非饱和土孔隙水作用机理及其在边坡稳定分析中的应用研究
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摘要
非饱和土内孔隙水的作用形式是引起岩土体力学性质变化的根本性原因。论文依托作者在参与降雨诱发浅层非饱和土滑坡项目（美国地调局-科罗拉多矿业大学联合项目）时所取得的试验成果以及所观察到的非饱和土体特殊性质，综合利用数学解析、室内试验和数值模拟等手段，从宏观现象和微观结构，对非饱和土内的孔隙水作用机理以及相应的土体力学性质进行研究。论文主要内容包括：
（1）利用推导所得公式来计算不同降雨量q、进气压力值倒数α以及q/ks条件下的土层稳态渗流场分布形式，相对于其它因素而言，渗流场分布形式对降雨强度的大小会更为敏感一些。进一步对砂土、粉土及粘土三种典型土体进行研究，得到了降雨/蒸发条件相同且达到了稳态渗流阶段时，不同类型土体内的吸力场和含水量场分布状况的特点：三种类型的土体中，粘性土体对降雨边界条件的变动最为敏感，这体现在降雨强度发生相同变化时，粘土层内渗流场分布所产生的调整幅度是最大的，这种现象又会进一步反应在该土体的强度性能等方面。继续对瞬态渗流场进行分析，研究两阶段降雨作用时土层内的渗流场分布。结合公式推导所得的边界条件/初始条件，利用Laplace变换对已有的无量纲二阶偏微分方程进行求解，得到了可用于计算瞬态渗流场分布形式的方程式。采用非线性的Boussinesq方程来描述受恒定变动速率库水位影响的坡体内非稳定潜水流，结合特定的边界条件，推导得出了坡内浸润线（地下水位线）位置的计算表达式。通过该表达式可知，边坡岩土层内的变化幅度要受到库区水位变动速率、渗透系数以及给水度值等因素的影响。
（2）在滑坡现场不同位置和不同深度处采集四种类型的土体，对这些土体进行瞬态水力特性循环试验，将试验所得初始数据输入到HYDRUS-1D软件中进行拟合，并考虑到高进气值陶瓷板、孔隙水中逸出气体对试验结果所造成的影响，最终可得到非饱和土体相应于脱湿进程和吸湿进程时的几种主要水力参数。不同水力进程条件下所得的同种水力参数值之间的差异明显，将这种现象称为非饱和土的“滞后效应”。
（3）从微观结构角度入手，对相同直径双颗粒非饱和土系统和不同直径双颗粒非饱和土系统进行分析，得到了相应于不同类型双颗粒非饱和土系统时的填充角、含水量以及基质吸力等参数之间的函数关系表达式，通过这些表达式计算得到的数据，对不同水力路径条件下，非饱和土的滞后效应等特殊性质进行了验证，并得到了级配不同土体的滞后效应特点。
（4）联合常规土工试验和微观结构分析两种手段，得到了吸力对非饱和土强度的贡献形式和贡献规律。针对试验过程中土体所呈现出的特殊性质，对不同含水量时的土样进行微观结构扫描试验，观察其内的孔隙水与土体颗粒之间的作用形式，并对不同赋存形式的孔隙水在提供土体强度时所起的作用进行了分析。
（5）在区分不同水力路径的前提下，将试验所得的土体水力学参数和物理力学参数应用于数值模型中，研究结果表明，对受库区水位变动影响的边坡而言，相应于不同库水变动类型和变动速率的边坡，其整体稳定性会呈现出不同的发展规律；对受不同类型降雨作用的边坡体而言，边坡整体稳定性会随着降雨持时或强度的增长而逐渐降低。低强度长持时的降雨事件，往往会引发深层滑坡，而短时高强度降雨，则对边坡浅层岩土体造成很大的影响，会诱发浅层滑坡；不同阶段降雨共同作用的结果表明，对处于雨季的滑坡进行预警时，要综合考虑降雨持时、强度、累计降雨量以及边坡体自身的物理力学和水力学特性，单一的因素是难以反映客观实际的。
论文的各部分研究内容联系紧密，共同组成了一个较为初步且合理的理论体系，为相关领域研究人员提供一定的参考，并可作为进一步研究工作的基础。
The type of pore water action is a solid and considerable factor which couldinduce to the physical property change of soil or rock mass. This thesis wascompleted by basing the experimental results and some typical phenomenon gotfrom the project which named Rainfall induce shallow landslide in unsaturated soilslope (it is the co-project fulfilled by the USGS and CSM). In order to demonstratedthe action mechanism of pore water within unsaturated soil and the correspondingcharacteristics of soil mass, three types of methods was used in this research work,namely, the analytical method, laboratory test method and numerical simulationmethod. Major conclusions that got from this thesis can be seen as follows:
(1) To calculate the seepage state data by using the deduced equation and byselected parameters, the rainfall intensity q, the inverse value of air-entry pressureand the ration of rainfall intensity with saturated hydraulic conductivity, respectively,we can see that the seepage state within soil layer is more sensitive with rainfallintensity. Furthermore, take research on several types of soil for getting insight intothe steady seepage condition within these different type of soil layers, comparedwith the other two factors, the rainfall event will take more influence on the seepagestate of soil layer, and as for the three type of soil: sandy soil, silty soil or clay soil,the last one could take more sensitive on the rainfall event, and the correspondingsoil strength is also has the same characteristic. Combined the deduced boundarycondition, initial condition and Laplace transform equation, we can take solution fora partial differential equation of second order, and get a equation to calculate thetransient seepage condition, finally. Select the un-linear Boussinesq equation todemonstrate the unsteady seepage state profile of soil layer which is under theinfluence of water level fluctuation with specified velocity, and based the knownresults, this thesis provide an equation for the location calculation of water tablewithin soil layer. From the expression we can see that the range of variation isconsiderable influence by the velocity of water level fluctuation, hydraulicconductivity and specific yield.
(2) TWRI tests were conducted for several types of soil which collected in alandslide site. Experimental results need to be taken as input data in HYDRUS-1Dcomputer code, the influence of HAE disk and pore air within water were also taken into consideration. Some major hydraulic parameters were obtained from these tests,and huge hysteresis effect could be found between these parameters related wettingprocess and drying process, respectively.
(3) Claiming at the micro-structure point, we can get some insights into the samediameter two-particle unsaturated soil system and the different diameter two-particlesunsaturated soil system, obtained expressions from these known data that can be used toestablish the relationship among contact angle, water content and matric suction. Usingthese expressions to validate the hysteresis effect of unsaturated soil and to experiencethe same issue for different grading level soil.
(4) By combining the methods of common type of soil test and micro-structureanalysis into research work, the contribution type and contribution rule of matric suctionto soil strength can be obtained. And according to the special characteristic ofunsaturated soil, the micro-structure survey work was conducted on some soil sampleswith different water contents. The interactive relation and related mechanism forstrength contribution that provided by pore water were also detected and demonstratedby this test.
(5) The difference between wetting process and drying process were consideredduring taking experimental data into slope model. The research results show us thataccording to different range type of water level variation, the slope stability will act asdifferent type of developments. As for the slope that under the influence of differentrainfall conditions, the slope stability will reduce gradually with the rainfall intensityincrease or with the rainfall time elapse. The rainfall with low intensity but long actiontime could induce to landslide in deep location, in the other way, shallow landslideoccurs usually for the influence of high intensity but short action time. The two-phaserainfall event also shows us that all of the rainfall action time, rainfall intensity and theslope soil properties are important in landslide forecast work.
Each part of this thesis can take tightness interactive and comprise an initial butreasonable theory system; the related researcher could take this work as a benefitedreference or based on it to further their study work.
（1）利用推导所得公式来计算不同降雨量q、进气压力值倒数α以及q/ks条件下的土层稳态渗流场分布形式，相对于其它因素而言，渗流场分布形式对降雨强度的大小会更为敏感一些。进一步对砂土、粉土及粘土三种典型土体进行研究，得到了降雨/蒸发条件相同且达到了稳态渗流阶段时，不同类型土体内的吸力场和含水量场分布状况的特点：三种类型的土体中，粘性土体对降雨边界条件的变动最为敏感，这体现在降雨强度发生相同变化时，粘土层内渗流场分布所产生的调整幅度是最大的，这种现象又会进一步反应在该土体的强度性能等方面。继续对瞬态渗流场进行分析，研究两阶段降雨作用时土层内的渗流场分布。结合公式推导所得的边界条件/初始条件，利用Laplace变换对已有的无量纲二阶偏微分方程进行求解，得到了可用于计算瞬态渗流场分布形式的方程式。采用非线性的Boussinesq方程来描述受恒定变动速率库水位影响的坡体内非稳定潜水流，结合特定的边界条件，推导得出了坡内浸润线（地下水位线）位置的计算表达式。通过该表达式可知，边坡岩土层内的变化幅度要受到库区水位变动速率、渗透系数以及给水度值等因素的影响。
（2）在滑坡现场不同位置和不同深度处采集四种类型的土体，对这些土体进行瞬态水力特性循环试验，将试验所得初始数据输入到HYDRUS-1D软件中进行拟合，并考虑到高进气值陶瓷板、孔隙水中逸出气体对试验结果所造成的影响，最终可得到非饱和土体相应于脱湿进程和吸湿进程时的几种主要水力参数。不同水力进程条件下所得的同种水力参数值之间的差异明显，将这种现象称为非饱和土的“滞后效应”。
（3）从微观结构角度入手，对相同直径双颗粒非饱和土系统和不同直径双颗粒非饱和土系统进行分析，得到了相应于不同类型双颗粒非饱和土系统时的填充角、含水量以及基质吸力等参数之间的函数关系表达式，通过这些表达式计算得到的数据，对不同水力路径条件下，非饱和土的滞后效应等特殊性质进行了验证，并得到了级配不同土体的滞后效应特点。
（4）联合常规土工试验和微观结构分析两种手段，得到了吸力对非饱和土强度的贡献形式和贡献规律。针对试验过程中土体所呈现出的特殊性质，对不同含水量时的土样进行微观结构扫描试验，观察其内的孔隙水与土体颗粒之间的作用形式，并对不同赋存形式的孔隙水在提供土体强度时所起的作用进行了分析。
（5）在区分不同水力路径的前提下，将试验所得的土体水力学参数和物理力学参数应用于数值模型中，研究结果表明，对受库区水位变动影响的边坡而言，相应于不同库水变动类型和变动速率的边坡，其整体稳定性会呈现出不同的发展规律；对受不同类型降雨作用的边坡体而言，边坡整体稳定性会随着降雨持时或强度的增长而逐渐降低。低强度长持时的降雨事件，往往会引发深层滑坡，而短时高强度降雨，则对边坡浅层岩土体造成很大的影响，会诱发浅层滑坡；不同阶段降雨共同作用的结果表明，对处于雨季的滑坡进行预警时，要综合考虑降雨持时、强度、累计降雨量以及边坡体自身的物理力学和水力学特性，单一的因素是难以反映客观实际的。
论文的各部分研究内容联系紧密，共同组成了一个较为初步且合理的理论体系，为相关领域研究人员提供一定的参考，并可作为进一步研究工作的基础。
The type of pore water action is a solid and considerable factor which couldinduce to the physical property change of soil or rock mass. This thesis wascompleted by basing the experimental results and some typical phenomenon gotfrom the project which named Rainfall induce shallow landslide in unsaturated soilslope (it is the co-project fulfilled by the USGS and CSM). In order to demonstratedthe action mechanism of pore water within unsaturated soil and the correspondingcharacteristics of soil mass, three types of methods was used in this research work,namely, the analytical method, laboratory test method and numerical simulationmethod. Major conclusions that got from this thesis can be seen as follows:
(1) To calculate the seepage state data by using the deduced equation and byselected parameters, the rainfall intensity q, the inverse value of air-entry pressureand the ration of rainfall intensity with saturated hydraulic conductivity, respectively,we can see that the seepage state within soil layer is more sensitive with rainfallintensity. Furthermore, take research on several types of soil for getting insight intothe steady seepage condition within these different type of soil layers, comparedwith the other two factors, the rainfall event will take more influence on the seepagestate of soil layer, and as for the three type of soil: sandy soil, silty soil or clay soil,the last one could take more sensitive on the rainfall event, and the correspondingsoil strength is also has the same characteristic. Combined the deduced boundarycondition, initial condition and Laplace transform equation, we can take solution fora partial differential equation of second order, and get a equation to calculate thetransient seepage condition, finally. Select the un-linear Boussinesq equation todemonstrate the unsteady seepage state profile of soil layer which is under theinfluence of water level fluctuation with specified velocity, and based the knownresults, this thesis provide an equation for the location calculation of water tablewithin soil layer. From the expression we can see that the range of variation isconsiderable influence by the velocity of water level fluctuation, hydraulicconductivity and specific yield.
(2) TWRI tests were conducted for several types of soil which collected in alandslide site. Experimental results need to be taken as input data in HYDRUS-1Dcomputer code, the influence of HAE disk and pore air within water were also taken into consideration. Some major hydraulic parameters were obtained from these tests,and huge hysteresis effect could be found between these parameters related wettingprocess and drying process, respectively.
(3) Claiming at the micro-structure point, we can get some insights into the samediameter two-particle unsaturated soil system and the different diameter two-particlesunsaturated soil system, obtained expressions from these known data that can be used toestablish the relationship among contact angle, water content and matric suction. Usingthese expressions to validate the hysteresis effect of unsaturated soil and to experiencethe same issue for different grading level soil.
(4) By combining the methods of common type of soil test and micro-structureanalysis into research work, the contribution type and contribution rule of matric suctionto soil strength can be obtained. And according to the special characteristic ofunsaturated soil, the micro-structure survey work was conducted on some soil sampleswith different water contents. The interactive relation and related mechanism forstrength contribution that provided by pore water were also detected and demonstratedby this test.
(5) The difference between wetting process and drying process were consideredduring taking experimental data into slope model. The research results show us thataccording to different range type of water level variation, the slope stability will act asdifferent type of developments. As for the slope that under the influence of differentrainfall conditions, the slope stability will reduce gradually with the rainfall intensityincrease or with the rainfall time elapse. The rainfall with low intensity but long actiontime could induce to landslide in deep location, in the other way, shallow landslideoccurs usually for the influence of high intensity but short action time. The two-phaserainfall event also shows us that all of the rainfall action time, rainfall intensity and theslope soil properties are important in landslide forecast work.
Each part of this thesis can take tightness interactive and comprise an initial butreasonable theory system; the related researcher could take this work as a benefitedreference or based on it to further their study work.
引文
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