龙岩市发展特早熟温州蜜柑的优势与对策
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摘要
我国是柑桔原产中心之一,栽培历史悠久,资源丰富,气候条件优越,适栽地区广泛。福建省龙岩市地处中、南亚热带的过渡地带,由于武夷山脉、玳瑁山、博平岭三大山脉的独特走向,使龙岩形成了独特的气候条件,是栽培特早熟温州蜜柑适宜区的最南沿。
龙岩市于1989年从浙江黄岩柑桔研究所引进12个特早熟温州蜜柑品系,经过十多年的试种、示范、筛选和繁育,现在主要推广种植的品系有稻叶、市文、山川3号、大浦等。在推广种植过程中主要存在树势易衰弱、品系过于单一、成熟期过于集中、果品上市期短,采收过早或过迟会影响果品的质量等问题。本课题通过分析龙岩市种植特早熟温州蜜柑的优势和现状,提出龙岩市发展特早熟温州蜜柑的主要对策。
(1)建立以稻叶作为先锋品系,市文、山川、大浦等品系依次上市的品系结构组合。
(2)建园时选择土壤肥力中等,夏肥少施或不施,重施秋肥,以有机肥为主；合理疏花疏果,保留一定挂果量,定植后前两年及时疏花不挂果等措施是提高树势的主要方法。
(3)果实采收不仅从果皮是否转色,还要从果皮的光滑度、厚度、可溶性固形物等指标作为依据来确定最佳采收期。
(4)发展产业化经营,加大生产投入,解决生产规模小、产业化水平较低、产后处理技术较落后等现状,全面提升产品质量。
China is one of the original center of citrus with abundant citrus resources and long plantation history. Longyan City of Fujian Province is located in the transitional belt crosses Central Subtropical zone and south subtropical zone. Because of the distinctive climate condition which caused by the unique landform of wuyi mountain daimao mountain and bopingling mountain, Longyan City is the southernmost area where suitable for cultivating extremly-early-ripening Satsuma Mandarin.
Longyan City introduced twelve extremly-early-ripening Satsuma Mandarin varieties from Institute of citrus Research,huangyan,zhejiang in 1989. After more than ten years trial planting, demonstration, selection, and breeding, Daoye, Shiwen, Shanchuan NO.3 and Dapu cultivars were main extended. During the extension there were several problems,such as weakness of the trees, single strain, mature period and the period on market were both short. The research analyzed the advantage and present situation of cultivating extremly-early-ripening Satsuma Mandarin in Longyan City and the countermeasures were put forward.
(1)Establish the structural combination which Daoye variety come into the market first, then shiwen shanchuan dapu cultivars come into the market by turn.
(2)Choose the area with medium soil fertility to build orchard. Autumn fertilization is the most important, and organic fertilizer is the main fertilizer. Fertilize less or do not fertilize in summer. Thin the flower and fruit reasonably. Thinning flower during the first two years after planting which is the main measure to enhance the vigor of trees.
(3)Optimum picking time not only based on colour-changed or not but also based on smooth degree, thickness, soluble solid ect.
(4)Develop industrial management of Satsuma Mandarin production. Increase production input and solve the problem of small production scale, low industrialization level, and straggling postharvest technology. Improve the product quality comprehensively.
龙岩市于1989年从浙江黄岩柑桔研究所引进12个特早熟温州蜜柑品系,经过十多年的试种、示范、筛选和繁育,现在主要推广种植的品系有稻叶、市文、山川3号、大浦等。在推广种植过程中主要存在树势易衰弱、品系过于单一、成熟期过于集中、果品上市期短,采收过早或过迟会影响果品的质量等问题。本课题通过分析龙岩市种植特早熟温州蜜柑的优势和现状,提出龙岩市发展特早熟温州蜜柑的主要对策。
(1)建立以稻叶作为先锋品系,市文、山川、大浦等品系依次上市的品系结构组合。
(2)建园时选择土壤肥力中等,夏肥少施或不施,重施秋肥,以有机肥为主；合理疏花疏果,保留一定挂果量,定植后前两年及时疏花不挂果等措施是提高树势的主要方法。
(3)果实采收不仅从果皮是否转色,还要从果皮的光滑度、厚度、可溶性固形物等指标作为依据来确定最佳采收期。
(4)发展产业化经营,加大生产投入,解决生产规模小、产业化水平较低、产后处理技术较落后等现状,全面提升产品质量。
China is one of the original center of citrus with abundant citrus resources and long plantation history. Longyan City of Fujian Province is located in the transitional belt crosses Central Subtropical zone and south subtropical zone. Because of the distinctive climate condition which caused by the unique landform of wuyi mountain daimao mountain and bopingling mountain, Longyan City is the southernmost area where suitable for cultivating extremly-early-ripening Satsuma Mandarin.
Longyan City introduced twelve extremly-early-ripening Satsuma Mandarin varieties from Institute of citrus Research,huangyan,zhejiang in 1989. After more than ten years trial planting, demonstration, selection, and breeding, Daoye, Shiwen, Shanchuan NO.3 and Dapu cultivars were main extended. During the extension there were several problems,such as weakness of the trees, single strain, mature period and the period on market were both short. The research analyzed the advantage and present situation of cultivating extremly-early-ripening Satsuma Mandarin in Longyan City and the countermeasures were put forward.
(1)Establish the structural combination which Daoye variety come into the market first, then shiwen shanchuan dapu cultivars come into the market by turn.
(2)Choose the area with medium soil fertility to build orchard. Autumn fertilization is the most important, and organic fertilizer is the main fertilizer. Fertilize less or do not fertilize in summer. Thin the flower and fruit reasonably. Thinning flower during the first two years after planting which is the main measure to enhance the vigor of trees.
(3)Optimum picking time not only based on colour-changed or not but also based on smooth degree, thickness, soluble solid ect.
(4)Develop industrial management of Satsuma Mandarin production. Increase production input and solve the problem of small production scale, low industrialization level, and straggling postharvest technology. Improve the product quality comprehensively.
引文
[1]徐建国.早熟温州蜜柑完熟栽培技术研究[D].浙江：浙江大学,2006,7：4—6.
[2]李贵君,陈全友.特早熟温州蜜柑的主要品系及引种策略[J].中国柑桔,1993,22(4)：16-17.
[3]余优森,任三学.温州蜜柑果实生长、品质与气象条件的关系[J].气象,1994,20(1)：13-17.
[4]钟德民.稻叶、市文特早熟温州蜜柑品种表现及优质栽培技术[J].中国南方果树,2006,35(1)：11-13.
[5]张洪昆,王建丽,余平溪,等.特早熟温州蜜柑稻叶配套栽培技术[J].福建果树,2005,(1)：54-56.
[6]张琼英,王在明.特早熟温州蜜柑稻叶、市文生物学特性观察[J].福建果树,2005,(1)：21-22.
[7]闵泽萍,黄俊,许峻唫,等.早熟温州蜜柑不同果枝类型的果实品质差异调查[J].中国南方果树,2001,30(6)：21.
[8]江东,陈竹生,李喜庆.不同特早熟温州蜜柑果实成熟期差异比较[J].中国南方果树,2000,29(4)：5-7.
[9]余平溪.特早熟蜜柑的引进及应用[J].现代园艺,2006,(1)：43-44.
[10]刘英才,刘山水,邓建和,等.气候要素对温州蜜柑果实品质影响的相关研究[J].中国农业气象,1998,19(2)：29-31.
[11]吕金泉,苏文元.特早熟温州蜜柑无公害、标准化栽培技术[J].现代园艺,2006,(11)：43-44.
[12]王建丽.特早熟温州蜜柑“稻叶”的引进及应用[J].现代园艺,2007,(1)：41-42
[13]赖继秋,陈益忠.特早熟蜜柑稻叶的高产栽培[J].福建果树,1998(1)：37-38.
[14]陈益忠.特早熟温州蜜柑——稻叶的生物学特性与栽培技术[J].中国南方果树,2004,33(6)：5-6.
[15]解崇斌,邱金德.特早熟蜜柑市文的主要特性及栽培技术[J].浙江柑桔,2002,19(4)：14-15.
[16]惠龙明.怎样种植特早熟温州蜜柑[J].四川果树,1995(3)：45.
[17]王建荣,董榕清.特早熟温州蜜柑丰产栽培关键技术[J].中国农村小康科技,2002,(8)：16-17.
[18]朱光勇.特早熟温州蜜柑高效栽培技术[J].福建果树,2004,(1)：47-48.
[19]张尔一.特早熟温州蜜柑市文生物学特性及栽培要点[J].浙江柑桔,1995.3(4)：23-24.
[20]邓同清.特早熟温州蜜柑建园与定植技术[J].福建农业科技,2004,(6)：12.
[21]谢国禄.防止早熟温州蜜柑隔年结果的有效最适叶果比[J].作物育种信息,2005,(4)：19-20.
[22]黄征槐,黄一华.连城县特早熟温州蜜柑吸果夜蛾危害种群及防治[J].柑桔与亚热带果树信息,2005,21(5)：54.
[23]杨思聪,岳建强,高俊燕,等.德宏州柠檬产业现状及主要栽培技术[J].中国南方果树,2005,34(6)：29-30.
[24]何祖任.桂林市柑桔生产现状、发展方向及对策[J].广西园艺,2004,15(6)：13-14.
[25]张声培,兰伯福,詹丽青.浅谈提升三明市柑桔产业化经营水平之对策[J].江西园艺,2005,(1)：11-12.
[26]罗红梅,王在明.5个特早熟温州蜜柑品系在龙岩的表现[J].江西果树,1997(4)：3-4.
[27]丁伟,刘于生,杨德胜,等.12个特早熟温州蜜柑在湖南的适应性研究与开发建议[J].中国南方果树,1999,28(1)：8-9.
[28]邹大桥,闵泽萍,黄俊,等.六个特早熟温州蜜柑在湖北的引种表现[J].中国南方果树,1999,28(2)：7-8.
[29]徐章彬,李亮生,胡林英,等.适应江西栽培的特早熟温州蜜柑主要品系及栽培技术要点[J].江西园艺,1999,(4)：7-8.
[30]习金根.1996年特早熟温州蜜柑品质偏低原因调查[J].江西果树,1996,(4)：9-10.
[31]陈长才.浅谈柑桔的“阴阳”修剪[J].江西园艺,2005,(1)：12-13.
[32]张秋明.适宜湖南省推广的柑桔良种[J].湖南农业,2005,(5)：13.
[33]陈腾士,甘海峰,陈贵峰,等.广西早熟温州蜜柑现状及发展探讨[J].广西园艺,2004,15(6)15-16.
[34]徐象华,官伟珍.山川3号特早熟温州蜜柑主要特性及栽培技术[J].浙江柑桔,2001,18(1)：15-16.
[35]崔继军.日本特早熟温州蜜柑品种选育、生产及销售现状[J].中国南方果树,2002,31(4)：19.
[36]单杨,李高阳.温州蜜柑果醋加工工艺优化研究[J].中国食品学报,2005,5(2)：86-89.
[37]陶杰.特早熟温州蜜柑椒江日楠引种表现[J].柑桔与亚热带果树信息.2001,17(12)：20.
[38]刘春荣,张百寿.特早熟温州蜜柑栽培技术要点[J].中国柑桔,1995,24(1)：32-33.
[39]谢治银,何天富.宫本、大浦5号特早熟温州蜜柑引种初报[J].中国柑桔,1995,24(1)：18-19.
[40]李德美,刘俊,董继先,等.砧木在葡萄种植中的优势分析[J].河北林业科技,2004,(5)：59-60.
[41]Akiyoshi Matsumoto and Shin_ichi Shiraishi.Seasonal changes in the titratable Acids of Satsuma mandarin fruit[J]. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.1981,49(4):512-518
[42]Karen E.Koch et al. Postphloem,nonvascular transfer in Citrus [J]. Plant physiol. 1990,93:1405-1416
[2]李贵君,陈全友.特早熟温州蜜柑的主要品系及引种策略[J].中国柑桔,1993,22(4)：16-17.
[3]余优森,任三学.温州蜜柑果实生长、品质与气象条件的关系[J].气象,1994,20(1)：13-17.
[4]钟德民.稻叶、市文特早熟温州蜜柑品种表现及优质栽培技术[J].中国南方果树,2006,35(1)：11-13.
[5]张洪昆,王建丽,余平溪,等.特早熟温州蜜柑稻叶配套栽培技术[J].福建果树,2005,(1)：54-56.
[6]张琼英,王在明.特早熟温州蜜柑稻叶、市文生物学特性观察[J].福建果树,2005,(1)：21-22.
[7]闵泽萍,黄俊,许峻唫,等.早熟温州蜜柑不同果枝类型的果实品质差异调查[J].中国南方果树,2001,30(6)：21.
[8]江东,陈竹生,李喜庆.不同特早熟温州蜜柑果实成熟期差异比较[J].中国南方果树,2000,29(4)：5-7.
[9]余平溪.特早熟蜜柑的引进及应用[J].现代园艺,2006,(1)：43-44.
[10]刘英才,刘山水,邓建和,等.气候要素对温州蜜柑果实品质影响的相关研究[J].中国农业气象,1998,19(2)：29-31.
[11]吕金泉,苏文元.特早熟温州蜜柑无公害、标准化栽培技术[J].现代园艺,2006,(11)：43-44.
[12]王建丽.特早熟温州蜜柑“稻叶”的引进及应用[J].现代园艺,2007,(1)：41-42
[13]赖继秋,陈益忠.特早熟蜜柑稻叶的高产栽培[J].福建果树,1998(1)：37-38.
[14]陈益忠.特早熟温州蜜柑——稻叶的生物学特性与栽培技术[J].中国南方果树,2004,33(6)：5-6.
[15]解崇斌,邱金德.特早熟蜜柑市文的主要特性及栽培技术[J].浙江柑桔,2002,19(4)：14-15.
[16]惠龙明.怎样种植特早熟温州蜜柑[J].四川果树,1995(3)：45.
[17]王建荣,董榕清.特早熟温州蜜柑丰产栽培关键技术[J].中国农村小康科技,2002,(8)：16-17.
[18]朱光勇.特早熟温州蜜柑高效栽培技术[J].福建果树,2004,(1)：47-48.
[19]张尔一.特早熟温州蜜柑市文生物学特性及栽培要点[J].浙江柑桔,1995.3(4)：23-24.
[20]邓同清.特早熟温州蜜柑建园与定植技术[J].福建农业科技,2004,(6)：12.
[21]谢国禄.防止早熟温州蜜柑隔年结果的有效最适叶果比[J].作物育种信息,2005,(4)：19-20.
[22]黄征槐,黄一华.连城县特早熟温州蜜柑吸果夜蛾危害种群及防治[J].柑桔与亚热带果树信息,2005,21(5)：54.
[23]杨思聪,岳建强,高俊燕,等.德宏州柠檬产业现状及主要栽培技术[J].中国南方果树,2005,34(6)：29-30.
[24]何祖任.桂林市柑桔生产现状、发展方向及对策[J].广西园艺,2004,15(6)：13-14.
[25]张声培,兰伯福,詹丽青.浅谈提升三明市柑桔产业化经营水平之对策[J].江西园艺,2005,(1)：11-12.
[26]罗红梅,王在明.5个特早熟温州蜜柑品系在龙岩的表现[J].江西果树,1997(4)：3-4.
[27]丁伟,刘于生,杨德胜,等.12个特早熟温州蜜柑在湖南的适应性研究与开发建议[J].中国南方果树,1999,28(1)：8-9.
[28]邹大桥,闵泽萍,黄俊,等.六个特早熟温州蜜柑在湖北的引种表现[J].中国南方果树,1999,28(2)：7-8.
[29]徐章彬,李亮生,胡林英,等.适应江西栽培的特早熟温州蜜柑主要品系及栽培技术要点[J].江西园艺,1999,(4)：7-8.
[30]习金根.1996年特早熟温州蜜柑品质偏低原因调查[J].江西果树,1996,(4)：9-10.
[31]陈长才.浅谈柑桔的“阴阳”修剪[J].江西园艺,2005,(1)：12-13.
[32]张秋明.适宜湖南省推广的柑桔良种[J].湖南农业,2005,(5)：13.
[33]陈腾士,甘海峰,陈贵峰,等.广西早熟温州蜜柑现状及发展探讨[J].广西园艺,2004,15(6)15-16.
[34]徐象华,官伟珍.山川3号特早熟温州蜜柑主要特性及栽培技术[J].浙江柑桔,2001,18(1)：15-16.
[35]崔继军.日本特早熟温州蜜柑品种选育、生产及销售现状[J].中国南方果树,2002,31(4)：19.
[36]单杨,李高阳.温州蜜柑果醋加工工艺优化研究[J].中国食品学报,2005,5(2)：86-89.
[37]陶杰.特早熟温州蜜柑椒江日楠引种表现[J].柑桔与亚热带果树信息.2001,17(12)：20.
[38]刘春荣,张百寿.特早熟温州蜜柑栽培技术要点[J].中国柑桔,1995,24(1)：32-33.
[39]谢治银,何天富.宫本、大浦5号特早熟温州蜜柑引种初报[J].中国柑桔,1995,24(1)：18-19.
[40]李德美,刘俊,董继先,等.砧木在葡萄种植中的优势分析[J].河北林业科技,2004,(5)：59-60.
[41]Akiyoshi Matsumoto and Shin_ichi Shiraishi.Seasonal changes in the titratable Acids of Satsuma mandarin fruit[J]. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.1981,49(4):512-518
[42]Karen E.Koch et al. Postphloem,nonvascular transfer in Citrus [J]. Plant physiol. 1990,93:1405-1416