甘肃甘南高原沼泽湿地春季纤毛虫分类与物种多样性研究
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摘要
2009年4月—2010年3月,用活体观察和蛋白银染色法对甘肃甘南高原沼泽湿地春季纤毛虫分类与物种多样性进行了研究。共鉴定到114种纤毛虫,隶属于3纲12目32科50属,其中包括17个未定名种和15个国内纤毛虫新纪录种。陆生型物种有10种,水生型物种有16种,水陆共生型种类有88种,水陆共生的纤毛虫物种相似性为0.7719。
对纤毛虫物种在各个样点的分布情况研究结果显示,曼日玛1号(MRM1)样点中纤毛虫物种数最丰富,有55种;曼日玛2号(MRM2)样点次之,有53种,尼玛(NM)、采日玛(CRM)、阿孜(AZ)和娘玛寺(NMS)样点中的纤毛虫物种数分别为52、48、38、31种,其中娘玛寺样点中的纤毛虫物种数最少,只有31种;根据物种在各样点出现的频率划分,分布频率在0.83 ~ 1之间的广布种有11种,分布频率在0.5 ~ 0.67的常见种有38种,分布频率为0.17 ~ 0.33的罕见种有64种;各样点间物种相似性系数均在0.1695 ~ 0.3846之间,表现出各样点中物种分布均不相似;纤毛虫密度和多样性指数都很好的反映了各样点间纤毛虫分布的差异性。
样点环境因子与纤毛虫群落结构参数用SPSS13.0软件进行二元变量的Pearson相关性分析结果显示:纤毛虫种类数、密度与土温、pH之间均无显著的相关性(p>0.05),而与土壤含水量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),相关性系数分别为0.858和0.822;纤毛虫物种多样性指数与海拔有显著负相关性(p<0.01),相关性系数-0.889;纤毛虫密度与海拔呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),相关性系数-0.824。依据相关性系数的大小可知,在各环境因子中,对纤毛虫种类数影响最大的是含水量。而对纤毛虫密度影响最大的是海拔,其次是土壤含水量。从群落结构分析,动基片纲(Kinetofragminophorea)的物种数目最多,有6目15科24属57种,占鉴定到的纤毛虫总数的50%;多膜纲(Polyhymenophorea)次之,有3目10科18属37种,占鉴定到的纤毛虫总数的32.46%;寡膜纲(Oligohymenophorea)物种最少,只有3目7科7属20种,占鉴定到的纤毛虫总数的17.54%。
甘肃甘南高原沼泽湿地中土壤特有类群仍然占主导地位,前口目(Prostomatida)、下毛目(Hypotrichida)和肾形目(Colpodida)纤毛虫物种数远远大于其他类群,这除了与虫体本身的适应性特征外,与该地区的生境类型是相适应的,因为该地区尽管属于湿地范畴,但其气候条件决定了当地仅有冬夏之分而没有明显的四季之分,而降水量较多的夏季气候相对较短,冬季干旱时期较长,所以该区域一年中大部分时间水分不是很多,大部分沼泽在干旱时期都形成了草甸,因而更适合于土壤生境中分布较多的纤毛虫种类。当然,该地区具有其湿地的特征,比较其他干旱环境有较充足的水分,因此,该地区也出现了如袋形目(Bursariomorphida)、吸管目(Suctorida)和缘毛目(Peritrichida)等一些水生、大型的纤毛虫种类,这也充分验证了湿地的特殊性,即具有水陆过渡性,兼有陆地和水域共同的特征。
The classification and species diversity of ciliates in Plateau Swamp Wetlands in Gannan, Gansu in spring were studied by observing in vivo and protargol impregnation from April of 2009 to March of 2010. 114 species of ciliates were identified, including 15 new record species of ciliates in China and 18 unnamed species, belonging to 49 genera, 32 families, 12 orders, 3 classes, and 1 phylum, composed of 10 edaphic species, 88 aquatic-terrestrial species, and 16 freshwater species. The species similarity of soil and freshwater ciliate communities was 77.19%.
Studies on distribution of ciliates in various sampling sites showed that 55 species distributed in the first sampling site in Manrima (MRM1) was the most abundant, then 53 species in the second sampling site in Manrima (MRM2); 52, 48, 38 and 31 species distributed in the Nima (NM), Cairima (CRM), Azi (AZ) and Niangmasi (NMS) site respectively, and the NMS site had the lest species, just for 31. According to species with frequency occurred in the various sites, there were 11 widely distributed species with frequency from 0.83 to 1.00, 39 common species with frequency from 0.5 to 0.67 and 64 rare species with frequency from 0.17 to 0.33. Similarity index between sampling sites in Gannan Plateau Marsh Wetland ranged from 0.1695 to 0.3846, which indicated species with little similarity in various sampling site. Ciliates density and Gleason–Margalef species diversity index responsed well to the differences of number of the ciliates species in various sampling sites.
Pearson correlation of binary variables between environmental factors of sampling sites and structural parameter of ciliates community construction analyzed by using SPSS 13.0, which suggested that species number of ciliates and abundance had no significant correlation with soil temperature and pH ( p>0.05 ), but there existed significant positive correlation to soil moisture, coefficient was 0.858 and 0.822 respectively; there was significant negative correlation between species diversity index of ciliates and altitude ( -0.889, p<0.01 ); also significant negative correlation occurred between abundance of ciliates and altitude ( -0.824, p<0.01). Based on the values of correlation coefficient showed above, soil moisture was the most impact on species number of ciliates among all environmental factors, but the greatest impact on ciliate abundance was altitude, followed by soil moisture.
Analysis of community structure exhibited that Kinetofragminophorea with 57 species belonging to 24 genera, 15 families, and 6 orders was the dominant group, occupied 50% of the total number of species identified in Gannan Plateau Marsh Wetland; Polyhymenophorea was the second group, including 37 species belonging to 18 genera, 10 families, and 3 orders occupied 32.46% of the total; Oligohymenophorea with 20species belonging to 7 genera, 7 families, and 3 orders occupied 10% of the total.
Specific groups of soil were dominant in Plateau Marsh Wetlands in Gannan, Gansu. Prostomatida, Hypotrichida and Colpodida had more ciliates species than other orders due to their morphological and physical characteristics. Also the habitat was suitable for them. Although the area was a wetland area, there were not clear seasons but summer or winter for the climate and the seasons with more precipitation was relatively shorter than dry winter, so the most of the year was lack of water and lots of marsh wetland became to be meadow during the dry period. Therefore, the area was suitable for ciliates adapted for soil habitat. Of course, the region has the characteristics of wetlands and there existed more water than other arid environment, hence some aquatic or large ciliates species happened in this district, such as species of Bursariomorphida, Suctorida, Peritrichida. Thus it validated the specificity of wetlands; viz. wetland was a surface transition and had both common features of the land and waters.
对纤毛虫物种在各个样点的分布情况研究结果显示,曼日玛1号(MRM1)样点中纤毛虫物种数最丰富,有55种;曼日玛2号(MRM2)样点次之,有53种,尼玛(NM)、采日玛(CRM)、阿孜(AZ)和娘玛寺(NMS)样点中的纤毛虫物种数分别为52、48、38、31种,其中娘玛寺样点中的纤毛虫物种数最少,只有31种;根据物种在各样点出现的频率划分,分布频率在0.83 ~ 1之间的广布种有11种,分布频率在0.5 ~ 0.67的常见种有38种,分布频率为0.17 ~ 0.33的罕见种有64种;各样点间物种相似性系数均在0.1695 ~ 0.3846之间,表现出各样点中物种分布均不相似;纤毛虫密度和多样性指数都很好的反映了各样点间纤毛虫分布的差异性。
样点环境因子与纤毛虫群落结构参数用SPSS13.0软件进行二元变量的Pearson相关性分析结果显示:纤毛虫种类数、密度与土温、pH之间均无显著的相关性(p>0.05),而与土壤含水量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),相关性系数分别为0.858和0.822;纤毛虫物种多样性指数与海拔有显著负相关性(p<0.01),相关性系数-0.889;纤毛虫密度与海拔呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),相关性系数-0.824。依据相关性系数的大小可知,在各环境因子中,对纤毛虫种类数影响最大的是含水量。而对纤毛虫密度影响最大的是海拔,其次是土壤含水量。从群落结构分析,动基片纲(Kinetofragminophorea)的物种数目最多,有6目15科24属57种,占鉴定到的纤毛虫总数的50%;多膜纲(Polyhymenophorea)次之,有3目10科18属37种,占鉴定到的纤毛虫总数的32.46%;寡膜纲(Oligohymenophorea)物种最少,只有3目7科7属20种,占鉴定到的纤毛虫总数的17.54%。
甘肃甘南高原沼泽湿地中土壤特有类群仍然占主导地位,前口目(Prostomatida)、下毛目(Hypotrichida)和肾形目(Colpodida)纤毛虫物种数远远大于其他类群,这除了与虫体本身的适应性特征外,与该地区的生境类型是相适应的,因为该地区尽管属于湿地范畴,但其气候条件决定了当地仅有冬夏之分而没有明显的四季之分,而降水量较多的夏季气候相对较短,冬季干旱时期较长,所以该区域一年中大部分时间水分不是很多,大部分沼泽在干旱时期都形成了草甸,因而更适合于土壤生境中分布较多的纤毛虫种类。当然,该地区具有其湿地的特征,比较其他干旱环境有较充足的水分,因此,该地区也出现了如袋形目(Bursariomorphida)、吸管目(Suctorida)和缘毛目(Peritrichida)等一些水生、大型的纤毛虫种类,这也充分验证了湿地的特殊性,即具有水陆过渡性,兼有陆地和水域共同的特征。
The classification and species diversity of ciliates in Plateau Swamp Wetlands in Gannan, Gansu in spring were studied by observing in vivo and protargol impregnation from April of 2009 to March of 2010. 114 species of ciliates were identified, including 15 new record species of ciliates in China and 18 unnamed species, belonging to 49 genera, 32 families, 12 orders, 3 classes, and 1 phylum, composed of 10 edaphic species, 88 aquatic-terrestrial species, and 16 freshwater species. The species similarity of soil and freshwater ciliate communities was 77.19%.
Studies on distribution of ciliates in various sampling sites showed that 55 species distributed in the first sampling site in Manrima (MRM1) was the most abundant, then 53 species in the second sampling site in Manrima (MRM2); 52, 48, 38 and 31 species distributed in the Nima (NM), Cairima (CRM), Azi (AZ) and Niangmasi (NMS) site respectively, and the NMS site had the lest species, just for 31. According to species with frequency occurred in the various sites, there were 11 widely distributed species with frequency from 0.83 to 1.00, 39 common species with frequency from 0.5 to 0.67 and 64 rare species with frequency from 0.17 to 0.33. Similarity index between sampling sites in Gannan Plateau Marsh Wetland ranged from 0.1695 to 0.3846, which indicated species with little similarity in various sampling site. Ciliates density and Gleason–Margalef species diversity index responsed well to the differences of number of the ciliates species in various sampling sites.
Pearson correlation of binary variables between environmental factors of sampling sites and structural parameter of ciliates community construction analyzed by using SPSS 13.0, which suggested that species number of ciliates and abundance had no significant correlation with soil temperature and pH ( p>0.05 ), but there existed significant positive correlation to soil moisture, coefficient was 0.858 and 0.822 respectively; there was significant negative correlation between species diversity index of ciliates and altitude ( -0.889, p<0.01 ); also significant negative correlation occurred between abundance of ciliates and altitude ( -0.824, p<0.01). Based on the values of correlation coefficient showed above, soil moisture was the most impact on species number of ciliates among all environmental factors, but the greatest impact on ciliate abundance was altitude, followed by soil moisture.
Analysis of community structure exhibited that Kinetofragminophorea with 57 species belonging to 24 genera, 15 families, and 6 orders was the dominant group, occupied 50% of the total number of species identified in Gannan Plateau Marsh Wetland; Polyhymenophorea was the second group, including 37 species belonging to 18 genera, 10 families, and 3 orders occupied 32.46% of the total; Oligohymenophorea with 20species belonging to 7 genera, 7 families, and 3 orders occupied 10% of the total.
Specific groups of soil were dominant in Plateau Marsh Wetlands in Gannan, Gansu. Prostomatida, Hypotrichida and Colpodida had more ciliates species than other orders due to their morphological and physical characteristics. Also the habitat was suitable for them. Although the area was a wetland area, there were not clear seasons but summer or winter for the climate and the seasons with more precipitation was relatively shorter than dry winter, so the most of the year was lack of water and lots of marsh wetland became to be meadow during the dry period. Therefore, the area was suitable for ciliates adapted for soil habitat. Of course, the region has the characteristics of wetlands and there existed more water than other arid environment, hence some aquatic or large ciliates species happened in this district, such as species of Bursariomorphida, Suctorida, Peritrichida. Thus it validated the specificity of wetlands; viz. wetland was a surface transition and had both common features of the land and waters.
引文
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