基于Internet的机械产品远程协同设计原理与实施方法的研究
|
摘要
复杂形状机械产品的设计，往往是由分布在不同部门或不同工作场所具有不同专业知识特色的领域专家群组协作完成的。Internet／Intranet、Web等网络技术的发展正在改变着传统制造模式，提供了创造一种能模拟机械设计专家群组分布、异地协同求解复杂问题这种自然属性的物质基础，允许建立一种新的信息支撑环境来实施一种全新的设计哲理——远程协同设计。但不同的制造企业根据各自的应用需求配置了不同的计算机系统、网络系统、数据库系统，从而形成了异构的分布支撑环境。因此，研究Internet环境下协同作业原理及其实施方法和如何实现异地信息的共享是一项具有重要理论意义和实际应用价值的课题。本文在分析未来产品开发敏捷化、全球化、网络化发展趋势的基础上，提出了远程协同设计系统的框架结构与动态联盟的建立方法，研究了异地设计工具的集成方法、负载平衡原理和凸轮机构的运动仿真及快速原型制造，并在此基础上开发了空间凸轮机构远程设计系统。论文在理论和实践中的主要成果和特色如下：
(1)在分析动态联盟与远程协同设计的关系的基础上，提出了远程协同设计系统的框架结构和动态联盟的建立方法。论述了动态联盟中虚拟企业(Agi1e VirtualEnterprise，AVE)的层次组织结构和视图模型VEM，抽象出了影响动态联盟伙伴选择的10种关键因素，探讨了动态联盟伙伴选择评价方法、任务分配的协商过程及盟员权限管理。
(2)针对机械产品分布式异构环境下的协同设计的特点，分析了协同设计的原理和多智能体系统(Multi—agent System，MAS)的协商机制，提出应用Multi-agent原理构造机械产品远程协同设计系统中协同设计单元(Cooperative Design Cell，CDC)，并基于Web服务器集成了协同设计单元CDC，实现了异构设计资源和设计工具的集成，为动态联盟企业异地调用联盟成员的设计资源和设计工具提供了一种新的方法。
(3)远程协同设计的实施需要分布式技术的支持。作者分析了服务器端应用服
摘要
务的开发方法，提出了远程协同设计系统基于B石①rowethe训模式的开发方案
和原型系统的实施模型。
O）作者分析了CORBA规范的架构、通讯机制、核心服务、数据库集成和事
务处理等，认为应用CORBA能够解决远程协同设计中的异地资源调度、设计事务
的管理、系统的可伸缩性等问题。提出了由应用层、开放式分布处理层和系统支持
层构成远程协同设计系统的模块化层次结构，并给出了基于Web和CORBA的远程协
同设计系统的框架模型。
历）针对Web服务器集群动态负载平衡的特点，应用以应答总时间的增量为优
化目标的请求分配算法Lloeast Tie Increasemellt）、能够避免集群进入临界状态
的LTI＋算法及混合驱动任务调度策略实现了远程协同设计系统的负载平衡。
伍）针对凸轮机构，探讨了利用VRAl．的原型节点和动画功能建立机构几何模
型和物理模型的方法，并在分布式远程协同设计系统中，应用分布式开发技术，构
建了运动仿真虚拟现实文件生成器，探索了在虚拟现实环境中机械机构运动仿真的
实现方法。
＊）分析了远程快速成型服务，提出了在线式快速原型服务系统模型和快速原
型服务联盟的结构并给出了基于Web技术的实施方法。
仰提出了应用单参数曲面族包络面理论建立空间凸轮廓面的数学模型，并进
行了压力角的解析求解。在此基础上应用远程协同设计理论，建立了空间凸轮远程
设计与快速原型制造系统，并给出了运行实例，验证了作者提出的空间凸轮机构的
设计理论和远程协同设计与快速原型制造的原理。
The design of complex-shaped mechanical products is always a team effort in which groups of experts from many disciplines and different locations work together. Modern network technology, which is promoting the changing of the traditional products manufacturing mode, allows to create a new information environment for supporting implementation of a new design philosophy, the so-called remote cooperative design, which makes distributed remote design available. At present, different enterprises set up their computer system, network system and database system according to their application requirements, so the distributed supporting environment is heterogeneous. Therefore, it not only has important theoretical significance but also has considerable practical value to research the cooperative operation principle and its implementing method, and how to implement the sharing of design information for distributed enterprises based on Internet. According to analyzing for development trend of designing product with ag
ile, globalizing and networking features, this paper puts forward the architecture of remote cooperative design system and the building methods of dynamic alliance, researches integrating methods of design resources and tools, principles for load balancing, kinematic simulation and rapid prototyping manufacturing of cam mechanism. On the basis of all the above theories, the remote design system of spatial cam mechanism is developed. The main characteristics and creative ideas of the paper are as follows:
(1) On the basis of analyzing the relation between dynamic alliance and remote cooperative design, the architecture of remote cooperative design system and the building methods of dynamic alliance are presented. The hierarchical organization structure and VEM (View Mode) of AVE (Agile Virtual Enterprise) of dynamic alliance are described. The paper also describes 10 kinds of key factors that have effect on selecting AVE's partners, studies on assessing method for selecting AVE's partners, consultation process for assigning tasks and partners' permission management.
(2) According to the characteristic of cooperative design of mechanical products in distributed heterogeneous environment, the paper analyzes cooperative design principles and consultation mechanism for MAS(Multi-agent System), puts forward a method of constructing CDC(Cooperative Design Cell) based on Multi-agent mode for the remote cooperative design of mechanical products, and implements CDC's integration based on Web server so that integrates heterogeneous design resources and tools. It provides a new approach
for partners to use design resources and tools of dynamic alliance.
(3) The implementing of remote cooperative design needs the support of distributed technology. Through analyzing the method of developing application program on server side, a developing scheme based on B/S(Browser/Server) mode and the implementing mode of the prototyping system for remote cooperative design system are presented.
(4) The architecture, communication mechanism, core services, database integration and transaction treatment of CORBA specification are analyzed in the paper. We think that CORBA can resolve the problems of scheduling remote resources, management of design transaction and the scalability of remote cooperative design system. The modularized hierarchical structure of remote cooperative design system is constructed with application layer, open distributed handling layer and supporting layer. The framework of remote cooperative design system based on Web and CORBA technology is also described.
(5) According to the load balancing characteristic of Web server group, request assignment algorithm LTI (Least Time Increasement) that takes the least total replying time increasement as the optimizing goal, LT1+ algorithm that can avoid server group reaching its critical status and hybrid driven strategy of task scheduling are applied to balance load of remote cooperative design system.
(6) Directing at cam mec
(1)在分析动态联盟与远程协同设计的关系的基础上，提出了远程协同设计系统的框架结构和动态联盟的建立方法。论述了动态联盟中虚拟企业(Agi1e VirtualEnterprise，AVE)的层次组织结构和视图模型VEM，抽象出了影响动态联盟伙伴选择的10种关键因素，探讨了动态联盟伙伴选择评价方法、任务分配的协商过程及盟员权限管理。
(2)针对机械产品分布式异构环境下的协同设计的特点，分析了协同设计的原理和多智能体系统(Multi—agent System，MAS)的协商机制，提出应用Multi-agent原理构造机械产品远程协同设计系统中协同设计单元(Cooperative Design Cell，CDC)，并基于Web服务器集成了协同设计单元CDC，实现了异构设计资源和设计工具的集成，为动态联盟企业异地调用联盟成员的设计资源和设计工具提供了一种新的方法。
(3)远程协同设计的实施需要分布式技术的支持。作者分析了服务器端应用服
摘要
务的开发方法，提出了远程协同设计系统基于B石①rowethe训模式的开发方案
和原型系统的实施模型。
O）作者分析了CORBA规范的架构、通讯机制、核心服务、数据库集成和事
务处理等，认为应用CORBA能够解决远程协同设计中的异地资源调度、设计事务
的管理、系统的可伸缩性等问题。提出了由应用层、开放式分布处理层和系统支持
层构成远程协同设计系统的模块化层次结构，并给出了基于Web和CORBA的远程协
同设计系统的框架模型。
历）针对Web服务器集群动态负载平衡的特点，应用以应答总时间的增量为优
化目标的请求分配算法Lloeast Tie Increasemellt）、能够避免集群进入临界状态
的LTI＋算法及混合驱动任务调度策略实现了远程协同设计系统的负载平衡。
伍）针对凸轮机构，探讨了利用VRAl．的原型节点和动画功能建立机构几何模
型和物理模型的方法，并在分布式远程协同设计系统中，应用分布式开发技术，构
建了运动仿真虚拟现实文件生成器，探索了在虚拟现实环境中机械机构运动仿真的
实现方法。
＊）分析了远程快速成型服务，提出了在线式快速原型服务系统模型和快速原
型服务联盟的结构并给出了基于Web技术的实施方法。
仰提出了应用单参数曲面族包络面理论建立空间凸轮廓面的数学模型，并进
行了压力角的解析求解。在此基础上应用远程协同设计理论，建立了空间凸轮远程
设计与快速原型制造系统，并给出了运行实例，验证了作者提出的空间凸轮机构的
设计理论和远程协同设计与快速原型制造的原理。
The design of complex-shaped mechanical products is always a team effort in which groups of experts from many disciplines and different locations work together. Modern network technology, which is promoting the changing of the traditional products manufacturing mode, allows to create a new information environment for supporting implementation of a new design philosophy, the so-called remote cooperative design, which makes distributed remote design available. At present, different enterprises set up their computer system, network system and database system according to their application requirements, so the distributed supporting environment is heterogeneous. Therefore, it not only has important theoretical significance but also has considerable practical value to research the cooperative operation principle and its implementing method, and how to implement the sharing of design information for distributed enterprises based on Internet. According to analyzing for development trend of designing product with ag
ile, globalizing and networking features, this paper puts forward the architecture of remote cooperative design system and the building methods of dynamic alliance, researches integrating methods of design resources and tools, principles for load balancing, kinematic simulation and rapid prototyping manufacturing of cam mechanism. On the basis of all the above theories, the remote design system of spatial cam mechanism is developed. The main characteristics and creative ideas of the paper are as follows:
(1) On the basis of analyzing the relation between dynamic alliance and remote cooperative design, the architecture of remote cooperative design system and the building methods of dynamic alliance are presented. The hierarchical organization structure and VEM (View Mode) of AVE (Agile Virtual Enterprise) of dynamic alliance are described. The paper also describes 10 kinds of key factors that have effect on selecting AVE's partners, studies on assessing method for selecting AVE's partners, consultation process for assigning tasks and partners' permission management.
(2) According to the characteristic of cooperative design of mechanical products in distributed heterogeneous environment, the paper analyzes cooperative design principles and consultation mechanism for MAS(Multi-agent System), puts forward a method of constructing CDC(Cooperative Design Cell) based on Multi-agent mode for the remote cooperative design of mechanical products, and implements CDC's integration based on Web server so that integrates heterogeneous design resources and tools. It provides a new approach
for partners to use design resources and tools of dynamic alliance.
(3) The implementing of remote cooperative design needs the support of distributed technology. Through analyzing the method of developing application program on server side, a developing scheme based on B/S(Browser/Server) mode and the implementing mode of the prototyping system for remote cooperative design system are presented.
(4) The architecture, communication mechanism, core services, database integration and transaction treatment of CORBA specification are analyzed in the paper. We think that CORBA can resolve the problems of scheduling remote resources, management of design transaction and the scalability of remote cooperative design system. The modularized hierarchical structure of remote cooperative design system is constructed with application layer, open distributed handling layer and supporting layer. The framework of remote cooperative design system based on Web and CORBA technology is also described.
(5) According to the load balancing characteristic of Web server group, request assignment algorithm LTI (Least Time Increasement) that takes the least total replying time increasement as the optimizing goal, LT1+ algorithm that can avoid server group reaching its critical status and hybrid driven strategy of task scheduling are applied to balance load of remote cooperative design system.
(6) Directing at cam mec
引文
1 殷国富，陈永华．计算机辅助设计技术与应用．北京：科学出版社，2000．
2 殷国富，陈永华．基于Intranet的企业信息化系统技术与应用．计算机科学，1999，26(3)：59～63．
3 Yin Guofu, Hu Xiaobing, Chen Tian, et al. A Cooperative Approach based Multi-Agent for Distributed CAD/CAM Systems. Proceedings of 1999 International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing Technology, June 16-18, 1999:713～717.
4 殷国富，陈永华．快速原型制造技术的集成应用方法．机械与电子，1998，(5)：9～12．
5 曾庆宏．下一代制造和协作工程．制造业自动化，2000，22(1)：1～5．
6 Jim J, Fred M. Integrating the next generation enterprise. Technical Paper-Society of Manufacturing Engineers, MM, 1998,(MM98-286): 10p.
7 邓朝晖，李平凡，孙宗禹等．面向21世纪的先进生产模式．湖南大学学报(自然科学版)，2000，27(1)：57～61，102．
8 Nagal R, Dove R. 21st Century manufacturing enterprise strategy: an industry-led view. Iacocca Institute, Lehigh University, 1991.
9 Kidd Paul T. Agile manufacturing: a strategy for the 21st century, IEE Colloquium(Digest), Oct 26, 1995,(179):6pp.
10 Hardwick Martin, Bolton Richard. Industrial virtual enterprise. Communications of the ACM, 1997,40(9):59～60.
11 张曙．分散网络化制造．机械与电子，1998，(5)：3～6．
12 张曙，林德生．可持续发展的生产模式——分散网络化生产系统．中国机械工程，1998，9(2)：68～71．
13 Lefebvre Louis A, Lefebvre Elisabeth. Virtual enterprises and virtual economy: manifestations and policy challenges. International Journal of Technology Management, 2000, 20(1):58～71.
14 Papstel Jyri, Saks Alo. Virtual manufacturing in reality. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, Nov 6-8, 2000,4192:123～133.
15 曹岩，刘宁，赵汝嘉．基于虚拟制造系统的企业集成研究．计算机集成制造系统-CIMS，1999，5(3)：25～29．
16 刘锦兴，秦叶，李荣彬等．基于信息网络的异地协同设计与制造系统的研究．中国机械工程，1999，10(8)：882～885．
17 Shen Bin, Yang Jiping, Ding Yulan. Architecture of virtual manufacturing based on autonomous manufacturing islands. Journal of China Textile University, English Edition, 1999,16(1):6～9.
18 周江峰，何大勇．网络制造系统网络结构设计解决方案研究．工业控制计算机，200，13(3)：3～5，2．
19 Kondoh Shinsuke, Umeda Yasushi. Tomiyama Tetsuo, et al. Self organization of Cellular
Manufacturing Systems. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 2000,49(1):347～350.
20 Alford Dave, Sackett Peter, Nelder Geoff. Mass customization - an automotive perspective. International Journal of Production Economics, 2000,65(1):99～110.
21 祁国宁，顾新建，李仁旺．大批量定制及其模型的研究．计算机集成制造系统-CIMS，1999，6(2)：41～45．
22 赵国群，王广春，贾玉玺．快速成形与制造技术的发展与应用．山东工业大学学报，1999，29(6)：536～543．
23 Onuh SO, Yusuf YY. Rapid prototyping technology: Applications and benefits for rapid product development. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1999,10(3):301～311.
24 钟廷修．快速响应工程和快速产品设计策略．机械设计与研究，1999，15(1)：9～12．
25 周祖德．快速制造与虚拟制造．中国机械工程，1999，10(8)：935～938．
26 殷国富．工程专家系统技术及其应用．成都：成都科技大学出版社，1993．
27 仲智刚，潘晓弘，程耀东．面向Agent的智能制造系统控制结构研究．机电工程，1999，16(5)：136～138．
28 Minsky M. The Society of Mind. Simona and sohuster, New York, 1996.
29 Shoham Y. Theories of agenthood. Scandinavian Conference on Artificial Intelligence - 91, Denmark, May 21-24, 1991:40～46.
30 Shoham Y. Agent-oriented Programming. Artificial Intelligence, 1993,60(1):51～92.
31 Moses Yoram, Shoham Yoav. Belief as defeasible knowledge. Artificial Intelligence, 1993,64(2):299～321.
32 樊玮，朱军．软件Agent技术的研究．航空计算技术，1999，29(4)：34～37．
33 Marcjan Robert, Nawarecki Edward. Cooperation model for multi-agent system. Systems Science, 1996,22(3):63～76.
34 Zheng Yang, Tu Renshou, Xiong Fanlun. Proposed framework for intelligent systems based on multiagent conception. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Processing Systems, ICIPS, Oct 28-31, 1997, 1998, 1:923～927.
35 Shen Weiming, Maturana Francisco, Norrie Douglas H. MetaMorph Ⅱ: An agent-based architecture for distributed intelligent design and manufacturing. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 2000,11(3):237～251.
36 Dumitrache I, Caramihai SI, Stanescu AM. Intelligent agent-based control systems in manufacturing. IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control - Proceedings, Jul 17-19, 2000:369～374.
37 杨叔子，吴波，胡春华等．网络化制造与企业集成．中国机械工程，2000，11(1-2)：45～48．
38 Weston RH. Integration infrastructure requirements for agile manufacturing systems. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 1998,212(B6)423～437.
39 Hisup P, Joy M T, Rick D. Agile infrastructure for manufacturing systems(AIMS).
http://www.eit.com/papers/DMC93.htm,Feb 1,1998.
40 Cho Hyunbo, Jung Mooyoung, Kim Moonho. Enabling technologies of agile manufacturing and its related activities in Korea. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 1996,30(3):323～334.
41 Michal, Sobolewshi, Kevin K. CAMnet: the role in agile manufacturing infrastructure. http://camnet.ge.com/camnet,Feb 10, 1998.
42 Kai Chua Chee, Jacob Gan GK, Mei Tong. Interface between CAD and rapid prototyping systems. Part 2: LMI - an improved interface. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 1997,13(8):571～576.
43 陈小安，尹佑盛，郑小光等．分布式协同设计技术及其模型实例设计．机械工程学报，2000，36(4)：1～4．
44 李祥，袁国华，周雄辉等．基于集成的协同设计冲突消解系统研究．计算机集成制造系统-CIMS，2000，6(4)：61～64．
45 吴华鹏，张海霞，谢洪潮等．基于WEB的异地协作设计系统Cdesign．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，2000，40(5)：62～65．
46 谢友柏．分布式设计知识资源的建设和运用．中国机械工程，1998，9(2)：166～180．
47 周受钦，胡亚红，谢友柏．CMDNET中异地调用系统的环境及实现．工程设计，1999，(3)：6～11．
48 马鹏举，梁正和，丁玉成等．基于客户／服务器模式的敏捷制造信息系统结构．西安交通大学学报，1999，33(9)：85～89．
49 Jo Chang-Hyun, Son Jea Gi, Kang Younwoo, et al. Distributed programming environment on the internet. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, Feb 28-Mar 2, 1999:85～90.
50 张恒．先进制造技术的系统模式．河北工业科技，2000，17(5)：46～49，53．
51 单汨源，高阳，陈荣秋．敏捷制造系统体系结构研究．中国机械工程，2000，11(6)：687～691．
52 王意冈，潘文灏，吴冲锋等．敏捷企业组织设计研究．中国机械工程，1998，9(6)：28～31．
53 欧阳培．企业技术经济学．北京：航空工业出版社，1994．
54 钱碧波，潘晓弘，程耀东．MFT的敏捷虚拟企业组织的分形层次控制结构研究．制造业自动化，2000，22(3)：23～27．
55 战德臣，叶丹，徐晓飞等．动态联盟企业模型．汁算机集成制造系统-CIMS，1999，5(3)：11～15．
56 钱碧波，潘晓弘，程耀东．敏捷虚拟企业合作伙伴选择评价体系研究．中国机械工程，2000，11(4)397～401．
57 郭锐锋，于东，刘明烈等．基于合同网的任务分配方法的研究．小型微型计算机系统，1999，20(10)：740～743．
58 朱虹，冯玉才吴永英．基于用户-角色的安全管理．华中理工大学学报，2000，28(4)：23～25．
59 陈显锋，裘丽华，王占林．分布式系统中的冗余任务分配研究．北京航空航天大学学报，2000，26(4)：389～392．
60 Sun J, Zhang YF, Nee AYC. Agent-based product design and planning for distributed concurrent engineering. Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Apr 24-28,
2000,4:3101～3106.
61 Takkinen Juha, Shahmehri Nahid. Task-oriented restructuring of an application domain: A multi-agent architecture for doing things in Internet e-mail. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Jan 5-8, 1999:217.
62 Barber KS, Liu TH. Conflict detection during plan integration based on E-PERT diagrams. Proceedings of the International Conference on Autonomous Agents, Jun 3-7, 2000:106～107.
63 Lavana H, Brglez F, Reese R, et al. OpenDesign: An open user-configurable project environment for collaborative design and execution on the Internet. Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors, Sep 17-20, 2000:567～570.
64 魏宝刚，潘云鹤．协同设计技术的研究．中国机械工程，1999，10(4)：454～457．
65 Lander Susan E. Issues in multiagent design systems. IEEE Expert, 1997,12(2):18～26.
66 曹健，张友良，赵海燕等．基于Agent的产品并行开发过程管理系统．中国机械工程，1999，10(4)：414～417．
67 Atanasova Tatiana, Nern Hans-Joachim, Hamalainen Matti, et al. Distributed heterogeneous knowledge data base for control system design: multiagent development and support. IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control - Proceedings, Jul 17-19, 2000:363～368.
68 Jezic Gordan, Kusek Mario, Ljubi Igor. Mobile agent based distributed Web management. International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Electronic Systems, Proceedings, KES, Aug 30-Sep 1, 2000,2:679～682.
69 Deters Ralph. Developing and deploying a multi agent system. Proceedings of the International Conference on Autonomous Agents, Jun 3-7, 2000:175～176.
70 沈军营，吴立峰，王军杰等．基于Internet的敏捷化设计制造系统．机械科学与技术，2000，19(4)：635～637．
71 顾冠群，汪芸．分布处理技术的现状和展望．世界科技研究与发展，1999，21(3)：8～12．
72 Kommareddy Manjula, Wong Johnny. Non-blocking distributed transaction processing system. Journal of Systems and Software, 2000,54(1):65～76.
73 Fin Alessandro, Fummi Franco. Web-CAD methodology for IP-core analysis and simulation. Proceedings - Design Automation Conference, Jun 5-9, 2000:597～600.
74 张浩，冯以之，乔非等．基于Web的BPR支持系统的规划设计与实现．组合机床与自动化加工技术．1999，(8)：42～48．
75 李师贤，郑红，吴涛等译．CORBA企业解决方案．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．
76 Polze Andreas, Malek Miroslaw. Responsive services with CORBA. Computer Systems Science and Engineering, 1999,14(4):209～216.
77 Sloane Alan D. Modeling deployment and configuration of CORBA systems with UML. Proceedings -International Conference on Software Engineering, Jun 4-11, 2000:778.
78 韩坚，范玉顺，吴澄．基于代理和CORBA的应用集成机制研究．计算机集成制造系统-CIMS，
1999，5(2)：11～15．
79 刘敬军，张申生，步丰林．应用CORBA和多代理技术重构企业信息系统．计算机集成制造系统-CIMS，1999，5(3)：55～59．
80 Lunney TF, McCaughey AJ. Component based distributed systems - CORBA and EJB in context. Computer Physics Communications, 2000,127(2):207～214.
81 Hamidzadeh Babak, Kit Lau Ying, Lilja David J. Dynamic task scheduling using online optimization. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2000,11(11):1151～1163.
82 Joosen W, Pullet J. The efficient management of task clusters in a dynamic load balancer. Proceedings of the International Conference'94 on Parallel Distributed Systems, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Dec, 1994:19～21
83 Lu Sanglu, Zhou Xiaobo, Xie Li. Model for dynamic adaptive coscheduling. Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 1999,14(3)267～275.
84 Chen Hua-ping, Li Jing, Chen Guo-liang. Task scheduling in parallel distributed computing(Part 2). Journal of Computer Science, 1997,24(2):23～27.
85 邸烁，郑纬民，王鼎兴等．并行WWW服务器集群请求分配算法的研究．软件学报，1999，10(7)：713～718
86 Fielding Roy T, Taylor Richard N. Principled design of the modern web architecture. Proceedings - International Conference on Software Engineering, Jun 4-11, 2000:407～416.
87 陈华平，计永昶，陈国良．分布式动态负载平衡调度的一个通用模型．软件学报．1998，9(1)：25～29．
88 曾国荪，陆鑫达．异构计算中的负载共享．软件学报．2000，11(4)：551～556．
89 Gan Xuehong, Schroeder Trevor, Goddard Steve, et al. LSMAC and LSNAT: Two approaches for cluster-based scalable Web servers. IEEE International Conference on Communications, Jun 18-22, 2000,2:1164～1168.
90 Dandamudi Sivarama P. Effect of scheduling discipline on dynamic load sharing in heterogeneous distributed systems. IEEE International Workshop on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems - Proceedings, Jan 12-15, 1997:17～24.
91 Bestavros Azer. Speculative data dissemination and service to reduce server load, network traffic and service time in distributed information systems. Proceedings of International Conference on Data Engineering, Feb 26-Mar 1, 1996:180～187.
92 何峰，谢宗蕻，昂海松．VRML-Internet上的虚拟现实标准．计算机仿真，1999,16(3)：19～21，39．
93 黄铁军，柳健编译．VRML国际标准与应用指南，北京：电子工业出版社，1999．
94 Burnette Charles, Moon Sook. Developing highway driving simulations using virtual reality modeling language. Transportation Research Record, Nov, 1999,1689: 40～45.
95 Wang Fei, Feng Yuncheng, Wei Youshuang. Virtual Reality Simulation mechanism on WWW. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Apr 25-27, 2000,4026:70～78.
96 任浩，谭庆平．基于VRML和Java的物理建模方法与实现．计算机工程与科学，2000，22(2)：36～39．
97 Salmela Marko, Kyllonen Harri. Smart virtual prototypes: distributed 3D product simulations for Web
based environments. Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on the Virtual Reality Modeling Language, VRML, Feb 21-24, 2000:87～93.
98 Pan Zhigeng, Zhou Kun, Cheng Chiyi, et al. Level of detail and multi-resolution modeling techniques for virtual design and prototyping. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Material Handling Division, MHD, 1999,5:19～26.
99 Brega Jose Remo Ferreira, Sementille Antonio Carlos, Kirner Claudio. Utilizing the CORBA platform in the construction of a highly immersive virtual environment. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Apr 7-8, 1999,3694:142～151.
100 Aronson Robert B. It's not just RP anymore. Manufacturing Engineering, 2000,124(5): 98,100,104,106,108,110,112.
101 Green Graham. Ryder Gerard. When speed is everything. Manufacturing Engineer, 2000,79(2):59～62.
102 赵世光，石奇海，马登哲．CIMSNET 支持的敏捷制造模式研究．计算机工程与应用，2000，(6)：81～83．
103 Jurrens Kevin K. Standards for the rapid prototyping industry. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 1999,5(4):169～178.
104 Chua CK, Teh SH, Gay RKL. Rapid prototyping versus virtual prototyping in product design and manufacturing. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 1999,15(8):597～603.
105 崔世强，李兰芬，崔波．快速成形制造技术的基本原理与方法．河北工业科技，1999，16(4)：56～59．
106 Karunakaran KP, Shanmuganathan P Vivekananda, Jadhav Sanjay Janardhan, et al. Rapid prototyping of metallic parts and moulds. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2000,105(3):371～381.
107 Park Joon, Tari Michael J, Hahn H Thomas. Characterization of the laminated object manufacturing (LOM) process. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2000,6(1):36～49.
108 Chiu WK, Tan ST. Multiple material objects: From CAD representation to data format for rapid prototyping. Computer Aided Design, 2000,32(12):707～717.
109 Susila B, Gunasekaran A, Arunachalam S, et al. Interfacing geometric model data with rapid prototyping systems. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1999,10(3):323～329.
110 van Niekerk GJ, Ehlers EM. Intelligent stereolithography file correction. Proceedings of SPIE. The International Society for Optical Engineering, Nov 6-8, 2000,4192:54～62.
111 Chang Kuang-Hua, Silva Javier, Bryant Ira. Concurrent design and manufacturing for mechanical systems. Concurrent Engineering Research and Applications. 1999,7(4):290～308.
112 张人佶，卢清萍，宋玉华等．基于CAD／CAM／RPM的快速模具制造技术．计算机辅助设计与制造，2000，(4)：8～9．
113 Abdel-Malek Layek, Batra Vikram. Design of a Telemanufacturing test bed. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Material Handling Division, MHD, 1999,5:99-106.
114 檀润华，郭占科，徐安平等．基于RP的快速服务系统方案设计．河北工业大学学报，1999，28(6)：1～3．
115 Luo Ren C, Lee Wei Zen, Tzou Jyh Hwa, et al. Development of Internet accessible rapid prototyping
system. IECON Proceedings(Industrial Electronics Conference), Nov 29-Dec 3, 1999,3:1498～1503.
116 Wang Fu-Chung, Marchetti Lou, Wright Paul K. Rapid prototyping using machining. Technical Paper-Society of Manufacturing Engineers. PE, 1999,(PE99-118):PE99-118-1～PE99-118-6.
117 Bredt James F. Digital manufacturing. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Jul 31-Aug 4, 2000,4109:150～161.
118 Luo Ren C, Lee Wei Zen, Chou Jyh Hwa, et al. Tele-control of rapid prototyping machine via internet for automated tele-manufacturing. Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, May 10-15, 1999,3:2203～2208.
119 石永刚，徐振华．凸轮机构设计．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1995，10．
120 Borisov V D. Computer Design of Cylinder Cams. Sov. Eng. Res, 1984,4(8):44～47.
121 Gonzalez-Palacios M A, Angeles J, Cai C. The Generation of Contact Surfaces of Indexing Cam Mechanisms: A Unified Approach. Proc. 1990 ASME Design Automation Conf. Advances in Design Automation, 1990,2:359～364.
122 黄寿荣，黄家祥．弧面分度凸轮的张量法设计．机械设计，1995，8：5～7．
123 Hanson D R S, Churchill FT. Theory of Envelope Provides New Cam Design Equations. Prod. Eng, 1962:45～55.
124 Yang Shyue-Cheng, Chen Cha'o-Kuang. Applying two-parameter envelope theory to determining spherical cam profile with cylindrical followers. Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering, 2000,24(2):415～435.
125 Tsay D M, Wei H M. Design and Machining of Cylindrical Cams with Translating Conical Followers. Computer-Aided Design, 1993, 25(10):655～661.
2 殷国富，陈永华．基于Intranet的企业信息化系统技术与应用．计算机科学，1999，26(3)：59～63．
3 Yin Guofu, Hu Xiaobing, Chen Tian, et al. A Cooperative Approach based Multi-Agent for Distributed CAD/CAM Systems. Proceedings of 1999 International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing Technology, June 16-18, 1999:713～717.
4 殷国富，陈永华．快速原型制造技术的集成应用方法．机械与电子，1998，(5)：9～12．
5 曾庆宏．下一代制造和协作工程．制造业自动化，2000，22(1)：1～5．
6 Jim J, Fred M. Integrating the next generation enterprise. Technical Paper-Society of Manufacturing Engineers, MM, 1998,(MM98-286): 10p.
7 邓朝晖，李平凡，孙宗禹等．面向21世纪的先进生产模式．湖南大学学报(自然科学版)，2000，27(1)：57～61，102．
8 Nagal R, Dove R. 21st Century manufacturing enterprise strategy: an industry-led view. Iacocca Institute, Lehigh University, 1991.
9 Kidd Paul T. Agile manufacturing: a strategy for the 21st century, IEE Colloquium(Digest), Oct 26, 1995,(179):6pp.
10 Hardwick Martin, Bolton Richard. Industrial virtual enterprise. Communications of the ACM, 1997,40(9):59～60.
11 张曙．分散网络化制造．机械与电子，1998，(5)：3～6．
12 张曙，林德生．可持续发展的生产模式——分散网络化生产系统．中国机械工程，1998，9(2)：68～71．
13 Lefebvre Louis A, Lefebvre Elisabeth. Virtual enterprises and virtual economy: manifestations and policy challenges. International Journal of Technology Management, 2000, 20(1):58～71.
14 Papstel Jyri, Saks Alo. Virtual manufacturing in reality. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, Nov 6-8, 2000,4192:123～133.
15 曹岩，刘宁，赵汝嘉．基于虚拟制造系统的企业集成研究．计算机集成制造系统-CIMS，1999，5(3)：25～29．
16 刘锦兴，秦叶，李荣彬等．基于信息网络的异地协同设计与制造系统的研究．中国机械工程，1999，10(8)：882～885．
17 Shen Bin, Yang Jiping, Ding Yulan. Architecture of virtual manufacturing based on autonomous manufacturing islands. Journal of China Textile University, English Edition, 1999,16(1):6～9.
18 周江峰，何大勇．网络制造系统网络结构设计解决方案研究．工业控制计算机，200，13(3)：3～5，2．
19 Kondoh Shinsuke, Umeda Yasushi. Tomiyama Tetsuo, et al. Self organization of Cellular
Manufacturing Systems. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 2000,49(1):347～350.
20 Alford Dave, Sackett Peter, Nelder Geoff. Mass customization - an automotive perspective. International Journal of Production Economics, 2000,65(1):99～110.
21 祁国宁，顾新建，李仁旺．大批量定制及其模型的研究．计算机集成制造系统-CIMS，1999，6(2)：41～45．
22 赵国群，王广春，贾玉玺．快速成形与制造技术的发展与应用．山东工业大学学报，1999，29(6)：536～543．
23 Onuh SO, Yusuf YY. Rapid prototyping technology: Applications and benefits for rapid product development. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1999,10(3):301～311.
24 钟廷修．快速响应工程和快速产品设计策略．机械设计与研究，1999，15(1)：9～12．
25 周祖德．快速制造与虚拟制造．中国机械工程，1999，10(8)：935～938．
26 殷国富．工程专家系统技术及其应用．成都：成都科技大学出版社，1993．
27 仲智刚，潘晓弘，程耀东．面向Agent的智能制造系统控制结构研究．机电工程，1999，16(5)：136～138．
28 Minsky M. The Society of Mind. Simona and sohuster, New York, 1996.
29 Shoham Y. Theories of agenthood. Scandinavian Conference on Artificial Intelligence - 91, Denmark, May 21-24, 1991:40～46.
30 Shoham Y. Agent-oriented Programming. Artificial Intelligence, 1993,60(1):51～92.
31 Moses Yoram, Shoham Yoav. Belief as defeasible knowledge. Artificial Intelligence, 1993,64(2):299～321.
32 樊玮，朱军．软件Agent技术的研究．航空计算技术，1999，29(4)：34～37．
33 Marcjan Robert, Nawarecki Edward. Cooperation model for multi-agent system. Systems Science, 1996,22(3):63～76.
34 Zheng Yang, Tu Renshou, Xiong Fanlun. Proposed framework for intelligent systems based on multiagent conception. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Processing Systems, ICIPS, Oct 28-31, 1997, 1998, 1:923～927.
35 Shen Weiming, Maturana Francisco, Norrie Douglas H. MetaMorph Ⅱ: An agent-based architecture for distributed intelligent design and manufacturing. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 2000,11(3):237～251.
36 Dumitrache I, Caramihai SI, Stanescu AM. Intelligent agent-based control systems in manufacturing. IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control - Proceedings, Jul 17-19, 2000:369～374.
37 杨叔子，吴波，胡春华等．网络化制造与企业集成．中国机械工程，2000，11(1-2)：45～48．
38 Weston RH. Integration infrastructure requirements for agile manufacturing systems. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 1998,212(B6)423～437.
39 Hisup P, Joy M T, Rick D. Agile infrastructure for manufacturing systems(AIMS).
http://www.eit.com/papers/DMC93.htm,Feb 1,1998.
40 Cho Hyunbo, Jung Mooyoung, Kim Moonho. Enabling technologies of agile manufacturing and its related activities in Korea. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 1996,30(3):323～334.
41 Michal, Sobolewshi, Kevin K. CAMnet: the role in agile manufacturing infrastructure. http://camnet.ge.com/camnet,Feb 10, 1998.
42 Kai Chua Chee, Jacob Gan GK, Mei Tong. Interface between CAD and rapid prototyping systems. Part 2: LMI - an improved interface. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 1997,13(8):571～576.
43 陈小安，尹佑盛，郑小光等．分布式协同设计技术及其模型实例设计．机械工程学报，2000，36(4)：1～4．
44 李祥，袁国华，周雄辉等．基于集成的协同设计冲突消解系统研究．计算机集成制造系统-CIMS，2000，6(4)：61～64．
45 吴华鹏，张海霞，谢洪潮等．基于WEB的异地协作设计系统Cdesign．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，2000，40(5)：62～65．
46 谢友柏．分布式设计知识资源的建设和运用．中国机械工程，1998，9(2)：166～180．
47 周受钦，胡亚红，谢友柏．CMDNET中异地调用系统的环境及实现．工程设计，1999，(3)：6～11．
48 马鹏举，梁正和，丁玉成等．基于客户／服务器模式的敏捷制造信息系统结构．西安交通大学学报，1999，33(9)：85～89．
49 Jo Chang-Hyun, Son Jea Gi, Kang Younwoo, et al. Distributed programming environment on the internet. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, Feb 28-Mar 2, 1999:85～90.
50 张恒．先进制造技术的系统模式．河北工业科技，2000，17(5)：46～49，53．
51 单汨源，高阳，陈荣秋．敏捷制造系统体系结构研究．中国机械工程，2000，11(6)：687～691．
52 王意冈，潘文灏，吴冲锋等．敏捷企业组织设计研究．中国机械工程，1998，9(6)：28～31．
53 欧阳培．企业技术经济学．北京：航空工业出版社，1994．
54 钱碧波，潘晓弘，程耀东．MFT的敏捷虚拟企业组织的分形层次控制结构研究．制造业自动化，2000，22(3)：23～27．
55 战德臣，叶丹，徐晓飞等．动态联盟企业模型．汁算机集成制造系统-CIMS，1999，5(3)：11～15．
56 钱碧波，潘晓弘，程耀东．敏捷虚拟企业合作伙伴选择评价体系研究．中国机械工程，2000，11(4)397～401．
57 郭锐锋，于东，刘明烈等．基于合同网的任务分配方法的研究．小型微型计算机系统，1999，20(10)：740～743．
58 朱虹，冯玉才吴永英．基于用户-角色的安全管理．华中理工大学学报，2000，28(4)：23～25．
59 陈显锋，裘丽华，王占林．分布式系统中的冗余任务分配研究．北京航空航天大学学报，2000，26(4)：389～392．
60 Sun J, Zhang YF, Nee AYC. Agent-based product design and planning for distributed concurrent engineering. Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Apr 24-28,
2000,4:3101～3106.
61 Takkinen Juha, Shahmehri Nahid. Task-oriented restructuring of an application domain: A multi-agent architecture for doing things in Internet e-mail. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Jan 5-8, 1999:217.
62 Barber KS, Liu TH. Conflict detection during plan integration based on E-PERT diagrams. Proceedings of the International Conference on Autonomous Agents, Jun 3-7, 2000:106～107.
63 Lavana H, Brglez F, Reese R, et al. OpenDesign: An open user-configurable project environment for collaborative design and execution on the Internet. Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors, Sep 17-20, 2000:567～570.
64 魏宝刚，潘云鹤．协同设计技术的研究．中国机械工程，1999，10(4)：454～457．
65 Lander Susan E. Issues in multiagent design systems. IEEE Expert, 1997,12(2):18～26.
66 曹健，张友良，赵海燕等．基于Agent的产品并行开发过程管理系统．中国机械工程，1999，10(4)：414～417．
67 Atanasova Tatiana, Nern Hans-Joachim, Hamalainen Matti, et al. Distributed heterogeneous knowledge data base for control system design: multiagent development and support. IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control - Proceedings, Jul 17-19, 2000:363～368.
68 Jezic Gordan, Kusek Mario, Ljubi Igor. Mobile agent based distributed Web management. International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Electronic Systems, Proceedings, KES, Aug 30-Sep 1, 2000,2:679～682.
69 Deters Ralph. Developing and deploying a multi agent system. Proceedings of the International Conference on Autonomous Agents, Jun 3-7, 2000:175～176.
70 沈军营，吴立峰，王军杰等．基于Internet的敏捷化设计制造系统．机械科学与技术，2000，19(4)：635～637．
71 顾冠群，汪芸．分布处理技术的现状和展望．世界科技研究与发展，1999，21(3)：8～12．
72 Kommareddy Manjula, Wong Johnny. Non-blocking distributed transaction processing system. Journal of Systems and Software, 2000,54(1):65～76.
73 Fin Alessandro, Fummi Franco. Web-CAD methodology for IP-core analysis and simulation. Proceedings - Design Automation Conference, Jun 5-9, 2000:597～600.
74 张浩，冯以之，乔非等．基于Web的BPR支持系统的规划设计与实现．组合机床与自动化加工技术．1999，(8)：42～48．
75 李师贤，郑红，吴涛等译．CORBA企业解决方案．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．
76 Polze Andreas, Malek Miroslaw. Responsive services with CORBA. Computer Systems Science and Engineering, 1999,14(4):209～216.
77 Sloane Alan D. Modeling deployment and configuration of CORBA systems with UML. Proceedings -International Conference on Software Engineering, Jun 4-11, 2000:778.
78 韩坚，范玉顺，吴澄．基于代理和CORBA的应用集成机制研究．计算机集成制造系统-CIMS，
1999，5(2)：11～15．
79 刘敬军，张申生，步丰林．应用CORBA和多代理技术重构企业信息系统．计算机集成制造系统-CIMS，1999，5(3)：55～59．
80 Lunney TF, McCaughey AJ. Component based distributed systems - CORBA and EJB in context. Computer Physics Communications, 2000,127(2):207～214.
81 Hamidzadeh Babak, Kit Lau Ying, Lilja David J. Dynamic task scheduling using online optimization. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2000,11(11):1151～1163.
82 Joosen W, Pullet J. The efficient management of task clusters in a dynamic load balancer. Proceedings of the International Conference'94 on Parallel Distributed Systems, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Dec, 1994:19～21
83 Lu Sanglu, Zhou Xiaobo, Xie Li. Model for dynamic adaptive coscheduling. Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 1999,14(3)267～275.
84 Chen Hua-ping, Li Jing, Chen Guo-liang. Task scheduling in parallel distributed computing(Part 2). Journal of Computer Science, 1997,24(2):23～27.
85 邸烁，郑纬民，王鼎兴等．并行WWW服务器集群请求分配算法的研究．软件学报，1999，10(7)：713～718
86 Fielding Roy T, Taylor Richard N. Principled design of the modern web architecture. Proceedings - International Conference on Software Engineering, Jun 4-11, 2000:407～416.
87 陈华平，计永昶，陈国良．分布式动态负载平衡调度的一个通用模型．软件学报．1998，9(1)：25～29．
88 曾国荪，陆鑫达．异构计算中的负载共享．软件学报．2000，11(4)：551～556．
89 Gan Xuehong, Schroeder Trevor, Goddard Steve, et al. LSMAC and LSNAT: Two approaches for cluster-based scalable Web servers. IEEE International Conference on Communications, Jun 18-22, 2000,2:1164～1168.
90 Dandamudi Sivarama P. Effect of scheduling discipline on dynamic load sharing in heterogeneous distributed systems. IEEE International Workshop on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems - Proceedings, Jan 12-15, 1997:17～24.
91 Bestavros Azer. Speculative data dissemination and service to reduce server load, network traffic and service time in distributed information systems. Proceedings of International Conference on Data Engineering, Feb 26-Mar 1, 1996:180～187.
92 何峰，谢宗蕻，昂海松．VRML-Internet上的虚拟现实标准．计算机仿真，1999,16(3)：19～21，39．
93 黄铁军，柳健编译．VRML国际标准与应用指南，北京：电子工业出版社，1999．
94 Burnette Charles, Moon Sook. Developing highway driving simulations using virtual reality modeling language. Transportation Research Record, Nov, 1999,1689: 40～45.
95 Wang Fei, Feng Yuncheng, Wei Youshuang. Virtual Reality Simulation mechanism on WWW. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Apr 25-27, 2000,4026:70～78.
96 任浩，谭庆平．基于VRML和Java的物理建模方法与实现．计算机工程与科学，2000，22(2)：36～39．
97 Salmela Marko, Kyllonen Harri. Smart virtual prototypes: distributed 3D product simulations for Web
based environments. Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on the Virtual Reality Modeling Language, VRML, Feb 21-24, 2000:87～93.
98 Pan Zhigeng, Zhou Kun, Cheng Chiyi, et al. Level of detail and multi-resolution modeling techniques for virtual design and prototyping. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Material Handling Division, MHD, 1999,5:19～26.
99 Brega Jose Remo Ferreira, Sementille Antonio Carlos, Kirner Claudio. Utilizing the CORBA platform in the construction of a highly immersive virtual environment. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Apr 7-8, 1999,3694:142～151.
100 Aronson Robert B. It's not just RP anymore. Manufacturing Engineering, 2000,124(5): 98,100,104,106,108,110,112.
101 Green Graham. Ryder Gerard. When speed is everything. Manufacturing Engineer, 2000,79(2):59～62.
102 赵世光，石奇海，马登哲．CIMSNET 支持的敏捷制造模式研究．计算机工程与应用，2000，(6)：81～83．
103 Jurrens Kevin K. Standards for the rapid prototyping industry. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 1999,5(4):169～178.
104 Chua CK, Teh SH, Gay RKL. Rapid prototyping versus virtual prototyping in product design and manufacturing. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 1999,15(8):597～603.
105 崔世强，李兰芬，崔波．快速成形制造技术的基本原理与方法．河北工业科技，1999，16(4)：56～59．
106 Karunakaran KP, Shanmuganathan P Vivekananda, Jadhav Sanjay Janardhan, et al. Rapid prototyping of metallic parts and moulds. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2000,105(3):371～381.
107 Park Joon, Tari Michael J, Hahn H Thomas. Characterization of the laminated object manufacturing (LOM) process. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2000,6(1):36～49.
108 Chiu WK, Tan ST. Multiple material objects: From CAD representation to data format for rapid prototyping. Computer Aided Design, 2000,32(12):707～717.
109 Susila B, Gunasekaran A, Arunachalam S, et al. Interfacing geometric model data with rapid prototyping systems. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1999,10(3):323～329.
110 van Niekerk GJ, Ehlers EM. Intelligent stereolithography file correction. Proceedings of SPIE. The International Society for Optical Engineering, Nov 6-8, 2000,4192:54～62.
111 Chang Kuang-Hua, Silva Javier, Bryant Ira. Concurrent design and manufacturing for mechanical systems. Concurrent Engineering Research and Applications. 1999,7(4):290～308.
112 张人佶，卢清萍，宋玉华等．基于CAD／CAM／RPM的快速模具制造技术．计算机辅助设计与制造，2000，(4)：8～9．
113 Abdel-Malek Layek, Batra Vikram. Design of a Telemanufacturing test bed. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Material Handling Division, MHD, 1999,5:99-106.
114 檀润华，郭占科，徐安平等．基于RP的快速服务系统方案设计．河北工业大学学报，1999，28(6)：1～3．
115 Luo Ren C, Lee Wei Zen, Tzou Jyh Hwa, et al. Development of Internet accessible rapid prototyping
system. IECON Proceedings(Industrial Electronics Conference), Nov 29-Dec 3, 1999,3:1498～1503.
116 Wang Fu-Chung, Marchetti Lou, Wright Paul K. Rapid prototyping using machining. Technical Paper-Society of Manufacturing Engineers. PE, 1999,(PE99-118):PE99-118-1～PE99-118-6.
117 Bredt James F. Digital manufacturing. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Jul 31-Aug 4, 2000,4109:150～161.
118 Luo Ren C, Lee Wei Zen, Chou Jyh Hwa, et al. Tele-control of rapid prototyping machine via internet for automated tele-manufacturing. Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, May 10-15, 1999,3:2203～2208.
119 石永刚，徐振华．凸轮机构设计．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1995，10．
120 Borisov V D. Computer Design of Cylinder Cams. Sov. Eng. Res, 1984,4(8):44～47.
121 Gonzalez-Palacios M A, Angeles J, Cai C. The Generation of Contact Surfaces of Indexing Cam Mechanisms: A Unified Approach. Proc. 1990 ASME Design Automation Conf. Advances in Design Automation, 1990,2:359～364.
122 黄寿荣，黄家祥．弧面分度凸轮的张量法设计．机械设计，1995，8：5～7．
123 Hanson D R S, Churchill FT. Theory of Envelope Provides New Cam Design Equations. Prod. Eng, 1962:45～55.
124 Yang Shyue-Cheng, Chen Cha'o-Kuang. Applying two-parameter envelope theory to determining spherical cam profile with cylindrical followers. Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering, 2000,24(2):415～435.
125 Tsay D M, Wei H M. Design and Machining of Cylindrical Cams with Translating Conical Followers. Computer-Aided Design, 1993, 25(10):655～661.