四种植物油及其生物柴油脂肪酸组成性质的比较研究
|
摘要
生物柴油(BDF)是一种清洁含氧燃料，具有可再生、易于生物降解、燃烧排放的污染物比石化柴油的低、基本无温室效应等优点。生物柴油是脂肪酸甲酯的混合物，可通过动植物油脂经酯交换反应或酯化反应来获得。研究和实践证实，得自于动植物油脂的脂肪酸甲酯在燃烧特性上与石化柴油的各项指标非常接近。因此其可单独或与石化柴油混合在柴油机中使用。
常用制备生物柴油的方法是转酯化反应，有碱催化法、酸催化法、酶催化法和超临界法。本研究采用工业上常用的催化时间较短，反应速率较快的碱催化法来制备麻疯树油、青刺果油、乌桕油以及油茶油所对应的生物柴油。
由于生物柴油油料植物的选择是多样化的，选择合适的油料植物就显得尤为重要。本研究通过对产于西南地区的四种油料植物油分的理化性质及它们的生物柴油脂肪酸组成进行分析，找出适合作生物柴油植物原料油的特点。
实验结果显示麻疯树油、青刺果油、乌桕油、油茶油的杂质含量都在0.5％以下，水分及挥发物含量都在0.2％以下；青刺果油、乌桕油、油茶油的酸值都低于麻疯树油的9.7235，油茶油的酸值为2.5638，基本不用经过原料油的预酯化便可直接进行酯化；GCMS分析四种植物油原料油所对应的生物柴油，结果显示十六碳和十八碳的脂肪酸占了其脂肪酸组成的绝大多数；青刺果油和麻疯树油生物柴油的脂肪酸组成和含量都很接近，特别是十六碳和十八碳的脂肪酸组成，麻疯树油C_(16：0)，C_(18：0)，C_(18：1)，C_(18：2)的含量分别为15.13％，5.85％，36.53％，41.20％，青刺果油C_(16：0)，C_(18：0)，C_(18：1)，C_(18：2)的含量分别为16.49％，7.80％，40.23％，34.49％；四种植物油的生物柴油在CN值，碘值上相差不大。
生物柴油油料植物的选择是广泛的。理化性质及脂肪酸的组成结果显示，四种植物原油都适合做生物柴油的原料油。较低的酸值以及水分和挥发物的含量；较少的含氮、硫元素等高分子物质含量；十六碳以上的直链脂肪酸占多数的脂肪酸组成都是适合作生物柴油原料油的特点。此外，生物柴油油料植物的选择还应考虑油料植物的生长周期、生长条件、产量、分布等因素。
Bio-diesel is one kind of clean fuels containing element of oxygen, having the merits of regeneration, easy biological decomposability, pollution emission lower than mineral petroleum and almost no greenhouse effect. Bio-diesel consists of mixture of different fatty acid methyl ester which is gotten through esterification from animal or plant oils. Correlative research and practice attest the characteristics of bio-diesel resemble these of mineral diesel. So bio-diesel could be used separately or mixed with mineral diesel by diesel-engine.
Because of the diversity of choosing the right plants for production of bio-diesels, it is important to select the suitable plants. In this paper, I Analyzed the main physical chemistry characteristics and use GCMS to analyze the fatty Acids of the seed oil of Jatropha Curcas L., seed oil of Sapium sebiferum, seed oil of Prinsepia utilis, seed oil of Camellia oleifera abel and their bio-diesel fuels to find out characteristics of potential plant oils that are suitable for further production of bio-diesel based on seed oil of Jatropha Curcas L.
Experiment results revealed that relative impurities contents of seed oil of Jatropha Curcas L., seed oil of Sapium sebiferum, seed oil of Prinsepia utilis, seed oil of Camellia oleifera abel were all under 0.5％and relative volatiles contents were under 0.2％; The acid numbers of seed oil of Sapium sebiferum, seed oil of Prinsepia utilis, seed oil of Camellia oleifera abel were lower than seed oil of Jatropha Curcas L.'s.( 9.7235),needing emphasize was that the acid number of seed oil of Camellia oleifera abel is 2.5638, basically needs no beforehand disposal of esterification before production of bio-diesel. Use GCMS to analyze corresponding bio-diesels of these four plant raw oils, results shows that C_(16) fatty acids and C_(18) fatty acid account for most of acid composition. The proportion of C_(16:0), C_(18:0), C_(18:1), C_(18:2) fatty acids are similar or closed. The respective contents of C_(16:0), C_(18:0), C_(18:1), C_(18:2)fatty acids in seed oil of Jatropha Curcas L. are 15.13％, 5.85％, 36.53％, 41.20％while respective contents of C_(16:0), C_(18:0), C_(18:1), C_(18:2)fatty acids in seed oil of Prinsepia utilis are 16.49％, 7.80％, 40.23％, 34.49％; discrepancy of the CN number and iodine number among these four oils is small.
My research reveals that the choices of right plants for preparation of bio-diesel are extensive and the four sorts of plant seed oils are all suitable for the production of bio-diesel according to the characteristics of physical chemistry and composition of fatty acid and the characteristics of plant oils which is suitable for preparation of bio-diesel, including low acid number and water- volatiles contents, small amount of matte which comprise element of Sulfur and Nitrogen, no-forfication fatty acid above C_(16) account for most of fatty acids content in plant oils. However, choosing the right plants which are suitable for preparation of bio-diesel should Consider the growing cycle, growing conditions, yields and distribution of the plants.
常用制备生物柴油的方法是转酯化反应，有碱催化法、酸催化法、酶催化法和超临界法。本研究采用工业上常用的催化时间较短，反应速率较快的碱催化法来制备麻疯树油、青刺果油、乌桕油以及油茶油所对应的生物柴油。
由于生物柴油油料植物的选择是多样化的，选择合适的油料植物就显得尤为重要。本研究通过对产于西南地区的四种油料植物油分的理化性质及它们的生物柴油脂肪酸组成进行分析，找出适合作生物柴油植物原料油的特点。
实验结果显示麻疯树油、青刺果油、乌桕油、油茶油的杂质含量都在0.5％以下，水分及挥发物含量都在0.2％以下；青刺果油、乌桕油、油茶油的酸值都低于麻疯树油的9.7235，油茶油的酸值为2.5638，基本不用经过原料油的预酯化便可直接进行酯化；GCMS分析四种植物油原料油所对应的生物柴油，结果显示十六碳和十八碳的脂肪酸占了其脂肪酸组成的绝大多数；青刺果油和麻疯树油生物柴油的脂肪酸组成和含量都很接近，特别是十六碳和十八碳的脂肪酸组成，麻疯树油C_(16：0)，C_(18：0)，C_(18：1)，C_(18：2)的含量分别为15.13％，5.85％，36.53％，41.20％，青刺果油C_(16：0)，C_(18：0)，C_(18：1)，C_(18：2)的含量分别为16.49％，7.80％，40.23％，34.49％；四种植物油的生物柴油在CN值，碘值上相差不大。
生物柴油油料植物的选择是广泛的。理化性质及脂肪酸的组成结果显示，四种植物原油都适合做生物柴油的原料油。较低的酸值以及水分和挥发物的含量；较少的含氮、硫元素等高分子物质含量；十六碳以上的直链脂肪酸占多数的脂肪酸组成都是适合作生物柴油原料油的特点。此外，生物柴油油料植物的选择还应考虑油料植物的生长周期、生长条件、产量、分布等因素。
Bio-diesel is one kind of clean fuels containing element of oxygen, having the merits of regeneration, easy biological decomposability, pollution emission lower than mineral petroleum and almost no greenhouse effect. Bio-diesel consists of mixture of different fatty acid methyl ester which is gotten through esterification from animal or plant oils. Correlative research and practice attest the characteristics of bio-diesel resemble these of mineral diesel. So bio-diesel could be used separately or mixed with mineral diesel by diesel-engine.
Because of the diversity of choosing the right plants for production of bio-diesels, it is important to select the suitable plants. In this paper, I Analyzed the main physical chemistry characteristics and use GCMS to analyze the fatty Acids of the seed oil of Jatropha Curcas L., seed oil of Sapium sebiferum, seed oil of Prinsepia utilis, seed oil of Camellia oleifera abel and their bio-diesel fuels to find out characteristics of potential plant oils that are suitable for further production of bio-diesel based on seed oil of Jatropha Curcas L.
Experiment results revealed that relative impurities contents of seed oil of Jatropha Curcas L., seed oil of Sapium sebiferum, seed oil of Prinsepia utilis, seed oil of Camellia oleifera abel were all under 0.5％and relative volatiles contents were under 0.2％; The acid numbers of seed oil of Sapium sebiferum, seed oil of Prinsepia utilis, seed oil of Camellia oleifera abel were lower than seed oil of Jatropha Curcas L.'s.( 9.7235),needing emphasize was that the acid number of seed oil of Camellia oleifera abel is 2.5638, basically needs no beforehand disposal of esterification before production of bio-diesel. Use GCMS to analyze corresponding bio-diesels of these four plant raw oils, results shows that C_(16) fatty acids and C_(18) fatty acid account for most of acid composition. The proportion of C_(16:0), C_(18:0), C_(18:1), C_(18:2) fatty acids are similar or closed. The respective contents of C_(16:0), C_(18:0), C_(18:1), C_(18:2)fatty acids in seed oil of Jatropha Curcas L. are 15.13％, 5.85％, 36.53％, 41.20％while respective contents of C_(16:0), C_(18:0), C_(18:1), C_(18:2)fatty acids in seed oil of Prinsepia utilis are 16.49％, 7.80％, 40.23％, 34.49％; discrepancy of the CN number and iodine number among these four oils is small.
My research reveals that the choices of right plants for preparation of bio-diesel are extensive and the four sorts of plant seed oils are all suitable for the production of bio-diesel according to the characteristics of physical chemistry and composition of fatty acid and the characteristics of plant oils which is suitable for preparation of bio-diesel, including low acid number and water- volatiles contents, small amount of matte which comprise element of Sulfur and Nitrogen, no-forfication fatty acid above C_(16) account for most of fatty acids content in plant oils. However, choosing the right plants which are suitable for preparation of bio-diesel should Consider the growing cycle, growing conditions, yields and distribution of the plants.
引文
1．动植物油脂皂化值的测定GB／T5534-1995 中华人民共和国国家标准
2．动植物油脂酸值和酸度的测定GB／T5530-2005／ISO660：1996 中华人民共和国国家标准
3．植物油脂检验杂质测定法GB／T5529-1985 中华人民共和国国家标准
4．植物油脂水分和挥发物含量测定法GB／T5528-1995 中华人民共和国国家标准
5．动植物油脂 碘值的测定方法GB／T5532-1985 中华人民共和国国家标准
6．Lin J(林娟), Zhou X W(周选围), Tang K X(唐克轩), Chen F(陈放). A Survey of the Studies on the Resources of Jatropha curcas L. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany(热带亚热带植物学报), 2004, 12 (3): 285-290.
7．詹琳．青刺果油料的研究．武汉工业学院学报．2001．3(1)：25～26．
8．金代均等．乌柏的地理分布和环境的关系(J)．广西植物，1984，4(1)：71-80．
9．黄慧坤等．乌柏种子油脂含量与其水平地带性的研究．〔J〕．广西植物，1989，9(2)：187-190．
10．端木凡林，阴景喜等．天然青刺果油低温萃取及其保健功能．粮食与油脂〔J〕，2001，6：32-33．
11．李兰香，史然，马丹炜等．12种山茶种子油脂理化性质和茶油品质的初步分析．四川师范大学学报．1989．4
12．李化，陈丽，唐琳，陈放．西南部分地区麻疯树种子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析．2006．，12．(5)：643-646
13．梅德清，袁银南等．生物柴油燃料特性的研究．可再生能源〔J〕．2004．5：20-22
14．Gubitz GM, Mittelbach M, Trabi AM. Exploration of the tropical oil seed plant Jatropha curcus L as a source for the production of biofuel in Nicaragua Bio-resource Technol, 1996, 58:77-82
15．Raina AK, Gaikwad BR. Chemobotany of Jatropha species in India and further characterization of curcas oil.〔J〕oill Technol, (India), 1987, 19:81-85.
16．简晓春. The Research on Chinese Tallow Seed oil as Diesel Engine Fuel.. Potentialities of Agricultural Engineering in Rural Development. International Academic Publishers, 1989，VOL2
17．田荆祥，黎章矩，吴美春，仲山民．浙江省乌柏优良无性系种子理化性质及脂肪酸分析．浙江林学院学报(J)．1988，5(1)：1-7．
18．周慧，鲁厚芳，唐盛伟，梁斌．麻疯树油制备生物柴油的酯交换工艺研究．应用化工〔J〕．2006．35(4)：284-287
1．张燕．北艾蒿挥发油成分研究．广西植物〔J〕．2006．26．(1)：110-112．
2．顾庆龙．乌柏梓油化学成分及其变化趋势的研究．贵州教育学院学报．2001．12．4：39-42．
3．曲庆．气质联用仪在气体分析中的应用．低温与特气〔J〕．2006．24(1)：30-35．
4．许国旺．现代气相色谱法(M)．北京．化学工业出版社．
5．刘密斯，等．仪器分析(M)．北京．清华大学出版社．
6．余珠花，喻玖宏．填充柱色谱法测油脂脂肪酸组成优化条件探讨．山东食品科技〔J〕．2004．11．12-14．
7．岛津研究所．GC-MS QP2010 用户指南(Z)．日本．京都．
8．田辉，李萍，赖东美．牛至挥发油的GCMS分析．广州中药材．2006．2(9)：920-921．
9．季欧．质谱分析法．上册．1978；下册，1986．北京：原子能出版社．
10．Gerhard Knothe. Biodiesel: The use of vegetable oils and their derivatives as alternative diesel fuels. Journal of America Oil Chemical Society. 1999, 72, 1149-1193
11．Suppes GJ, Bockwinkel K, Lucas S. Potassium carbonate catalyzed alcoholysis of fats and oils〔J〕. JAOCS, 2001, 78: 139-145.
12．H MUKHTAR, ZYWANG, Tea components: antimutagenic and anticarinogenic effect.〔J〕. Pre Med, 1992, 21(3):351.
13．SEKNE T. Isolation of camelliaside C from tea seed cake and inhibitory effects of its derivatives on arachidanate 5-lipoxygenase Chem Pharm Bull 1993, 41(6): 1185.
14．梅德清，孙平，袁银南，王忠，陈竞，孙同正．气质联用研究酯类燃料的组成．粮油加工与食品机械〔J〕．2005．09：59-61．
15．周慧，鲁厚芳，唐盛伟，梁斌．麻疯树油制备生物柴油的酯交换工艺研究．应用化工〔J〕．2006．35(4)：284-287
1．梅德清，袁银南，王忠，孙平，王伟锋，程用科．生物柴油燃料特性的研究〔J〕．可再生能源 2004．5：20-22
2．周慧，鲁厚芳，唐盛伟，梁斌．麻疯树油制备生物柴油的酯交换工艺研究(J)．应用化工．2006．35(4)：284-287
3．巫森鑫，邬国英，韩瑛，张培娣．6种食用植物油及其生物柴油中脂肪酸成分的比较研究．〔J〕中国油脂．2003．28．(12)：65-67．
4．梅德清，孙平，袁银南，王忠，陈竞，孙同正．气质联用研究酯类燃料的组成．〔J〕粮油加工与食品机械．2005．09：59-61．
5．忻耀年．生物柴油的发展现状和应用前景．〔J〕中国油脂．2005．03：49-54．
6．喻资生．柴油机燃用乌柏梓油的研究．中国公路学报．1991．4(1)43-52．
7．陈瑞文，罗钰萌，王运，董元彦．生物柴油及其调和油理化性能的测定．化学与生物工程．2007．24(1)：74-76
8．谭天伟，王芳，邓立等．生物柴油的生产和应用〔J〕．现代化工．2002．2：4-6
9．韩德奇，袁旦，王尽涛等．生物柴油的现状与发展前景〔J〕．石油化工技术经济．2002．18(4)
10．王一平，翟金，等．生物柴油制备方法研究进展〔J〕．化工进展，2003，22(1)：8-12．
11．彭荫来，杨帆．利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油〔J〕．城市环境与城市生态，2001，14(4)：54—56．
12．C. A. W Allen, K. C Watts, R. G Ackman, M. J Pegg. Predicting the Viscosity of bio-diesel fuels from their fatty acid ester composition. Fuel. 78(1999):1319-1326.
13．M. Senthil Kumar, A. Ramensh, B. Nagalingam. An experimental comparison of methods to use methanol and Jatropha oil in a compression ignition engine. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2003. 25:309-318
14．Allen CAW, Watts KC. A batch type transesterification unit for bio-diesel fuels, Technical paper96-404, Canadian Society of Agriculture Engineers, 1996.
1．忻耀年．生物柴油的发展现状和应用前景．〔J〕中国油脂．2005．30(03)49-54．
2．朱行．植物油制成生物柴油．〔J〕粮食与油脂．2001．(5)：50．
3．忻耀年，B．Sondermann．现代生物柴油的生产工艺及产品质量〔J〕．中国油脂，2003，28(11)：62-64．
4．G．迪克曼，HJ．海因茨编著．顾季寅等译．工业油化学基础．天然油脂技术综论．M．北京：中国轻工业出版社．1995．
5．YH Hui主编．徐生庚，裘爱泳主译．贝雷：油脂化学与工艺学(第四卷)(M)北京：中国轻工业出版社．2001．32-33．
6．国外生物柴油的开发应用概况[EB／OL]1http://www.cleanauto.com.cn/fenlei/shengwuchaiyou/ouzhou/2003-08-13-1.htm, 2003-08-13、2004-08-02.
7．卓立仁．四川三台建成生物柴油基地[EB／OL]．http://www.cfm623.com/news/news/020915.htm, 2002-09-15、2004-08-02.
8．福建成功地从地沟油中炼出生物柴油并投放市场[EB／N]．http://www.cpci.com.cn/new2kjxx/xcpkf/xcp2kf20046141402451.htm, 2004-06-14、2004-08-02.
9．纪威，鄂卓茂．生物柴油——一种新的可再生能源．内燃机联会学术会议论文集(大连)．2000-04-17
10．谭天伟，王芳，邓立等．生物柴油的生产和应用(J)．现代化工．2002．2：4-6．
11．韩德奇，袁旦，王尽涛等．生物柴油的现状与发展前景(J)．石油化工技术经济．2002．18(4)
12．庚晋，白衫．积极推动生物柴油的发展．山西能源与节能．2003．3：35-36．
13．Tyson, K. Shain (1998) Biodiesel Research Progress, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO.
14．Shay, EG(1993). Diesel fuel from vegetable oils: Status and Opportunities: Biomass and Bioenergy, 4(4):227-242
15．Shain Tyson, K.Biodiesel Research Progress 1992-1997. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 1997:40-110.
16．Fangrui, Ma M, Hanna. Biodiesel Production: a Review. Bioresour. Technol 1999. 70(1): 1-15.
17．S. Howell, J, Weber."U.S. Biodiesel Overview." In Proceeding: Second Biomass Conference of the America.National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Golden,CO.1995.
18.John Sheehan,Vince Camobreco,An Overview of biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles.C. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 1998.5-8
19.Uchida M,Akasaka Y.A Comparison of Emission from Clean Diesel Fuels.C. SAE Paper 1999-01-1121,1999.
20.Sharo CA. Transient Emissions Testing of Biodiesel and Other Additives in a DDC Series 60 Engine.R.Southwest Research Institute, Final Report to the National Biodiesel Board, 1994.
21.Shimada Y,Watanabe Y,Samukawa T,et al Conversion of Vegetable oils to Biodiesel Using Immobilized Canadian Antarectica Lipsase.J.JAOCS.1999.(76):789-793.
22.Krawczyk T.Biodiesel-Alternative Fuel makes Inroads but Hurdles Remain [J] . INFORM. 1996(7):801-829
23 Jose M EJuan F G,Eduardo S,et al.Preparation and Propeties of Biodiesel from Cynara Cardunculus L. Oil.J.Ind Eng Chem Res,1999,(38):2927-2931;
24.Freedman AW,Butterfield R O,Pryde EH,et al.Transesterification Kinetics of Soybean Oil [J] JAOCS,1986,(63):1375-1380.
25. James DF.Fleshman.New Hydrogen Plant Design Achieves Low Cost and High Efficiency. Chief Process Engineer.NPRA.1999.
26.Peterson C L,Reece D L, Cruz R,et al.A Comparison of Ethyl and Methyl Esters of Vegetable Oil as Diesel Fuel .Substitute.. Proc Alternative Energy Conf, 1987, 66:1732-1738.
27.Gopalakrishnan KV,Rao PS.Use of non -edible vegetable oils as alternate fuels in Diesel engine.Proceedings of the institute of Mechanical Engineers, London, UK, vol 210, 1996, p.131-137.
28.Gerhard V. Performance of vegetable oils and their monoesters as fuel for diesel engine. SAE Paper No.831358,1983.
29.Mamoru.Production of biodiesel fuel from triglycerides and alchol using immobilized lipse. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic,2001.16:53-58.
30.Adams C, Peters J F, Rand M C, et al. Investigation of soybean oil as a diesel fuel extender [J] Am. Oil Chem. Soc,1983,60:1574-1579.
31．金鑫荣．气相色谱法．北京：高等教育出版社，1987．
32．孙传经．气相色谱分析原理与技术．第二版．北京：化学工业出版社，1985
33．周良莫．气相色谱新技术．北京：科学出版社，1994．
34．傅若农，刘虎威．高分辨气相色谱及高分辨裂解气相色谱．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1992．
35．季欧．质谱分析法．上册．1978；下册，1986．北京：原子能出版社．
36．朱明华．仪器分析(第三版)．2000．北京：高等教育出版社．
37．大众汽车公司．大众汽车公司 1999／2000环境保护报告(中文版)(R)．北京：大众汽车公司，1999，53．
38．Willard H H, Merritt L LJr, Dean J A, Settle F A Jr. Instrumental methods of analysis. 7th Ed. Wadsworth, 1988.
39．Grob R L. Modern practice of gas chromatography. 2nd. Ed. John Willey & Sons, 1985.
40．Canakci M. Production of biodiesel from feedstocks with high fatty acids and its affect on diesel engine performance and emission. PhD dissertation, Ames: IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Iowa, USA, 1997.
41．B Ahn, e al. A low-waste process for the production of biodiesel. Sepera. Sci&Technol, 1995, 30(7-9):2021.
42．Kuok C, Fu A, Wong M. Mining Fuzzy Association Rules in Database〔J〕. SIGMOD Record, 1998, 17(1):41-46.
43．Schafer A. Vegetable oil fatty acid methyl esters as alternative diesel fuels for commercial vehicles engines.〔A〕. Plant Oil Fuel Proc. Syrup〔C〕. 1997, 29-46.
44．Howell S, Weber J. "US Biodiesel Overview."〔A〕. In Proceeding: Second Biomass Conference of the Americas〔C〕. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Co. 1995.
45．Kevin J. Harrington. Chemical and Physical Properties of Vegetable Oil Esters and their Effect on Diesel Fuel Performance〔J〕. Biomass, 1986. 9:1-17.
46．黄忠水，纪威，李淑艳，何义团，鄂卓茂．国外生物柴油的应用〔J〕．节能环保技术．2003．1．30：38-41．
47．《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》 Vol104, No.6, (2002), p361-375/
48．《Energy and Fuels》 2001, 15, 1207-1212.
49．王月霞．从植物油中生产清洁柴油〔J〕．天然气与石油．2005，Vol23，No.1：33-37．
50．Neuma T. New Microemulsion system using diesel and vegetable oils〔J〕. Fuel, 2001, 80(1):75-83.
51．Matsumsra, Masatoshi, Murakami, Seishiroetal et al. Method and equipment of refining oil and waste vegetable oil into diesel engine fuels.〔P〕. USP:6364917,2002.
52．孙平，江清阳，袁银南，等．生物柴油对能源和环境影响分析〔J〕．农业工程学报，2003，19(1)：181．
53．谢国剑．高酸值潲水油制取生物柴油的研究〔J〕．化工技术与开发．2005，Vol34，No.2：37-39．
54．吕亮．废品油脂制脂肪酸甲酯工艺〔J〕．皮革化工，2002，19(1)：38-39．
55．王一平，翟金，等．生物柴油制备方法研究进展〔J〕．化工进展，2003，22(1)：8-12．
56．冀星，希小林，等．生物柴油技术进展与产业前景〔J〕．中国工程科学，2002，4(9)：86-93．
57．彭荫来，杨帆．利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油〔J〕．城市环境与城市生态，2001，14(4)：54-56．
58．张君涛，梁生荣，陈志东，冯霄．国内外混合代用燃料的研究进展〔J〕．现代化工．2005，25(7)：14-18．
59．尹红．欧盟生物柴油生产现状〔J〕．粮食与油脂．2004，6：58．
60．Matumoto T, Takahasshi S, et al.〔J〕. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2001, 57(57): 515-520.
61．胡志远．车用生物柴油的应用与发展．代用燃料〔J〕．2004．1：26-31．
2．动植物油脂酸值和酸度的测定GB／T5530-2005／ISO660：1996 中华人民共和国国家标准
3．植物油脂检验杂质测定法GB／T5529-1985 中华人民共和国国家标准
4．植物油脂水分和挥发物含量测定法GB／T5528-1995 中华人民共和国国家标准
5．动植物油脂 碘值的测定方法GB／T5532-1985 中华人民共和国国家标准
6．Lin J(林娟), Zhou X W(周选围), Tang K X(唐克轩), Chen F(陈放). A Survey of the Studies on the Resources of Jatropha curcas L. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany(热带亚热带植物学报), 2004, 12 (3): 285-290.
7．詹琳．青刺果油料的研究．武汉工业学院学报．2001．3(1)：25～26．
8．金代均等．乌柏的地理分布和环境的关系(J)．广西植物，1984，4(1)：71-80．
9．黄慧坤等．乌柏种子油脂含量与其水平地带性的研究．〔J〕．广西植物，1989，9(2)：187-190．
10．端木凡林，阴景喜等．天然青刺果油低温萃取及其保健功能．粮食与油脂〔J〕，2001，6：32-33．
11．李兰香，史然，马丹炜等．12种山茶种子油脂理化性质和茶油品质的初步分析．四川师范大学学报．1989．4
12．李化，陈丽，唐琳，陈放．西南部分地区麻疯树种子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析．2006．，12．(5)：643-646
13．梅德清，袁银南等．生物柴油燃料特性的研究．可再生能源〔J〕．2004．5：20-22
14．Gubitz GM, Mittelbach M, Trabi AM. Exploration of the tropical oil seed plant Jatropha curcus L as a source for the production of biofuel in Nicaragua Bio-resource Technol, 1996, 58:77-82
15．Raina AK, Gaikwad BR. Chemobotany of Jatropha species in India and further characterization of curcas oil.〔J〕oill Technol, (India), 1987, 19:81-85.
16．简晓春. The Research on Chinese Tallow Seed oil as Diesel Engine Fuel.. Potentialities of Agricultural Engineering in Rural Development. International Academic Publishers, 1989，VOL2
17．田荆祥，黎章矩，吴美春，仲山民．浙江省乌柏优良无性系种子理化性质及脂肪酸分析．浙江林学院学报(J)．1988，5(1)：1-7．
18．周慧，鲁厚芳，唐盛伟，梁斌．麻疯树油制备生物柴油的酯交换工艺研究．应用化工〔J〕．2006．35(4)：284-287
1．张燕．北艾蒿挥发油成分研究．广西植物〔J〕．2006．26．(1)：110-112．
2．顾庆龙．乌柏梓油化学成分及其变化趋势的研究．贵州教育学院学报．2001．12．4：39-42．
3．曲庆．气质联用仪在气体分析中的应用．低温与特气〔J〕．2006．24(1)：30-35．
4．许国旺．现代气相色谱法(M)．北京．化学工业出版社．
5．刘密斯，等．仪器分析(M)．北京．清华大学出版社．
6．余珠花，喻玖宏．填充柱色谱法测油脂脂肪酸组成优化条件探讨．山东食品科技〔J〕．2004．11．12-14．
7．岛津研究所．GC-MS QP2010 用户指南(Z)．日本．京都．
8．田辉，李萍，赖东美．牛至挥发油的GCMS分析．广州中药材．2006．2(9)：920-921．
9．季欧．质谱分析法．上册．1978；下册，1986．北京：原子能出版社．
10．Gerhard Knothe. Biodiesel: The use of vegetable oils and their derivatives as alternative diesel fuels. Journal of America Oil Chemical Society. 1999, 72, 1149-1193
11．Suppes GJ, Bockwinkel K, Lucas S. Potassium carbonate catalyzed alcoholysis of fats and oils〔J〕. JAOCS, 2001, 78: 139-145.
12．H MUKHTAR, ZYWANG, Tea components: antimutagenic and anticarinogenic effect.〔J〕. Pre Med, 1992, 21(3):351.
13．SEKNE T. Isolation of camelliaside C from tea seed cake and inhibitory effects of its derivatives on arachidanate 5-lipoxygenase Chem Pharm Bull 1993, 41(6): 1185.
14．梅德清，孙平，袁银南，王忠，陈竞，孙同正．气质联用研究酯类燃料的组成．粮油加工与食品机械〔J〕．2005．09：59-61．
15．周慧，鲁厚芳，唐盛伟，梁斌．麻疯树油制备生物柴油的酯交换工艺研究．应用化工〔J〕．2006．35(4)：284-287
1．梅德清，袁银南，王忠，孙平，王伟锋，程用科．生物柴油燃料特性的研究〔J〕．可再生能源 2004．5：20-22
2．周慧，鲁厚芳，唐盛伟，梁斌．麻疯树油制备生物柴油的酯交换工艺研究(J)．应用化工．2006．35(4)：284-287
3．巫森鑫，邬国英，韩瑛，张培娣．6种食用植物油及其生物柴油中脂肪酸成分的比较研究．〔J〕中国油脂．2003．28．(12)：65-67．
4．梅德清，孙平，袁银南，王忠，陈竞，孙同正．气质联用研究酯类燃料的组成．〔J〕粮油加工与食品机械．2005．09：59-61．
5．忻耀年．生物柴油的发展现状和应用前景．〔J〕中国油脂．2005．03：49-54．
6．喻资生．柴油机燃用乌柏梓油的研究．中国公路学报．1991．4(1)43-52．
7．陈瑞文，罗钰萌，王运，董元彦．生物柴油及其调和油理化性能的测定．化学与生物工程．2007．24(1)：74-76
8．谭天伟，王芳，邓立等．生物柴油的生产和应用〔J〕．现代化工．2002．2：4-6
9．韩德奇，袁旦，王尽涛等．生物柴油的现状与发展前景〔J〕．石油化工技术经济．2002．18(4)
10．王一平，翟金，等．生物柴油制备方法研究进展〔J〕．化工进展，2003，22(1)：8-12．
11．彭荫来，杨帆．利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油〔J〕．城市环境与城市生态，2001，14(4)：54—56．
12．C. A. W Allen, K. C Watts, R. G Ackman, M. J Pegg. Predicting the Viscosity of bio-diesel fuels from their fatty acid ester composition. Fuel. 78(1999):1319-1326.
13．M. Senthil Kumar, A. Ramensh, B. Nagalingam. An experimental comparison of methods to use methanol and Jatropha oil in a compression ignition engine. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2003. 25:309-318
14．Allen CAW, Watts KC. A batch type transesterification unit for bio-diesel fuels, Technical paper96-404, Canadian Society of Agriculture Engineers, 1996.
1．忻耀年．生物柴油的发展现状和应用前景．〔J〕中国油脂．2005．30(03)49-54．
2．朱行．植物油制成生物柴油．〔J〕粮食与油脂．2001．(5)：50．
3．忻耀年，B．Sondermann．现代生物柴油的生产工艺及产品质量〔J〕．中国油脂，2003，28(11)：62-64．
4．G．迪克曼，HJ．海因茨编著．顾季寅等译．工业油化学基础．天然油脂技术综论．M．北京：中国轻工业出版社．1995．
5．YH Hui主编．徐生庚，裘爱泳主译．贝雷：油脂化学与工艺学(第四卷)(M)北京：中国轻工业出版社．2001．32-33．
6．国外生物柴油的开发应用概况[EB／OL]1http://www.cleanauto.com.cn/fenlei/shengwuchaiyou/ouzhou/2003-08-13-1.htm, 2003-08-13、2004-08-02.
7．卓立仁．四川三台建成生物柴油基地[EB／OL]．http://www.cfm623.com/news/news/020915.htm, 2002-09-15、2004-08-02.
8．福建成功地从地沟油中炼出生物柴油并投放市场[EB／N]．http://www.cpci.com.cn/new2kjxx/xcpkf/xcp2kf20046141402451.htm, 2004-06-14、2004-08-02.
9．纪威，鄂卓茂．生物柴油——一种新的可再生能源．内燃机联会学术会议论文集(大连)．2000-04-17
10．谭天伟，王芳，邓立等．生物柴油的生产和应用(J)．现代化工．2002．2：4-6．
11．韩德奇，袁旦，王尽涛等．生物柴油的现状与发展前景(J)．石油化工技术经济．2002．18(4)
12．庚晋，白衫．积极推动生物柴油的发展．山西能源与节能．2003．3：35-36．
13．Tyson, K. Shain (1998) Biodiesel Research Progress, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO.
14．Shay, EG(1993). Diesel fuel from vegetable oils: Status and Opportunities: Biomass and Bioenergy, 4(4):227-242
15．Shain Tyson, K.Biodiesel Research Progress 1992-1997. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 1997:40-110.
16．Fangrui, Ma M, Hanna. Biodiesel Production: a Review. Bioresour. Technol 1999. 70(1): 1-15.
17．S. Howell, J, Weber."U.S. Biodiesel Overview." In Proceeding: Second Biomass Conference of the America.National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Golden,CO.1995.
18.John Sheehan,Vince Camobreco,An Overview of biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles.C. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 1998.5-8
19.Uchida M,Akasaka Y.A Comparison of Emission from Clean Diesel Fuels.C. SAE Paper 1999-01-1121,1999.
20.Sharo CA. Transient Emissions Testing of Biodiesel and Other Additives in a DDC Series 60 Engine.R.Southwest Research Institute, Final Report to the National Biodiesel Board, 1994.
21.Shimada Y,Watanabe Y,Samukawa T,et al Conversion of Vegetable oils to Biodiesel Using Immobilized Canadian Antarectica Lipsase.J.JAOCS.1999.(76):789-793.
22.Krawczyk T.Biodiesel-Alternative Fuel makes Inroads but Hurdles Remain [J] . INFORM. 1996(7):801-829
23 Jose M EJuan F G,Eduardo S,et al.Preparation and Propeties of Biodiesel from Cynara Cardunculus L. Oil.J.Ind Eng Chem Res,1999,(38):2927-2931;
24.Freedman AW,Butterfield R O,Pryde EH,et al.Transesterification Kinetics of Soybean Oil [J] JAOCS,1986,(63):1375-1380.
25. James DF.Fleshman.New Hydrogen Plant Design Achieves Low Cost and High Efficiency. Chief Process Engineer.NPRA.1999.
26.Peterson C L,Reece D L, Cruz R,et al.A Comparison of Ethyl and Methyl Esters of Vegetable Oil as Diesel Fuel .Substitute.. Proc Alternative Energy Conf, 1987, 66:1732-1738.
27.Gopalakrishnan KV,Rao PS.Use of non -edible vegetable oils as alternate fuels in Diesel engine.Proceedings of the institute of Mechanical Engineers, London, UK, vol 210, 1996, p.131-137.
28.Gerhard V. Performance of vegetable oils and their monoesters as fuel for diesel engine. SAE Paper No.831358,1983.
29.Mamoru.Production of biodiesel fuel from triglycerides and alchol using immobilized lipse. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic,2001.16:53-58.
30.Adams C, Peters J F, Rand M C, et al. Investigation of soybean oil as a diesel fuel extender [J] Am. Oil Chem. Soc,1983,60:1574-1579.
31．金鑫荣．气相色谱法．北京：高等教育出版社，1987．
32．孙传经．气相色谱分析原理与技术．第二版．北京：化学工业出版社，1985
33．周良莫．气相色谱新技术．北京：科学出版社，1994．
34．傅若农，刘虎威．高分辨气相色谱及高分辨裂解气相色谱．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1992．
35．季欧．质谱分析法．上册．1978；下册，1986．北京：原子能出版社．
36．朱明华．仪器分析(第三版)．2000．北京：高等教育出版社．
37．大众汽车公司．大众汽车公司 1999／2000环境保护报告(中文版)(R)．北京：大众汽车公司，1999，53．
38．Willard H H, Merritt L LJr, Dean J A, Settle F A Jr. Instrumental methods of analysis. 7th Ed. Wadsworth, 1988.
39．Grob R L. Modern practice of gas chromatography. 2nd. Ed. John Willey & Sons, 1985.
40．Canakci M. Production of biodiesel from feedstocks with high fatty acids and its affect on diesel engine performance and emission. PhD dissertation, Ames: IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Iowa, USA, 1997.
41．B Ahn, e al. A low-waste process for the production of biodiesel. Sepera. Sci&Technol, 1995, 30(7-9):2021.
42．Kuok C, Fu A, Wong M. Mining Fuzzy Association Rules in Database〔J〕. SIGMOD Record, 1998, 17(1):41-46.
43．Schafer A. Vegetable oil fatty acid methyl esters as alternative diesel fuels for commercial vehicles engines.〔A〕. Plant Oil Fuel Proc. Syrup〔C〕. 1997, 29-46.
44．Howell S, Weber J. "US Biodiesel Overview."〔A〕. In Proceeding: Second Biomass Conference of the Americas〔C〕. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Co. 1995.
45．Kevin J. Harrington. Chemical and Physical Properties of Vegetable Oil Esters and their Effect on Diesel Fuel Performance〔J〕. Biomass, 1986. 9:1-17.
46．黄忠水，纪威，李淑艳，何义团，鄂卓茂．国外生物柴油的应用〔J〕．节能环保技术．2003．1．30：38-41．
47．《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》 Vol104, No.6, (2002), p361-375/
48．《Energy and Fuels》 2001, 15, 1207-1212.
49．王月霞．从植物油中生产清洁柴油〔J〕．天然气与石油．2005，Vol23，No.1：33-37．
50．Neuma T. New Microemulsion system using diesel and vegetable oils〔J〕. Fuel, 2001, 80(1):75-83.
51．Matsumsra, Masatoshi, Murakami, Seishiroetal et al. Method and equipment of refining oil and waste vegetable oil into diesel engine fuels.〔P〕. USP:6364917,2002.
52．孙平，江清阳，袁银南，等．生物柴油对能源和环境影响分析〔J〕．农业工程学报，2003，19(1)：181．
53．谢国剑．高酸值潲水油制取生物柴油的研究〔J〕．化工技术与开发．2005，Vol34，No.2：37-39．
54．吕亮．废品油脂制脂肪酸甲酯工艺〔J〕．皮革化工，2002，19(1)：38-39．
55．王一平，翟金，等．生物柴油制备方法研究进展〔J〕．化工进展，2003，22(1)：8-12．
56．冀星，希小林，等．生物柴油技术进展与产业前景〔J〕．中国工程科学，2002，4(9)：86-93．
57．彭荫来，杨帆．利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油〔J〕．城市环境与城市生态，2001，14(4)：54-56．
58．张君涛，梁生荣，陈志东，冯霄．国内外混合代用燃料的研究进展〔J〕．现代化工．2005，25(7)：14-18．
59．尹红．欧盟生物柴油生产现状〔J〕．粮食与油脂．2004，6：58．
60．Matumoto T, Takahasshi S, et al.〔J〕. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2001, 57(57): 515-520.
61．胡志远．车用生物柴油的应用与发展．代用燃料〔J〕．2004．1：26-31．