汽油—乙醇混合燃料发动机性能的研究
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摘要
目前,节能和环保成为汽车工业的两大主题。乙醇作为一种可再生能源,用作汽车发动机燃料,既可以缓解石油资源紧缺的压力,又可以有效降低汽车尾气对环境的污染。国内外许多研究机构都致力于车用发动机燃用乙醇的研究,该项研究具有重要的理论研究意义和实际应用价值。
本文以一台型号为TU32K(K2D)的直列四缸、水冷、四冲程、1.36升排量汽油机作为试验样机,对原汽油机供油系统进行了改造,设计建立了试验用电控发动机燃料供应系统,其特点是实现了汽油和乙醇的混合比例的连续可调。对改造后的发动机进行了部分稳态工况的标定,通过发动机性能对比试验,研究分析了乙醇体积分数在0-40%范围内的混合燃料对发动机性能的影响。应用模糊综合评价方法,得出五种乙醇掺烧比方案中E20的综合性能最优,既保证了发动机的动力性又能达到节能和低排放得要求。
台架试验结果表明:在保持汽油机基本参数不变的前提下,从发动机的外特性曲线可以看出,汽油机的动力性能在低转速下降低,高转速下升高,变化幅度不大;随着乙醇体积分数的增大,燃油消耗率有所增加。对比研究了发动机的怠速排放,结果显示较高的乙醇体积分数会大大减少怠速时的CO和NOx排放量,但会增加未燃HC的排放量。其它稳态工况下CO、HC和NOx的排放量降低。
At present, energy conservation and environmental protection are two principals of current automobile industry. Using ethanol as the fuel of engine can alleviate the pressure of the petroleum resources. It also can reduce the pollution of the environment. Many research departments in local and foreign countries are focus on ethanol engines, the study has important theoretical meaning and practical application value.
In this paper, the research on performance and emission characteristics of TU32K (K2D) an inline four-cylinder, four-stroke engine using ethanol blended gasoline fuels has been investigated. To utilize the advantages of ethanol combustion, the original fuel supply system is modified so that the blended ratio between ethanol and gasoline can be flexibly adjusted according to different engine operation conditions, a part of the steady-state status calibration to modified engine, through engine comparison test, and the effect on engine performance and emissions when ethanol volume grade range 0-40%. Through fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method that best burning ethanol-doped is E20, Ensures that the engine has enough engine power, energy saving and low emission requirements
The test shows that when the gasoline engine parameters remain unchanged, though engine full load performance curve, engine power lowing in the small rate, increasing in big rate; the higher ethanol volume grade, the larger rate of fuel consumption. Comparative study of the engine idling emission, the results showed that a higher ethanol volume grade, the lower CO and NOx discharge. However, HC will increase. In other steady conditions the lower CO , NOx and HC.
本文以一台型号为TU32K(K2D)的直列四缸、水冷、四冲程、1.36升排量汽油机作为试验样机,对原汽油机供油系统进行了改造,设计建立了试验用电控发动机燃料供应系统,其特点是实现了汽油和乙醇的混合比例的连续可调。对改造后的发动机进行了部分稳态工况的标定,通过发动机性能对比试验,研究分析了乙醇体积分数在0-40%范围内的混合燃料对发动机性能的影响。应用模糊综合评价方法,得出五种乙醇掺烧比方案中E20的综合性能最优,既保证了发动机的动力性又能达到节能和低排放得要求。
台架试验结果表明:在保持汽油机基本参数不变的前提下,从发动机的外特性曲线可以看出,汽油机的动力性能在低转速下降低,高转速下升高,变化幅度不大;随着乙醇体积分数的增大,燃油消耗率有所增加。对比研究了发动机的怠速排放,结果显示较高的乙醇体积分数会大大减少怠速时的CO和NOx排放量,但会增加未燃HC的排放量。其它稳态工况下CO、HC和NOx的排放量降低。
At present, energy conservation and environmental protection are two principals of current automobile industry. Using ethanol as the fuel of engine can alleviate the pressure of the petroleum resources. It also can reduce the pollution of the environment. Many research departments in local and foreign countries are focus on ethanol engines, the study has important theoretical meaning and practical application value.
In this paper, the research on performance and emission characteristics of TU32K (K2D) an inline four-cylinder, four-stroke engine using ethanol blended gasoline fuels has been investigated. To utilize the advantages of ethanol combustion, the original fuel supply system is modified so that the blended ratio between ethanol and gasoline can be flexibly adjusted according to different engine operation conditions, a part of the steady-state status calibration to modified engine, through engine comparison test, and the effect on engine performance and emissions when ethanol volume grade range 0-40%. Through fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method that best burning ethanol-doped is E20, Ensures that the engine has enough engine power, energy saving and low emission requirements
The test shows that when the gasoline engine parameters remain unchanged, though engine full load performance curve, engine power lowing in the small rate, increasing in big rate; the higher ethanol volume grade, the larger rate of fuel consumption. Comparative study of the engine idling emission, the results showed that a higher ethanol volume grade, the lower CO and NOx discharge. However, HC will increase. In other steady conditions the lower CO , NOx and HC.
引文
[1]周玉明.内燃机代用燃料(一).内燃机:2002,22(6):12-14.
[2]牛治刚.清洁燃料-乙醇柴油基本特性的研究[J].安徽化工:2006 (02) :24-26.
[3]崔心存.我国车用燃料的发展.汽车工业研究:2003,7:36-38.
[4]强添纲.我国汽车燃料标准的变化[J].汽车维护与修理:2002,1:13-15.
[5]张禾丰.酒精(醇类)作为汽车燃料的现状及应用前景[J].汽车情报: 2002,15:19-22.
[6]黄佐华,苗海燕,周龙保,党卫华,李继军.火花点火发动机燃用含氧燃料对冷起动和怠速时未燃碳氢排放影响的实验研究[J].小型内燃机: 1998,5:28-33.
[7]王凤桐,黄宇文.在汽车上使用乙醇代用燃料的研究[J].公路交通科技:1991,2:10-13.
[8] HILDEBRAND JR. Pre-Heated Ethanol Direct Injection Under Low Pressures to Otto Type Engines [C]. SAE Paper 2000-01-3193.
[9]邵千钧.电控LPG发动机及其缸内直接喷射技术的研究.浙江大学博士学位论文[D].2003.
[10]赵玉梅.发展乙醇汽油的意义及乙醇汽油的试用推广.国内石油经济:2003,6:48-52.
[11]何邦全.电喷汽油机燃用乙醇/汽油燃料的排放性能研究.内燃机学报: 2004,20(3):400-406.
[12]彭小红,马志义.汽车醇类燃料性能的实验研究.中国西安燃气会议: 2003,212-215.
[13] GVEGORY W, DAVIS JB. The Effect of Multiple Spark Discharge on the Cold-Start Ability of An E85 Fueled Vehicle. SAE paper, 1999-01-0609.
[14]刘翼俊.内燃机的排放与控制[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1998:13-25.
[15]强添纲.我国汽车燃料标准的变化[J].汽车维护与修理: 2002,1:19-21.
[16] LI Sheng Chun, LI Hu, EDDY J, et al. Measurement of Non-Regulated Pollutants from SI Engine Fueled with Methanol/Gasoline Blends [J]. Transactians of CSICE, 2006, 24(1):57-61.
[17] KSEL F, KSEL B. The Use of Ethanol-Gasoline Blend as a Fuel in an SIEngine[J]. Renewable Energy, 2004, 29:1181-1191.
[18]郭廷杰.美、日利用纤维素生物质原料制燃料乙醇的技术开发[J].能源技术:2004,4:33-35.
[19]钱伯章.我国将扩大车用乙醇汽油试点[J].环境经济杂志:2004,4:38-40.
[20] SOUZA A, PASSARINI L, MILHOR C. A Study About Mixture Formation in Gasoline and Ethanol Otto Cycle Internal Combustion Engines and The Influence of Combustion Chamber Shape in Engine Performance [C]. SAE Paper 2002-01-3461.
[21] STREVA E, PEREIRA L, SODRE J. Gasoline-Ethanol Blend Aging Effects on Engine Performanceand Exhaust Emissions, SAE paper 2003-01-3184
[22]陆际清,刘峥,庄人隽.汽车发动机燃料供给与调节[M].清华大学出版社,2002:10-56.
[23]潘旭峰.现代汽车电子技术[M].北京理工大学出版社,1998:24-58.
[24]李道华,李玲,朱艳.传感器电路分析与设计[M].武汉大学出版社,2000:70-96.
[25]李朝晖.发动机试验台架微机控制系统开发[D].西安交通大学硕士学位论文.2002,10。
[26]冯冬芹,发动机台架计算机辅助试验系统[J].内燃机工程:1999,3.
[27] LEONHARDT S, MIILLER N, ISERMANN R. Methods for Engine Supervision and Control Based on Cylinder Pressure Information [J], IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 1999, 4(3).
[28]王绍增.发动机台架试验微机测控系统的开发[J].林业机械与木工设备:2001,1.
[29]周霞.发动机电控开发环境的研究[D].浙江大学硕十学位论文:2002,2.
[30]罗希一.汽车电子电脑控制[M].人民交通出版社,1999:42-60.
[31] FORREST J, MARK J. Development of A Low-Emission Dedicated Ethanol-Fuel Vehicle with Cold-Start Distillation System. SAE paper, 1999-01-0611.
[32] YAN Zhao Da, ZHAO Luo Wei. Study and Application of Combustlon Model for Dual Fuel Engine. Engine Paper, 2001,(2):12-15.
[33]廖戎,何明利,孙永刚,等.发动机测控试验台控制方法研究[J].车用发动机:2001,2(1).
[34]张俊智,卢青春.发动机动态试验台控制系统的设计[J].车用发动机:1999,2(1).
[35] NAKAJI Y, SATOH S, KIMURA T, et al. Development of An Active Control Engine Mount System [J]. Vehicle System Dynamics, 1999, 32 :2-3.
[36]夏渊,刘建华,张欣,周希德.发动机空燃比控制策略的研究[J].汽车工程:2002,1.
[37] WON M, CHOI SB, HEDRICK JK, Air-to-Fuel Ratio Control of Spark Ignition Engines Using Gaussian Network Sliding Control [J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, 1998.6(5).
[38]原霞,张翠平,扬庆佛.发动机怠速稳定性控制方法的分析研究[J].太原理工大学学报:2003,2.
[39]钱人一.汽油直接喷射发动机电子控制策略[J].汽车与配件:2002,19.
[40]蒋德明.内燃机燃烧与排放[M].西安交通大学出版社,2001:32-46.
[41] ABDULGHANI A, Al-FARAYEDHI AM, Al-DAWOOD P. Effects of Blending Crude Ethanol with Unleaded Gasoline on Exhaust Emissions of SI Engine [J]. SAE paper 2000-01-2857.
[42]何邦全等.电喷汽油机燃用乙醇-汽油燃料的排放性能研究[J].内燃机学报:2002,5.
[43] RIBEIRO E, PEREIRA L, RICARDO J. Gasoline-Ethanol Blend Aging Effects on Engine Performanceand Exhaust Emissions, SAE paper 2003-01-3184
[44]刘利,卓斌.电控汽油发动机的匹配标定试验研究[J].上海汽车:1999,8.
[45]张翠平,杨庆佛.电控汽油机燃油喷射匹配的试验研究[J].农业机械学报:2004,3.
[46]金福祥,张武高,周校平,等.乙醇燃料的研究发展与应用[J].柴油机·Diesel Engine:2002,5.
[47]杜志良,中江华,朱自航.车用乙醇汽油试验研究[J].汽车科技:2003,1.
[48]梅允福.发展清洁车用乙醇汽油[J].节能与环保:2003,4.
[49]王春杰,王玮,汤大钢.车用乙醇汽油和无铅汽油对电喷车排放性能的影响:环境科学,2004,25(4):113-117.
[50]张永光.国内外醇类燃料的发展及应用.2004中国-上海全国清洁汽车活动巡展论文:271-281.
[51]边耀璋.醇类燃料在发动机上的应用.汽车实用技术:2003(3):8-11.
[52]何学良,詹永厚,李疏松.内燃机燃料[M].中国石化出版社,1999:58-72.
[53]刘志敏.电控喷射乙醇燃料在火花点燃式发动机的应用研究[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文.2002,3.
[54] AL-HASAN M. Effect of Ethanol-Unleaded Gasoline Blends on Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions [J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2003,44:1547-1561.
[55] RIVIN B, DULGER M, SHER E. Extending Lean Misfire Limit of Methane-Air Mixtures by Means of an Enhanced Spark Discharge. SAE paper, 1999-01-0573.
[2]牛治刚.清洁燃料-乙醇柴油基本特性的研究[J].安徽化工:2006 (02) :24-26.
[3]崔心存.我国车用燃料的发展.汽车工业研究:2003,7:36-38.
[4]强添纲.我国汽车燃料标准的变化[J].汽车维护与修理:2002,1:13-15.
[5]张禾丰.酒精(醇类)作为汽车燃料的现状及应用前景[J].汽车情报: 2002,15:19-22.
[6]黄佐华,苗海燕,周龙保,党卫华,李继军.火花点火发动机燃用含氧燃料对冷起动和怠速时未燃碳氢排放影响的实验研究[J].小型内燃机: 1998,5:28-33.
[7]王凤桐,黄宇文.在汽车上使用乙醇代用燃料的研究[J].公路交通科技:1991,2:10-13.
[8] HILDEBRAND JR. Pre-Heated Ethanol Direct Injection Under Low Pressures to Otto Type Engines [C]. SAE Paper 2000-01-3193.
[9]邵千钧.电控LPG发动机及其缸内直接喷射技术的研究.浙江大学博士学位论文[D].2003.
[10]赵玉梅.发展乙醇汽油的意义及乙醇汽油的试用推广.国内石油经济:2003,6:48-52.
[11]何邦全.电喷汽油机燃用乙醇/汽油燃料的排放性能研究.内燃机学报: 2004,20(3):400-406.
[12]彭小红,马志义.汽车醇类燃料性能的实验研究.中国西安燃气会议: 2003,212-215.
[13] GVEGORY W, DAVIS JB. The Effect of Multiple Spark Discharge on the Cold-Start Ability of An E85 Fueled Vehicle. SAE paper, 1999-01-0609.
[14]刘翼俊.内燃机的排放与控制[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1998:13-25.
[15]强添纲.我国汽车燃料标准的变化[J].汽车维护与修理: 2002,1:19-21.
[16] LI Sheng Chun, LI Hu, EDDY J, et al. Measurement of Non-Regulated Pollutants from SI Engine Fueled with Methanol/Gasoline Blends [J]. Transactians of CSICE, 2006, 24(1):57-61.
[17] KSEL F, KSEL B. The Use of Ethanol-Gasoline Blend as a Fuel in an SIEngine[J]. Renewable Energy, 2004, 29:1181-1191.
[18]郭廷杰.美、日利用纤维素生物质原料制燃料乙醇的技术开发[J].能源技术:2004,4:33-35.
[19]钱伯章.我国将扩大车用乙醇汽油试点[J].环境经济杂志:2004,4:38-40.
[20] SOUZA A, PASSARINI L, MILHOR C. A Study About Mixture Formation in Gasoline and Ethanol Otto Cycle Internal Combustion Engines and The Influence of Combustion Chamber Shape in Engine Performance [C]. SAE Paper 2002-01-3461.
[21] STREVA E, PEREIRA L, SODRE J. Gasoline-Ethanol Blend Aging Effects on Engine Performanceand Exhaust Emissions, SAE paper 2003-01-3184
[22]陆际清,刘峥,庄人隽.汽车发动机燃料供给与调节[M].清华大学出版社,2002:10-56.
[23]潘旭峰.现代汽车电子技术[M].北京理工大学出版社,1998:24-58.
[24]李道华,李玲,朱艳.传感器电路分析与设计[M].武汉大学出版社,2000:70-96.
[25]李朝晖.发动机试验台架微机控制系统开发[D].西安交通大学硕士学位论文.2002,10。
[26]冯冬芹,发动机台架计算机辅助试验系统[J].内燃机工程:1999,3.
[27] LEONHARDT S, MIILLER N, ISERMANN R. Methods for Engine Supervision and Control Based on Cylinder Pressure Information [J], IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 1999, 4(3).
[28]王绍增.发动机台架试验微机测控系统的开发[J].林业机械与木工设备:2001,1.
[29]周霞.发动机电控开发环境的研究[D].浙江大学硕十学位论文:2002,2.
[30]罗希一.汽车电子电脑控制[M].人民交通出版社,1999:42-60.
[31] FORREST J, MARK J. Development of A Low-Emission Dedicated Ethanol-Fuel Vehicle with Cold-Start Distillation System. SAE paper, 1999-01-0611.
[32] YAN Zhao Da, ZHAO Luo Wei. Study and Application of Combustlon Model for Dual Fuel Engine. Engine Paper, 2001,(2):12-15.
[33]廖戎,何明利,孙永刚,等.发动机测控试验台控制方法研究[J].车用发动机:2001,2(1).
[34]张俊智,卢青春.发动机动态试验台控制系统的设计[J].车用发动机:1999,2(1).
[35] NAKAJI Y, SATOH S, KIMURA T, et al. Development of An Active Control Engine Mount System [J]. Vehicle System Dynamics, 1999, 32 :2-3.
[36]夏渊,刘建华,张欣,周希德.发动机空燃比控制策略的研究[J].汽车工程:2002,1.
[37] WON M, CHOI SB, HEDRICK JK, Air-to-Fuel Ratio Control of Spark Ignition Engines Using Gaussian Network Sliding Control [J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, 1998.6(5).
[38]原霞,张翠平,扬庆佛.发动机怠速稳定性控制方法的分析研究[J].太原理工大学学报:2003,2.
[39]钱人一.汽油直接喷射发动机电子控制策略[J].汽车与配件:2002,19.
[40]蒋德明.内燃机燃烧与排放[M].西安交通大学出版社,2001:32-46.
[41] ABDULGHANI A, Al-FARAYEDHI AM, Al-DAWOOD P. Effects of Blending Crude Ethanol with Unleaded Gasoline on Exhaust Emissions of SI Engine [J]. SAE paper 2000-01-2857.
[42]何邦全等.电喷汽油机燃用乙醇-汽油燃料的排放性能研究[J].内燃机学报:2002,5.
[43] RIBEIRO E, PEREIRA L, RICARDO J. Gasoline-Ethanol Blend Aging Effects on Engine Performanceand Exhaust Emissions, SAE paper 2003-01-3184
[44]刘利,卓斌.电控汽油发动机的匹配标定试验研究[J].上海汽车:1999,8.
[45]张翠平,杨庆佛.电控汽油机燃油喷射匹配的试验研究[J].农业机械学报:2004,3.
[46]金福祥,张武高,周校平,等.乙醇燃料的研究发展与应用[J].柴油机·Diesel Engine:2002,5.
[47]杜志良,中江华,朱自航.车用乙醇汽油试验研究[J].汽车科技:2003,1.
[48]梅允福.发展清洁车用乙醇汽油[J].节能与环保:2003,4.
[49]王春杰,王玮,汤大钢.车用乙醇汽油和无铅汽油对电喷车排放性能的影响:环境科学,2004,25(4):113-117.
[50]张永光.国内外醇类燃料的发展及应用.2004中国-上海全国清洁汽车活动巡展论文:271-281.
[51]边耀璋.醇类燃料在发动机上的应用.汽车实用技术:2003(3):8-11.
[52]何学良,詹永厚,李疏松.内燃机燃料[M].中国石化出版社,1999:58-72.
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