中专生情绪稳定水平与内隐攻击性关系的实验研究
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摘要
目的:使用偏好组词测验测定不同情绪状态下,不同性度的个体内隐攻击性;通过改变个体情绪状态,观察其内隐攻击性的变化;比较不同性度的个体的情绪波动状态之间是否存在差异。
方法:从568名中专一年级学生中,通过《艾森克情绪稳定量表》以及《Bme性别角色量表》,筛选出符合要求的被试101名,分为四组:男性化情绪稳定和不稳定组、女性化情绪稳定和不稳定组。采用2×2两因素完全随机实验设计,使用偏好组词测验分别测量四组被试的内隐攻击性,比较其组间差异性;同时对情绪稳定组采取“奖励—再剥夺”,对情绪不稳定组采取“延时—再安抚—再奖励”引起被试情绪改变后,再测被试的内隐攻击性的水平。
结果:1、不同情绪状态的个体在內隐攻击性上存在显著差异：情绪不稳定组的内隐攻击性高于情绪稳定组;而不同性别角色的个体在內隐攻击性上差异不显著；2、情绪稳定组的情绪转变为波动时,内隐攻击性提高;情绪不稳定组的情绪转变为稳定时,内隐攻击性降低;3、女性化性别角色的个体在情绪波动上高于男性化的个体。
结论:1、情绪不稳定的个体因为情绪波动的速度和频率比较快,易出现情绪控制困难而导致內隐攻击性高于情绪稳定的个体；2、情绪稳定的个体在愿望不能实现而引起不愉快感受时,情绪出现波动,其內隐攻击性提高；情绪不稳定的个体在获得他人的劝慰及物质奖励时情绪转为稳定,內隐攻击性降低；3、攻击性作为“本能的防御机制的主要部分”,因此不同性度的个体在內隐攻击性上未显示出显著差异；而产生特定情绪的大脑活动模式随性别而异,因此不同性度的个体在情绪改变方面存在显著差异。
Objective:To investigate the implicit aggressive between different emotional state and different gender roles through Preferred Word Test. To investigate the change of individual implicit aggressive by changing the individual emotional state and compare whether there is difference between the different individual gender roles and the emotional fluctuations state.
Methods:"Eysenck Emotional Stability Scale" and "Bme Sex Role Inventory " were used in 101 persons choosing from 568 secondary school freshmen. According to the scores, the 101 experimenters were randomly divided into four groups with 2×2 two factors: masculinization emotional stability and instability group, feminization emotional stability and instability group. The implicit aggressive of the four groups were measured by Preferred Word Test and compare the difference of implicit aggressive within groups. Meanwhile, increasing interference variable, taking "award - again denied" method to emotional stability group, taking "delay - to appease - to reward" to emotional instability group, caused emotional state trial and examining the changes of implicit aggressive.
Results:1、The emotional state is significant correlated with implicit aggressive: The implicit aggressive of emotional instability group is higher than emotional stability group. The gender role isn't significant correlated with implicit aggressive. 2、The emotional stability group change to fluctuation, the implicit increased, or else, the implicit aggressive reduced. 3、The emotional fluctuation of feminization individual is higher than the masculinization individual.
Conclusion:1、The implicit aggressive of Emotional instability is higher than Emotional stability individual, because the speed of emotional volatility is faster, which lead to mood disorder easier. 2、The implicit aggressive of Emotional stability individual increased because their desire can not be realized, causing unpleasant feelings. The implicit aggressive of Emotional instability individual reduced because they got consolation and material incentives to make emotional stability. 3、Aggressive is " The main mechanism of the instinctive defense", therefore, there is no significant difference on implicit aggressive in different Gender roles individual. There is significant difference on the change of emotional in different Gender roles individual because the specific emotional brain activity patterns vary with gender roles.
方法:从568名中专一年级学生中,通过《艾森克情绪稳定量表》以及《Bme性别角色量表》,筛选出符合要求的被试101名,分为四组:男性化情绪稳定和不稳定组、女性化情绪稳定和不稳定组。采用2×2两因素完全随机实验设计,使用偏好组词测验分别测量四组被试的内隐攻击性,比较其组间差异性;同时对情绪稳定组采取“奖励—再剥夺”,对情绪不稳定组采取“延时—再安抚—再奖励”引起被试情绪改变后,再测被试的内隐攻击性的水平。
结果:1、不同情绪状态的个体在內隐攻击性上存在显著差异：情绪不稳定组的内隐攻击性高于情绪稳定组;而不同性别角色的个体在內隐攻击性上差异不显著；2、情绪稳定组的情绪转变为波动时,内隐攻击性提高;情绪不稳定组的情绪转变为稳定时,内隐攻击性降低;3、女性化性别角色的个体在情绪波动上高于男性化的个体。
结论:1、情绪不稳定的个体因为情绪波动的速度和频率比较快,易出现情绪控制困难而导致內隐攻击性高于情绪稳定的个体；2、情绪稳定的个体在愿望不能实现而引起不愉快感受时,情绪出现波动,其內隐攻击性提高；情绪不稳定的个体在获得他人的劝慰及物质奖励时情绪转为稳定,內隐攻击性降低；3、攻击性作为“本能的防御机制的主要部分”,因此不同性度的个体在內隐攻击性上未显示出显著差异；而产生特定情绪的大脑活动模式随性别而异,因此不同性度的个体在情绪改变方面存在显著差异。
Objective:To investigate the implicit aggressive between different emotional state and different gender roles through Preferred Word Test. To investigate the change of individual implicit aggressive by changing the individual emotional state and compare whether there is difference between the different individual gender roles and the emotional fluctuations state.
Methods:"Eysenck Emotional Stability Scale" and "Bme Sex Role Inventory " were used in 101 persons choosing from 568 secondary school freshmen. According to the scores, the 101 experimenters were randomly divided into four groups with 2×2 two factors: masculinization emotional stability and instability group, feminization emotional stability and instability group. The implicit aggressive of the four groups were measured by Preferred Word Test and compare the difference of implicit aggressive within groups. Meanwhile, increasing interference variable, taking "award - again denied" method to emotional stability group, taking "delay - to appease - to reward" to emotional instability group, caused emotional state trial and examining the changes of implicit aggressive.
Results:1、The emotional state is significant correlated with implicit aggressive: The implicit aggressive of emotional instability group is higher than emotional stability group. The gender role isn't significant correlated with implicit aggressive. 2、The emotional stability group change to fluctuation, the implicit increased, or else, the implicit aggressive reduced. 3、The emotional fluctuation of feminization individual is higher than the masculinization individual.
Conclusion:1、The implicit aggressive of Emotional instability is higher than Emotional stability individual, because the speed of emotional volatility is faster, which lead to mood disorder easier. 2、The implicit aggressive of Emotional stability individual increased because their desire can not be realized, causing unpleasant feelings. The implicit aggressive of Emotional instability individual reduced because they got consolation and material incentives to make emotional stability. 3、Aggressive is " The main mechanism of the instinctive defense", therefore, there is no significant difference on implicit aggressive in different Gender roles individual. There is significant difference on the change of emotional in different Gender roles individual because the specific emotional brain activity patterns vary with gender roles.
引文
[1] Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.K.L.Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998, 74: 1464-1480.
[2] Greenwald, A. G., Banaji M R. Implicit Social Cognition: Attitude, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes. Psychological Review, 1995, 102 (1): 4-27.
[3]戴春林,杨治良,吴明证.内隐攻击性的实验研究[J].心理科学,2005, 28(1): 96-98.
[4] Chen S. A.杨治良,刘素珍. "攻击性行为"社会认知的实验研究[J].心理科学, 1996, 19(2): 75-78.
[5]叶茂林.攻击性研究方法[J].心理科学, 2003, 26 (2): 334-336.
[6] Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. L. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition : The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998, 74: 1464-1480.
[7] Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. Health of the Implicit Association Test at age. Zeitschrift Experimentelle Psychologie, 2001, 48: 85 - 934.
[8] Loeber R &Hay D. F. Developmental approaches to aggression and conduct problems. In: Rutter M, Hay D. F. ( Eds). Development through life: A handbook for clinicians. Oxford, England: Blacewell, 1993: 488 - 516.
[9]高桦.内隐社会认知:攻击性的理论和实验研究[D].华东师范大学1998届博士论文.
[10]叶茂林.材料性质与内隐攻击性启动效应的实验研究[J].心理科学, 2001, 24(4): 418-421.
[11]周爱保,陈晓云.刺激属性对内隐社会知觉的影响[J].心理科学, 1998, 21(3): 234-237.
[12]叶阁蔚,杨治良.汉字内隐记忆的实验研究(3):检验加工分离说的修正模[J].心理科学, 1997, 20(1): 26-30.
[13]叶素贞,曾振华.情绪管理与心理健康[D].北京大学, 2006, 78-80.
[14] Chaudhuri, A., & Buck, R. (1995). Media differences in rational and emotional responses to advertising. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 39(1), 109-125.
[15]李洋.反馈类型、自我调节水平与情绪及认知的关系[D].首都师范大学, 2006, 232-233.
[16] Gross, J J. Antecedent-and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expressive, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991, 74, 1: 224-237.
[17] Gross, J. J. Emotion and emotion regulation. In L A Pervin, O P John ed. Handbook of personality: Theory and Research. New York, Guilford, 1999: 525-529.
[18] Gross, J. J. Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition & Emotion, 1999, 13: 551-558.
[19] Thompson, R. A. Emotion regulation and emotion development. Educational Psychological Review, 1991, 3: 269-376.
[20] Walden T. A. & Smith M. C. Emotion regulation, 1997, 21: 45-49.
[21] Dodge, K. A. and Gardner, J. Domains of emotion regulation. In J. Gardner and K. A. Dodge (Eds. ). The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation. Cambridge University Press, 1991: 13-16.
[22] Payne, B. K. Lambert, A. J. &Jacoby, L. L. Best laid plans: Effects of goals on accessibility bias and cognitive control in race - based misperceptions of weapons. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2002, 38: 384 - 396.
[23] Bandura, A. (1965). Influence of model's reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imiative responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 589-595.
[24] Berkowitz L. Aggressive cues in aggressive behavior and hostility catharsis. Psychology, 1964, 71: 104-122.
[25] Egloff, B. & Schmukle, S. C. Predictive validity of an Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2002, 83: 1441–1455.
[26] Hanratty, M., O' Neil, E., & Sulaer, J. (1972). The effect of frustration on the imitation of aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 30-34.
[27] Hammock G, Richardson DR. 1992b. Predictors of aggressive behavior Aggresive Behavior, 1992, 18: 219-229.
[28] Levin, J. Mc Devitt J. Hate Crimes: The Rising Tide of Bigotry and Bloodshed. NewYork, Plenum, 1993: 45-64.
[29] Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 2002, 53: 27 - 51.
[30] Smith, E. R., DeCoster, J. Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychological Review, 2001, 4: 108-131.
[31] Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., Schooler, T. Y. A. model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 2000, 107: 101–126.
[32] Alexander Todorov, & John A. Bargh. Automatic sources of aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2002, 7 (1): 53 - 68.
[33]杨治良,刘素珍,钟毅平,高桦,唐永明.内隐社会认知的初步实验研究.心理学报, 1997, 29 (1): 17 - 21.
[34] Saarni, C, The development of emotional competence. New York: Guilford Press, 1999, 233-236.
[35]李梅.高中生不同人际关系群体情绪调节方式的比较研究[D].上海师范大学, 2003.
[36]朱诗敏.情绪启动下的心理倾向的实验研究[D].华南师范大学, 2004.
[37]王国猛.情绪自我教育与初中生情绪调节能力的实验研究[D].湖南师范大学, 2004.
[38] Gross, J J. The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 1998, 2: 271-282.
[39] Lazarus R. S., The cognition-emotion debate: A bit of History. In T. Dalgleish & M. J.Power, Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. Chi Chester: Wiley, 1999: 4-19.
[40]沈潘艳.情绪状态、神经质对大学生复合推理影响的实验研究[D].上海师范大学, 2006.
[41]孙士梅.青少年学业情绪发展特点及其与自我调节学习的关系[D].山东师范大学, 2006.
[42] Richardson D. R., Hammock G. S., Smith SM, Gardner W, Signo M. Empathy as a cognitive inhibitor of interpersonal aggression, Aggresive Behavior, 1994, 20: 275-289.
[43] Lazarus R. S., Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. American Psychologist, 1982, (37): 1011-1024.
[44] Hines M. Prenatal gonadal hormones and sex differences in human behavior[J]. Psychology Bulletin, 1982, (92): 56-80.
[45] Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. Relational aggression, Gender, and social psychological adjustment. Child Development, 1995, 66: 710 - 722.
[46]徐大真,杨治良.内隐社会认知中攻击性行为的性别差异研究.河南大学学报(社会科版), 2001, 41 (4): 100 - 103.
[47] Lagerspetz, K. M., & Bjorkqvist, K. Indirect aggression in girls and boys. In: L. R. Huesmann ( Ed. ) Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives. New York: Plenum. 1992: 131 - 150.
[48] Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., & Kaukiainen, A. Do girls manipulate and boys fight ? Developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 1992, 18: 117 - 127.
[49] Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. (1963). Imitiation of film mediated aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 3-11.
[50]叶茂林.刺激物属性与内隐攻击性的性别差异[J].湖南师范大学教育科学学报, 2004, 3(2): 93-96.
[51] Maison, Greenwald, A. G., &Bruin, R. The Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit consumer attitudes. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 2001, (2): 61 - 79.
[52] Epstein, S. Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 1994, 49: 709-724.
[53] [美]埃利奥特·阿伦森.社会性动物.郑日昌等译.新华出版社, 2002. 258 - 259.
[54]张文新.儿童社会性发展.北京:北京师范大学出版社, 1999. 346.
[55]海登,罗森伯格.妇女心理学[M].昆明:云南人民出版社, 1984.
[56] David o. Sears, Jonathan L. Freedmam, L. Anne peplau.社会心理学:黄安邦编译[M].台北:五南图书出版公司, 1987.
[2] Greenwald, A. G., Banaji M R. Implicit Social Cognition: Attitude, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes. Psychological Review, 1995, 102 (1): 4-27.
[3]戴春林,杨治良,吴明证.内隐攻击性的实验研究[J].心理科学,2005, 28(1): 96-98.
[4] Chen S. A.杨治良,刘素珍. "攻击性行为"社会认知的实验研究[J].心理科学, 1996, 19(2): 75-78.
[5]叶茂林.攻击性研究方法[J].心理科学, 2003, 26 (2): 334-336.
[6] Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. L. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition : The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998, 74: 1464-1480.
[7] Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. Health of the Implicit Association Test at age. Zeitschrift Experimentelle Psychologie, 2001, 48: 85 - 934.
[8] Loeber R &Hay D. F. Developmental approaches to aggression and conduct problems. In: Rutter M, Hay D. F. ( Eds). Development through life: A handbook for clinicians. Oxford, England: Blacewell, 1993: 488 - 516.
[9]高桦.内隐社会认知:攻击性的理论和实验研究[D].华东师范大学1998届博士论文.
[10]叶茂林.材料性质与内隐攻击性启动效应的实验研究[J].心理科学, 2001, 24(4): 418-421.
[11]周爱保,陈晓云.刺激属性对内隐社会知觉的影响[J].心理科学, 1998, 21(3): 234-237.
[12]叶阁蔚,杨治良.汉字内隐记忆的实验研究(3):检验加工分离说的修正模[J].心理科学, 1997, 20(1): 26-30.
[13]叶素贞,曾振华.情绪管理与心理健康[D].北京大学, 2006, 78-80.
[14] Chaudhuri, A., & Buck, R. (1995). Media differences in rational and emotional responses to advertising. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 39(1), 109-125.
[15]李洋.反馈类型、自我调节水平与情绪及认知的关系[D].首都师范大学, 2006, 232-233.
[16] Gross, J J. Antecedent-and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expressive, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991, 74, 1: 224-237.
[17] Gross, J. J. Emotion and emotion regulation. In L A Pervin, O P John ed. Handbook of personality: Theory and Research. New York, Guilford, 1999: 525-529.
[18] Gross, J. J. Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition & Emotion, 1999, 13: 551-558.
[19] Thompson, R. A. Emotion regulation and emotion development. Educational Psychological Review, 1991, 3: 269-376.
[20] Walden T. A. & Smith M. C. Emotion regulation, 1997, 21: 45-49.
[21] Dodge, K. A. and Gardner, J. Domains of emotion regulation. In J. Gardner and K. A. Dodge (Eds. ). The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation. Cambridge University Press, 1991: 13-16.
[22] Payne, B. K. Lambert, A. J. &Jacoby, L. L. Best laid plans: Effects of goals on accessibility bias and cognitive control in race - based misperceptions of weapons. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2002, 38: 384 - 396.
[23] Bandura, A. (1965). Influence of model's reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imiative responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 589-595.
[24] Berkowitz L. Aggressive cues in aggressive behavior and hostility catharsis. Psychology, 1964, 71: 104-122.
[25] Egloff, B. & Schmukle, S. C. Predictive validity of an Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2002, 83: 1441–1455.
[26] Hanratty, M., O' Neil, E., & Sulaer, J. (1972). The effect of frustration on the imitation of aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 30-34.
[27] Hammock G, Richardson DR. 1992b. Predictors of aggressive behavior Aggresive Behavior, 1992, 18: 219-229.
[28] Levin, J. Mc Devitt J. Hate Crimes: The Rising Tide of Bigotry and Bloodshed. NewYork, Plenum, 1993: 45-64.
[29] Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 2002, 53: 27 - 51.
[30] Smith, E. R., DeCoster, J. Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychological Review, 2001, 4: 108-131.
[31] Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., Schooler, T. Y. A. model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 2000, 107: 101–126.
[32] Alexander Todorov, & John A. Bargh. Automatic sources of aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2002, 7 (1): 53 - 68.
[33]杨治良,刘素珍,钟毅平,高桦,唐永明.内隐社会认知的初步实验研究.心理学报, 1997, 29 (1): 17 - 21.
[34] Saarni, C, The development of emotional competence. New York: Guilford Press, 1999, 233-236.
[35]李梅.高中生不同人际关系群体情绪调节方式的比较研究[D].上海师范大学, 2003.
[36]朱诗敏.情绪启动下的心理倾向的实验研究[D].华南师范大学, 2004.
[37]王国猛.情绪自我教育与初中生情绪调节能力的实验研究[D].湖南师范大学, 2004.
[38] Gross, J J. The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 1998, 2: 271-282.
[39] Lazarus R. S., The cognition-emotion debate: A bit of History. In T. Dalgleish & M. J.Power, Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. Chi Chester: Wiley, 1999: 4-19.
[40]沈潘艳.情绪状态、神经质对大学生复合推理影响的实验研究[D].上海师范大学, 2006.
[41]孙士梅.青少年学业情绪发展特点及其与自我调节学习的关系[D].山东师范大学, 2006.
[42] Richardson D. R., Hammock G. S., Smith SM, Gardner W, Signo M. Empathy as a cognitive inhibitor of interpersonal aggression, Aggresive Behavior, 1994, 20: 275-289.
[43] Lazarus R. S., Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. American Psychologist, 1982, (37): 1011-1024.
[44] Hines M. Prenatal gonadal hormones and sex differences in human behavior[J]. Psychology Bulletin, 1982, (92): 56-80.
[45] Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. Relational aggression, Gender, and social psychological adjustment. Child Development, 1995, 66: 710 - 722.
[46]徐大真,杨治良.内隐社会认知中攻击性行为的性别差异研究.河南大学学报(社会科版), 2001, 41 (4): 100 - 103.
[47] Lagerspetz, K. M., & Bjorkqvist, K. Indirect aggression in girls and boys. In: L. R. Huesmann ( Ed. ) Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives. New York: Plenum. 1992: 131 - 150.
[48] Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., & Kaukiainen, A. Do girls manipulate and boys fight ? Developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 1992, 18: 117 - 127.
[49] Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. (1963). Imitiation of film mediated aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 3-11.
[50]叶茂林.刺激物属性与内隐攻击性的性别差异[J].湖南师范大学教育科学学报, 2004, 3(2): 93-96.
[51] Maison, Greenwald, A. G., &Bruin, R. The Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit consumer attitudes. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 2001, (2): 61 - 79.
[52] Epstein, S. Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 1994, 49: 709-724.
[53] [美]埃利奥特·阿伦森.社会性动物.郑日昌等译.新华出版社, 2002. 258 - 259.
[54]张文新.儿童社会性发展.北京:北京师范大学出版社, 1999. 346.
[55]海登,罗森伯格.妇女心理学[M].昆明:云南人民出版社, 1984.
[56] David o. Sears, Jonathan L. Freedmam, L. Anne peplau.社会心理学:黄安邦编译[M].台北:五南图书出版公司, 1987.