinds of composition, and which accounted for45.28%of the total fungi. There were18genus in the world wide distribution and15genus in the north temperate zone distribution in69genus. From the composition of species:there were36species in the cosmopolitan which accounted for16.98%of the total species; and56species in the north temperate zone distribution which accounted for26.42%of the total species. And there were21species in E. Asia&N. America disjuncted distribution which accounted for9.91%of the total species;7species in China&Japan distribution which accounted for3.30%of the total species;17species in Eurasia distribution which accounted for8.02%of the total species. The results showed that the fungi's flora in Helan Mountain in Ningxia showed obvious north temperate floristic characteristics.
4. The results of edible fungi showed that:there were137kinds of wild edible fungi in Helan Mountain in Ningxia. And52kinds of them were delicious and in which19kinds could be produced. The results of nutrient composition showed that:The content of crude protein was from13.25%to51.52%, and the average content was30%±which was10%±higher than the cultivated species. The content of crude fat was from0.68%to6.22%, and the average content was4.30%±which was closed to the cultivated species. The content of starch was from1.06%to13.79%, and the average content was5.09%±. The content of soluble sugar was from1.18%to15.32%, and the average content was5,66%±. The content of reducing sugar was from1.02%to14.89%, and the average content was4.90%±. The ash content was from8.46%to19.02%, and the average content was13.95%±which was5.81%±higher than the cultivated species.
1、物种多样性研究结果表明：在采集到的706号标本中,通过宏观特征、显微特征与化学试剂反应相结合的方法,共鉴定出大型真菌212种,本文分别对其生境、分布和经济价值进行了描述。以上大型真菌隶属于16目,29科,69属。其中子囊菌门2目,4科,4属,9种；担子菌门14目,25科,65属,203种。并在其中发现有宁夏新纪录种79种。
2、生态多样性研究结果表明：在鉴定出的212种大型真菌中,通过对其生境、生态习性进行分类,可分为腐生菌、植物寄生菌和外生菌根菌三大类。其中腐生菌又可细分为土生菌、木腐菌、落叶及腐草生菌和粪生菌,此外,还有营2种生境的。它们的数量分别为：土生菌99种,木腐菌41种,落叶及腐草生菌3种,粪生菌4种,植物寄生菌3种,外生菌根菌37种,土生与菌根菌20种,土生与木生菌5种。
3、区系地理研究结果表明：宁夏贺兰山大型真菌区系成分十分丰富,具有10种以上的属有4个,含59种,占贺兰山大型真菌总数的27.83%。含有5-10个种的属有10个,含57种,占大型真菌总数的26.89%。5个种以下的有55属,含96种,占总数的45.28%。69个属中世界广布属有18个,北温带分布属有15个。从种的组成上看,世界广布种36个,占总种数的16.98%；北温带分布种有56个,占总种数的26.42%；除此之外还有东亚——北美间断的分布种21个,占总数的9.91%；中国——日本分布种有7个,占总数的3.30%；欧亚大陆分布种17个,占总数的8.02%；这说明宁夏贺兰山的大型真菌区系表现出明显的北温带区系特征。
4、食用真菌研究结果表明：宁夏贺兰山共有野生可食大型真菌137种,其中味道鲜美的有52种,它们中能形成产量的有19种。对其营养成分的研究结果表明：粗蛋白含量在13.25%～51.52%之间,平均含量为30%±,比栽培种高10%±；粗脂肪的含量在0.68%～6.22%,平均含量为4.30%±,与栽培种接近；淀粉含量在1.06%-13.79%之间,平均含量为5.09%±；可溶性糖含量在1.18%-15.32%之间,平均含量为5.66%±；还原糖含量在1.02%-14.89%之间,平均含量为4.90%±;灰分含量在8.46%-19.02%之间,平均含量为13.95%±,比栽培种平均高出5.81%。
Helan Mountain is Boundary between temperate zone gressland and desert of western country, meanwhile it is also the hub connecting Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Mongolian Plateau, North China plantage and unique geographic location, duing to landform, physical geography and diversity of ecosystem, It have been abundant macrofungi resources. The thesis research the diversity of species and ecological, floristic geography and nutrient composition of some edible fungus in Helan Mountain in Ningxia. It was studied systematically by the methods of traditional plant taxonomy and ecology, and the results showed:
1. The results of the species diversity showed that:The combined method of macroscopic characteristics, microstructure and chemical reagent was used to analysis the706specimens collected and212species fungi were identified. And the habitat, distribution and economic value were described. These fungi belong to16ordo,29familia,69genus. Among them there are Ascomycetes2ordo,4familia,4genus,9species, basidiomycotas14ordo,25familia,65genus,203species. And in which79species were identified as new record in Ningxia.
2. The results of the ecological diversity showed that:The212fungi identified were divided into three categories of saprophyte bacteria, bacterial parasite of plant, exotrophic mycorrhiza by the study of the habitat and ecological habits. The saprophyte bacteria could be divided into autochthonism fungi, timber decayed fungi, fallen leaves and grass decayed fungi, shit decayed fungi. In addition, some species lived on two different habitat. The numbers of these fungi were:99saprophyte bacteria,41timber decayed fungi,3fallen leaves and grass decayed fungi,4shit decayed fungi,3bacterial parasite of plant,37exotrophic mycorrhiza,20autochthonism and exotrophic mycorrhiza,5autochthonism and timber decayed fungi.
3. The results of floristic geography showed that:the floristic elements of fungi in Helan Mountain in Ningxia were very rich. There were4genus59species which had more than10kinds of composition, and which accounted for27.83%of the total fungi in Helan Mountain. There were10genus57species which had5～10kinds of composition, and which accounted for26.89%of the total fungi. There were55genus96species which had less than5kinds of composition, and which accounted for45.28%of the total fungi. There were18genus in the world wide distribution and15genus in the north temperate zone distribution in69genus. From the composition of species:there were36species in the cosmopolitan which accounted for16.98%of the total species; and56species in the north temperate zone distribution which accounted for26.42%of the total species. And there were21species in E. Asia&N. America disjuncted distribution which accounted for9.91%of the total species;7species in China&Japan distribution which accounted for3.30%of the total species;17species in Eurasia distribution which accounted for8.02%of the total species. The results showed that the fungi's flora in Helan Mountain in Ningxia showed obvious north temperate floristic characteristics.
4. The results of edible fungi showed that:there were137kinds of wild edible fungi in Helan Mountain in Ningxia. And52kinds of them were delicious and in which19kinds could be produced. The results of nutrient composition showed that:The content of crude protein was from13.25%to51.52%, and the average content was30%±which was10%±higher than the cultivated species. The content of crude fat was from0.68%to6.22%, and the average content was4.30%±which was closed to the cultivated species. The content of starch was from1.06%to13.79%, and the average content was5.09%±. The content of soluble sugar was from1.18%to15.32%, and the average content was5,66%±. The content of reducing sugar was from1.02%to14.89%, and the average content was4.90%±. The ash content was from8.46%to19.02%, and the average content was13.95%±which was5.81%±higher than the cultivated species.
引文
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