中国城市建成区植被结构特征和碳吸收
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摘要
随着城市化比例的持续升高,城市生态变得与人类生活以及其所面对的环境问题更加密切相关。中国是城市化速度最快的地区之一,中国的城市化已经被称为21世纪推动世界发展的重要动力来源,但也是环境问题突出的地区之一。研究中国城市建成区植被结构特征及其减少大气二氧化碳的贡献,有助于丰富城市生态学理论。
中国位于欧亚大陆东南部季风气候区,具有从北温带到热带,从湿润到干旱的不同气候带,为研究建成区植被提供了良好的素材。本研究共计实地调查了分布在中国各气候区的43个城市的3295个400m2样方,共计测量乔木24027株,获得19个树种424条年轮条；通过问卷调查和跟踪园林工人养护获得相应城市园林管理及园林废弃物信息。本研究综合实测数据和文献及年鉴等数据,研究中国城市建成区绿地格局以及植被现状特征,探讨中国城市建成区植被碳储存和碳吸收格局及其驱动因素,研究园林废弃物生产生物能源替代化石燃料减排——建成区植被间接减少大气二氧化碳的潜力。得到以下主要结论：
(1)城市建成区绿地格局和植被结构特征研究表明：我国建成区绿地面积增长迅速,1996年-2010年建成区绿地覆盖面积年均增长7.5%,绿化覆盖率年均增长2.8%；中国286个地级市建成区绿化覆盖率空间分布不均衡,这种变化表现出明显的从东到西降序的梯度分布；我国建成区植被主要乔木树种在空间分布呈地带性；建成区绿地植被乔木胸径主要处于5-25cm小径级,乔木株高基本集中在5-7m和7-9m两个区间；城市建成区植被复层结构覆盖率在12%-39%,平均值为24.6%。建成区乔木Gleason丰富度指数在1.30-5.17之间,且Gleason丰富度指数南方高于北方。
(2)植物群落特征与自然社会经济因素相关分析研究表明,建成区乔木平均胸径、平均株高与自然经济因素相关显著；与自然因素相比,经济因素对于复层结构覆盖率更是一个明显决定因素；Gleason指数与年均降水量、年均气温、PGDP三者线性相关显著(P<0.05)；而Simpson指数,Shannon-Wiener指数以及Pielous指数与水热条件和经济发展之间相关不显著。研究发现城市植被多样性很大程度上受到人类活动调控,在一定程度上,景观美学是城市生态系统中植物群落组成的一个更明显的决定因素。但在城市绿化的树种选择上,自然环境有着很大的影响。
(3)47个研究城市建成区绿地植被碳密度4.95-46.30tC hm-2,平均值为18.19±9.23tChm-2。在中国47个城市的单位绿地覆盖面积碳密度平均为自然森林的57%。研究城市建成区碳吸收为0.21-4.30tC hm-2yr-1,平均值为2.13tC hm-2yr-1。现阶段我国建成区大多数城市植被单位绿地面积碳吸收高于自然森林碳吸收,约比自然植被提高50%。中国建成区植被碳吸收可抵消城市居民生活使用能源碳排放的2.5%。
(4)对中国建成区植被碳固存相关驱动因素研究的结果表明,城市建成区碳密度与经度、纬度、年均降水、年均气温和湿润度指数无显著相关,受自然因素调控作用小。自然环境下的碳库因为人类活动的影响有了很大变化,使得植被碳库不再随着经纬度,即受到光温湿度等因子的影响而发生明显的变化,碳密度呈现出了趋同的现象；碳吸收主要受自然因素影响。通过提高园林管理水平可以促进建成区植被碳吸收。
(5)园林废弃物做生物能源在能量投入产出方面具有优势。城市绿地园林废弃物生产能源具有发展前景。开发利用城市绿地园林废弃物生产生物能源不仅减少运输费用,其带来的收益可补偿收集处置废弃物的花费,实现增加收益和节能减排双赢。中国园林废弃物总的生物能源潜力达244PJ,相当于2008年中国城市居民用电能耗的20.7%,中国运输用的汽油能耗的12.6%,替代化石燃料减排17x106tCO2当量。用园林废弃物生产生物能源有助于低碳城市的建设。
With the urbanization rate riseing, urban ecology has become more closely related to human life and the environmental problems. China is one of the fastest urbanizing areas. China's urbanization has been called the world important source of energy to promote the development in the21st century, but also one of the prominent areas of environmental issues. Study of built-up area vegetation structure characteristics and the contribution of reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide that contributes to the urban ecology theory.
China is located in the southeast of climate zone, from north temperate to tropical climatic zones, from humid to arid, provides a good material for the study of the built-up area vegetation. In this study, we surveyed43cities in China with3295(400m2) plots, measuring a total of24027trees,19species424tree rings.With questionnaires garden workers getted the management of urban vegetation and garden waste. This study combined with measured data and literature and Yearbook data to study the pattern of urban gneenspace built-up area and the vegetation structure characteristics, explored the urban built-up area of vegetation carbon storage and carbon sequestration and driving factors, discussed the potential of garden waste for bio-energy production. The following conclusions:
(1) The study which focused on the pattern of green space and vegetation structure characteristics in urban built-up area showed that:The area green space in built up area is growing rapidly in China, green space coverage had been increased by7.5%annually between1996-2010. Greening coverage rate grew by an average of2.8%every year. There is an uneven spatial distribution of green space coverage for286cities in China, with an obvious gradient distribution descending from the East to the West. Tree diameter at breast height (DBH) was mainly5-25cm for built-up area green space, and tree height was mainly concentrated in two intervals of5-7m and7-9m; the coverage of stratified vegetation structure was between12%-39%, with an average value of24.6%. Gleason richness index of trees in built-up area were between1.30-5.17with a higher value the south than the north.
(2) The correlation analysis of community characteristics and nature and socio-economic factors showed that the average DBH and height of trees significantly related with nature-economic factors; compared to natural factors, economic factors is a more significant determinants for stratified vegetation structure; Gleason index was significantly correlated with average annual rainfall, annual temperature and PGDP (P<0.05). While Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielous index showed no significant relationship with hydrothermal conditions and economic development The study found that the diversity of vegetation in urban green space is largely regulated by human activities, to a certain extent, landscape aesthetics is a more significant determinants of woody plants in the urban ecosystem. But the natural environment has a great impact on the selection of urban greening tree species.
(3) The green vegetation carbon density of the urban built-up area in47studied cities is in the range of4.95t C hm-2to46.30tC hm-2, with an average of18.19±9.23tC hm-2. The average carbon density of the average green coverage area of the47cities in China is57%of the natural forest. The carbon uptake of the urban built-up area of the studied cities ranges from0.21tC hm"2yr-1to4.30tC hm-2yr-1, with an average of2.13tC hm-2yr-1. At this stage, in China's built-up area, the carbon uptake of the average urban vegetation area is higher than the natural forest, approximately50%higher than the natural vegetation. The vegetation carbon sequestration of built-up area in China can offset2.5%of the carbon emissions from the energy use of the urban residents.
(4) Studing the driving factors of vegetation carbon storage and uptake in built-up area in China, showed that carbon density of the urban built-up area do not have significant relation with natural factors, such as longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, average annual temperature and moisture index. Carbon pool of the natural has changed a lot dute to the impact of human activities, the vegetation carbon pool is no longer signifcantly changed with latitude and longitude, which influence the light, temperature and humidity and other factors, that means the carbon density showing convergence phenomenon; carbon uptake mainly influenced by natural factors, instead of the economic impact, and the garden management could promote the built-up area of vegetation carbon sequestration.
(5) Garden waste to bio-energy production has advantages in the energy input and output. Using the garden waste of the urban green space has great prospects. Development and utilization of garden waste of the urban green space to produce bio-energy not only reduces transport costs, but also brings benefit which can compensate for the cost of collection and disposal of the waste, thus achieving the win-win effect of revenue increasing and energy savings. The total bioenergy potential of China's garden waste can be244PJ, equivalent to20.7%of the electricity consumption of urban residents,12.6%of the energy consumption of the gasoline used in transportation of China in2008, and it can reduce17X106t CO2equivalent replacing fossil fuel. Using garden waste to produce of bio-energy contributes to the construction of low-carbon city.
中国位于欧亚大陆东南部季风气候区,具有从北温带到热带,从湿润到干旱的不同气候带,为研究建成区植被提供了良好的素材。本研究共计实地调查了分布在中国各气候区的43个城市的3295个400m2样方,共计测量乔木24027株,获得19个树种424条年轮条；通过问卷调查和跟踪园林工人养护获得相应城市园林管理及园林废弃物信息。本研究综合实测数据和文献及年鉴等数据,研究中国城市建成区绿地格局以及植被现状特征,探讨中国城市建成区植被碳储存和碳吸收格局及其驱动因素,研究园林废弃物生产生物能源替代化石燃料减排——建成区植被间接减少大气二氧化碳的潜力。得到以下主要结论：
(1)城市建成区绿地格局和植被结构特征研究表明：我国建成区绿地面积增长迅速,1996年-2010年建成区绿地覆盖面积年均增长7.5%,绿化覆盖率年均增长2.8%；中国286个地级市建成区绿化覆盖率空间分布不均衡,这种变化表现出明显的从东到西降序的梯度分布；我国建成区植被主要乔木树种在空间分布呈地带性；建成区绿地植被乔木胸径主要处于5-25cm小径级,乔木株高基本集中在5-7m和7-9m两个区间；城市建成区植被复层结构覆盖率在12%-39%,平均值为24.6%。建成区乔木Gleason丰富度指数在1.30-5.17之间,且Gleason丰富度指数南方高于北方。
(2)植物群落特征与自然社会经济因素相关分析研究表明,建成区乔木平均胸径、平均株高与自然经济因素相关显著；与自然因素相比,经济因素对于复层结构覆盖率更是一个明显决定因素；Gleason指数与年均降水量、年均气温、PGDP三者线性相关显著(P<0.05)；而Simpson指数,Shannon-Wiener指数以及Pielous指数与水热条件和经济发展之间相关不显著。研究发现城市植被多样性很大程度上受到人类活动调控,在一定程度上,景观美学是城市生态系统中植物群落组成的一个更明显的决定因素。但在城市绿化的树种选择上,自然环境有着很大的影响。
(3)47个研究城市建成区绿地植被碳密度4.95-46.30tC hm-2,平均值为18.19±9.23tChm-2。在中国47个城市的单位绿地覆盖面积碳密度平均为自然森林的57%。研究城市建成区碳吸收为0.21-4.30tC hm-2yr-1,平均值为2.13tC hm-2yr-1。现阶段我国建成区大多数城市植被单位绿地面积碳吸收高于自然森林碳吸收,约比自然植被提高50%。中国建成区植被碳吸收可抵消城市居民生活使用能源碳排放的2.5%。
(4)对中国建成区植被碳固存相关驱动因素研究的结果表明,城市建成区碳密度与经度、纬度、年均降水、年均气温和湿润度指数无显著相关,受自然因素调控作用小。自然环境下的碳库因为人类活动的影响有了很大变化,使得植被碳库不再随着经纬度,即受到光温湿度等因子的影响而发生明显的变化,碳密度呈现出了趋同的现象；碳吸收主要受自然因素影响。通过提高园林管理水平可以促进建成区植被碳吸收。
(5)园林废弃物做生物能源在能量投入产出方面具有优势。城市绿地园林废弃物生产能源具有发展前景。开发利用城市绿地园林废弃物生产生物能源不仅减少运输费用,其带来的收益可补偿收集处置废弃物的花费,实现增加收益和节能减排双赢。中国园林废弃物总的生物能源潜力达244PJ,相当于2008年中国城市居民用电能耗的20.7%,中国运输用的汽油能耗的12.6%,替代化石燃料减排17x106tCO2当量。用园林废弃物生产生物能源有助于低碳城市的建设。
With the urbanization rate riseing, urban ecology has become more closely related to human life and the environmental problems. China is one of the fastest urbanizing areas. China's urbanization has been called the world important source of energy to promote the development in the21st century, but also one of the prominent areas of environmental issues. Study of built-up area vegetation structure characteristics and the contribution of reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide that contributes to the urban ecology theory.
China is located in the southeast of climate zone, from north temperate to tropical climatic zones, from humid to arid, provides a good material for the study of the built-up area vegetation. In this study, we surveyed43cities in China with3295(400m2) plots, measuring a total of24027trees,19species424tree rings.With questionnaires garden workers getted the management of urban vegetation and garden waste. This study combined with measured data and literature and Yearbook data to study the pattern of urban gneenspace built-up area and the vegetation structure characteristics, explored the urban built-up area of vegetation carbon storage and carbon sequestration and driving factors, discussed the potential of garden waste for bio-energy production. The following conclusions:
(1) The study which focused on the pattern of green space and vegetation structure characteristics in urban built-up area showed that:The area green space in built up area is growing rapidly in China, green space coverage had been increased by7.5%annually between1996-2010. Greening coverage rate grew by an average of2.8%every year. There is an uneven spatial distribution of green space coverage for286cities in China, with an obvious gradient distribution descending from the East to the West. Tree diameter at breast height (DBH) was mainly5-25cm for built-up area green space, and tree height was mainly concentrated in two intervals of5-7m and7-9m; the coverage of stratified vegetation structure was between12%-39%, with an average value of24.6%. Gleason richness index of trees in built-up area were between1.30-5.17with a higher value the south than the north.
(2) The correlation analysis of community characteristics and nature and socio-economic factors showed that the average DBH and height of trees significantly related with nature-economic factors; compared to natural factors, economic factors is a more significant determinants for stratified vegetation structure; Gleason index was significantly correlated with average annual rainfall, annual temperature and PGDP (P<0.05). While Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielous index showed no significant relationship with hydrothermal conditions and economic development The study found that the diversity of vegetation in urban green space is largely regulated by human activities, to a certain extent, landscape aesthetics is a more significant determinants of woody plants in the urban ecosystem. But the natural environment has a great impact on the selection of urban greening tree species.
(3) The green vegetation carbon density of the urban built-up area in47studied cities is in the range of4.95t C hm-2to46.30tC hm-2, with an average of18.19±9.23tC hm-2. The average carbon density of the average green coverage area of the47cities in China is57%of the natural forest. The carbon uptake of the urban built-up area of the studied cities ranges from0.21tC hm"2yr-1to4.30tC hm-2yr-1, with an average of2.13tC hm-2yr-1. At this stage, in China's built-up area, the carbon uptake of the average urban vegetation area is higher than the natural forest, approximately50%higher than the natural vegetation. The vegetation carbon sequestration of built-up area in China can offset2.5%of the carbon emissions from the energy use of the urban residents.
(4) Studing the driving factors of vegetation carbon storage and uptake in built-up area in China, showed that carbon density of the urban built-up area do not have significant relation with natural factors, such as longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, average annual temperature and moisture index. Carbon pool of the natural has changed a lot dute to the impact of human activities, the vegetation carbon pool is no longer signifcantly changed with latitude and longitude, which influence the light, temperature and humidity and other factors, that means the carbon density showing convergence phenomenon; carbon uptake mainly influenced by natural factors, instead of the economic impact, and the garden management could promote the built-up area of vegetation carbon sequestration.
(5) Garden waste to bio-energy production has advantages in the energy input and output. Using the garden waste of the urban green space has great prospects. Development and utilization of garden waste of the urban green space to produce bio-energy not only reduces transport costs, but also brings benefit which can compensate for the cost of collection and disposal of the waste, thus achieving the win-win effect of revenue increasing and energy savings. The total bioenergy potential of China's garden waste can be244PJ, equivalent to20.7%of the electricity consumption of urban residents,12.6%of the energy consumption of the gasoline used in transportation of China in2008, and it can reduce17X106t CO2equivalent replacing fossil fuel. Using garden waste to produce of bio-energy contributes to the construction of low-carbon city.
引文
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