基于DEM的黄土高原流域面积高程积分谱系研究
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摘要
面积高程积分(Hypsometric Integral)是一种具有明确物理含义和地貌学意义的地形分析指标。作为一种宏观的地貌分析指标与方法,面积高程积分虽能定量地揭示流域发育特征,但其分析的理论与方法体系亟待完善。特别是,虽然前人对部分流域的面积高程积分展开过分析讨论,但基于该指标与方法对于区域性的流域地貌发育及地貌空间格局的系统研究明显不足。本文首先系统地分析了面积高程积分的基本概念,对其特征属性、影响因素及分类体系进行深入探讨。在此基础上提出了流域面积高程积分谱系的概念模型、地学含义、组成要素及分析方法。基于数字地形分析及地学信息图谱方法,以黄土高原重点水土流失区,特别是其中多级典型流域为实验样区,以多尺度数字高程模型(DEM)为基本信息源,研究基于流域面积高程积分谱系分析黄土高原流域地貌形态的方法,获得了对黄土流域地貌及空间分异特征的新认识,得到了基于流域面积高程积分谱系的黄土高原重点水土流失区地貌分区图。论文主要的研究内容和结论如下：
1.在明确面积高程积分基本性质的基础上,提出了流域面积高程积分谱系的概念模型,特别围绕其衍生的各类分析方法,展开深入研究与分析。研究表明,流域面积高程积分谱系能够对原有面积高程积分的地形形态表达进行有效补充,通过系统地对流域内部各地形特征要素的面积高程积分表达,在相当程度上丰富了面积高程积分的理论体系与分析方法。
2.在系统分析流域特征要素的基础上,构建了流域面积高程积分谱系的指标组合。实验结果显示,以不同的地形特征要素作为面积高程积分分析的地理对象所构建的一系列面积高程积分值和积分曲线,能够有效表达流域整体与局部的地貌形态与发育特征；根据地形特征要素面积高程积分相关性的差异,所遴选出的“流域边界-沟沿线-主沟谷”和“流域-沟谷网络-主沟谷”两组参数,可作为分析流域基本形态特征与发育进程的基本分析指标。
3.面向空间序列上典型的黄土小流域,分析了面积高程积分的尺度效应。从高程分级,DEM分辨率以及地域稳定面积三个方面分析发现：绘制积分曲线时采用100级高程分级既可满足精度要求,又能保证计算效率；DEM分辨率对面积高程积分的影响敏感性较弱,在不同分辨率条件下积分值基本保持稳定；黄土小流域面积超过10平方公里时,面积高程积分达到一定的相似性及地域稳定性。
4.分别以空间序列典型样区小流域和时间序列模拟小流域为分析对象,讨论了面积高程积分谱系的变化特征。研究表明,谱系中的各指标量值在黄土高原地理空间上呈现有序分布；不同发育阶段的模拟小流域也显示,面积高程积分在时间上具有较好的地貌发育对应性。以黄土高原重点水土流失区作为研究区域,所构建的面积高程积分多指标系列地图,反映出黄土高原重点水土流失区中的大部分小流域虽尚处于地貌发育过程的壮年期,但仍呈现东西向及南北向在发育进程上的空间差异性。
论文的创新点总结为：
首次提出了流域面积高程积分谱系的概念模型与分析框架。面积高程积分曲线序列及属性序列的有机组合,在流域地貌研究中所呈现的形态、数量及过程变化特征,能够较深刻地揭示流域地貌的外在表现与发育规律,实现在地貌学理论与分析方法上的创新。基于面积高程积分谱系对黄土高原重点流失区的研究,从一个全新的视角深入审视黄土高原流域地貌特征及在宏观上的空间格局特征。该研究也是基于海量DEM数据进行区域地貌研究的一次有益的探索,是GIS数字地形分析方法的创新实践。
Hypsometric integral is a terrain analysis factor with apparent physical and geomorphologic meanings which could reflect the landform erode stage and evolution process. As a macroscopic parameter and method in terrain analysis, the applications of hypsometric integral could reveal the quantitative characteristic of landform evolution in watershed scale. However, it still needs to be improved and enriched of the hypsometric integral analysis method, particularly in the little progress has been made of hypsometric integrals in the applications of watershed evolution and geomorphologic pattern from previous literatures. On the basis of aforementioned shortages, this paper conducts a systematic analysis on the concepts of hypsometric integral, and then, the attributes of its morphologic feature, formation factors and its classification scheme have been deeply discussed. In addition, the spectrum serial of hypsometric integrals is proposed followed with its conceptual model, geographic meaning, component features and analysis methods. Based on the methods of digital terrain analysis and geo-informatic Tupu, the spectrum serial of hypsometric integrals is applied to the loess watershed landform in the severe soil erosion area of Loess Plateau. Finally, a new understanding of loess watershed landform and its spatial differentiation characteristic has been achieved. The main research contents and conclusions are listed as following:
1. Clearing the basic characteristics of hypsometric integrals. This paper puts forward the conceptual model of the spectrum serial of hypsometric integral and carries out the further derived studies on various analysis methods. The results indicate that the spectrum serial could make a good understanding for the description of the geomorphology by each integral. Well expressed hypsometric integrals of each watershed terrain features, could enrich the theory and analysis methods to some extent.
2. The index groups of the hypsometric integral are selected according to the terrain features analysis of watershed landform. The experiment results show that a serial of the integral values and their corresponding curves, derived from different terrain features, could efficiently reveal the geomorphological and the evolution characteristic of watershed from the whole to the local. According to the correlation variance of the hypsometric integral of terrain features, two index groups are selected as the basic index group to analyze the morphologic characteristics and evolution process of watershed landform, i.e. boundary of watershed, watershed and main gully as a group, and watershed, stream network and main gully as the other.
3. The scale effect of the hypsometric integral is analyzed with the small loess watersheds along with the time serial. The experiment of scale effect among the grading scale, data scale and region scale show that, the integral curve appears high accuracy and well calculation efficiency when the elevation grade use100; The resolution of DEM shows a weak sensitivity to the integral value, i.e. the value keeps stable with the resolution varying; When the area of the test site exceeds10km2, the integral value states a similarity to others as well as regional stability.
4. A discussion on the variance characteristic of the spectrum serial of the hypsometric integral is given with two different analysis serials, i.e. the typical watersheds on the spatial serial and simulated watersheds on the time serial. The results indicate that each index of the spectrum serial has an orderly spatial distribution, and the simulated watersheds also prove that the well correspondence characteristic between the integral value and evolution stage. The multi-index maps of hypsometric integral in the severe soil erosion area reveal that, despite most of the small watersheds are in mature stage,, it still present the spatial differentiation on the evolution process from east to west and from south to north in the study area.
This paper enriches the theories and methods of digital terrain analysis through the studies on the spectrum serial of the hypsometric integral of watersheds in loess plateau. The conclusions strengthen the understanding of the loess watershed landform and its spatial differentiation characteristic. This paper is an innovative and beneficial work/job for the application of the geo-informatic Tupu.
1.在明确面积高程积分基本性质的基础上,提出了流域面积高程积分谱系的概念模型,特别围绕其衍生的各类分析方法,展开深入研究与分析。研究表明,流域面积高程积分谱系能够对原有面积高程积分的地形形态表达进行有效补充,通过系统地对流域内部各地形特征要素的面积高程积分表达,在相当程度上丰富了面积高程积分的理论体系与分析方法。
2.在系统分析流域特征要素的基础上,构建了流域面积高程积分谱系的指标组合。实验结果显示,以不同的地形特征要素作为面积高程积分分析的地理对象所构建的一系列面积高程积分值和积分曲线,能够有效表达流域整体与局部的地貌形态与发育特征；根据地形特征要素面积高程积分相关性的差异,所遴选出的“流域边界-沟沿线-主沟谷”和“流域-沟谷网络-主沟谷”两组参数,可作为分析流域基本形态特征与发育进程的基本分析指标。
3.面向空间序列上典型的黄土小流域,分析了面积高程积分的尺度效应。从高程分级,DEM分辨率以及地域稳定面积三个方面分析发现：绘制积分曲线时采用100级高程分级既可满足精度要求,又能保证计算效率；DEM分辨率对面积高程积分的影响敏感性较弱,在不同分辨率条件下积分值基本保持稳定；黄土小流域面积超过10平方公里时,面积高程积分达到一定的相似性及地域稳定性。
4.分别以空间序列典型样区小流域和时间序列模拟小流域为分析对象,讨论了面积高程积分谱系的变化特征。研究表明,谱系中的各指标量值在黄土高原地理空间上呈现有序分布；不同发育阶段的模拟小流域也显示,面积高程积分在时间上具有较好的地貌发育对应性。以黄土高原重点水土流失区作为研究区域,所构建的面积高程积分多指标系列地图,反映出黄土高原重点水土流失区中的大部分小流域虽尚处于地貌发育过程的壮年期,但仍呈现东西向及南北向在发育进程上的空间差异性。
论文的创新点总结为：
首次提出了流域面积高程积分谱系的概念模型与分析框架。面积高程积分曲线序列及属性序列的有机组合,在流域地貌研究中所呈现的形态、数量及过程变化特征,能够较深刻地揭示流域地貌的外在表现与发育规律,实现在地貌学理论与分析方法上的创新。基于面积高程积分谱系对黄土高原重点流失区的研究,从一个全新的视角深入审视黄土高原流域地貌特征及在宏观上的空间格局特征。该研究也是基于海量DEM数据进行区域地貌研究的一次有益的探索,是GIS数字地形分析方法的创新实践。
Hypsometric integral is a terrain analysis factor with apparent physical and geomorphologic meanings which could reflect the landform erode stage and evolution process. As a macroscopic parameter and method in terrain analysis, the applications of hypsometric integral could reveal the quantitative characteristic of landform evolution in watershed scale. However, it still needs to be improved and enriched of the hypsometric integral analysis method, particularly in the little progress has been made of hypsometric integrals in the applications of watershed evolution and geomorphologic pattern from previous literatures. On the basis of aforementioned shortages, this paper conducts a systematic analysis on the concepts of hypsometric integral, and then, the attributes of its morphologic feature, formation factors and its classification scheme have been deeply discussed. In addition, the spectrum serial of hypsometric integrals is proposed followed with its conceptual model, geographic meaning, component features and analysis methods. Based on the methods of digital terrain analysis and geo-informatic Tupu, the spectrum serial of hypsometric integrals is applied to the loess watershed landform in the severe soil erosion area of Loess Plateau. Finally, a new understanding of loess watershed landform and its spatial differentiation characteristic has been achieved. The main research contents and conclusions are listed as following:
1. Clearing the basic characteristics of hypsometric integrals. This paper puts forward the conceptual model of the spectrum serial of hypsometric integral and carries out the further derived studies on various analysis methods. The results indicate that the spectrum serial could make a good understanding for the description of the geomorphology by each integral. Well expressed hypsometric integrals of each watershed terrain features, could enrich the theory and analysis methods to some extent.
2. The index groups of the hypsometric integral are selected according to the terrain features analysis of watershed landform. The experiment results show that a serial of the integral values and their corresponding curves, derived from different terrain features, could efficiently reveal the geomorphological and the evolution characteristic of watershed from the whole to the local. According to the correlation variance of the hypsometric integral of terrain features, two index groups are selected as the basic index group to analyze the morphologic characteristics and evolution process of watershed landform, i.e. boundary of watershed, watershed and main gully as a group, and watershed, stream network and main gully as the other.
3. The scale effect of the hypsometric integral is analyzed with the small loess watersheds along with the time serial. The experiment of scale effect among the grading scale, data scale and region scale show that, the integral curve appears high accuracy and well calculation efficiency when the elevation grade use100; The resolution of DEM shows a weak sensitivity to the integral value, i.e. the value keeps stable with the resolution varying; When the area of the test site exceeds10km2, the integral value states a similarity to others as well as regional stability.
4. A discussion on the variance characteristic of the spectrum serial of the hypsometric integral is given with two different analysis serials, i.e. the typical watersheds on the spatial serial and simulated watersheds on the time serial. The results indicate that each index of the spectrum serial has an orderly spatial distribution, and the simulated watersheds also prove that the well correspondence characteristic between the integral value and evolution stage. The multi-index maps of hypsometric integral in the severe soil erosion area reveal that, despite most of the small watersheds are in mature stage,, it still present the spatial differentiation on the evolution process from east to west and from south to north in the study area.
This paper enriches the theories and methods of digital terrain analysis through the studies on the spectrum serial of the hypsometric integral of watersheds in loess plateau. The conclusions strengthen the understanding of the loess watershed landform and its spatial differentiation characteristic. This paper is an innovative and beneficial work/job for the application of the geo-informatic Tupu.
引文
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