集装箱船共同结构规范（CSR）疲劳强度基础研究
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摘要
自国际船级社协会油船和散货船共同结构规范实施以后，集装箱船规范的共同化越来越受到关注。
当前国际船级社主要工作是对油船和散货船两本结构规范进行协调性比较计算研究，最终的目标是将两本规范中不协调一致的问题予以统一，特别是其中的船体结构疲劳强度部分，设计载荷和使用的SN曲线完全不同。同时国际海事组织正在紧锣密鼓地推出其GBS目标型标准，其目标是要对所有船级社的规范进行符合性验证，油船共同结构规范的符合性验证刚刚开始。可以预见，未来集装箱船共同结构规范必须符合GBS验证标准的规范。为了达到这个目的，必须建立载荷、疲劳应力和评估衡准一致的分析型规范体系，考虑到目前各船级社水平的差异性，新发展的集装箱船规范应该由规范校核和直接强度分析共同组成。
本文作为“大型船舶结构的超规范研究”的后续研究，以集装箱船共同结构规范制定的技术储备为目标，主要研究工作有如下几个方面：
（1）通过研究船级社船体结构规范的发展趋势，结合当前IMO和IACS的最新工作，预见集装箱船结构规范疲劳强度的发展趋势，确定迫切需要解决的主要问题。
（2）对国内外船舶结构疲劳强度的研究方法以及集装箱船疲劳强度的研究情况进行调研和分析。
（3）对集装箱船船体结构损伤进行实船案例分析，用实际案例验证分析方法的正确性。
（4）以分析型规范为目标，以等效设计波为基础，建立大型集装箱船的全船疲劳应力求解体系，给出双直线SN曲线形式下的许用疲劳应力范围衡准，实现载荷、应力和标准的统一。
（5）以等效设计波为基础，通过波浪载荷的数值计算，定性分析集装箱船波浪扭矩的基本组成形式，在此基础上，对不同船级社之间总体波浪扭矩公式进行系统的比较，提出集装箱船波浪扭矩的推荐性公式，该计算公式考虑了集装箱船首斜浪和尾斜浪的情况，并用直接载荷计算程序进行验证，为IACS进行波浪载荷的协调性研究提供依据和范例。
（6）对集装箱船船体结构典型节点进行科学的分类，研究其疲劳损伤特点。并为此研制船体结构典型节点细化分析工具，可以对绝大多数船体典型结构节点进行疲劳分析，提高分析的精度和效率。
（7）对集装箱船典型节点进行抗疲劳设计研究。
（8）在对船体结构疲劳损伤进行现场勘验的基础上，通过数值计算讨论建造公差和焊缝焊接规格对船体结构典型节点疲劳强度的影响，为规范的指定和修订提供有力的支持。
通过本文的研究得出的主要结论如下：
（1）以第一原则为指导思想，在等效设计波的基础上，建立了大型集装箱船的全船疲劳应力求解体系，实现了载荷、应力和标准的统一，并用实际工程案例验证了该方法的合理性。
（2）以线性累计损伤理论为基础，考虑了SN曲线的双直线形式，推导出了极端海况下疲劳许用应力范围值表格。
（3）以等效设计波为基础，通过波浪载荷的数值计算，定性分析了集装箱船波浪扭矩的基本形式应为双峰型，在此基础上，对船级社间总体波浪扭矩公式进行了系统的比较，提出了集装箱船波浪扭矩的推荐性公式，该计算公式可以考虑首斜浪和尾斜浪，并用直接载荷计算程序进行了验证，为IACS进行波浪载荷的协调性研究提供了依据和范例。
（4）对集装箱船船体结构典型节点进行了科学的分类，基于MSC/PATRAN的PCL语言编制了船体结构典型节点细化分析工具，可以对绝大多数船体典型结构节点进行疲劳分析，提高了分析的精度和效率，创造了很好的经济价值。
（5）对集装箱船纵骨端部连接、舱口角隅和折角结构节点形式进行了比较计算分析，提出了集装箱船关键节点抗疲劳设计表格，供集装箱船共同结构规范使用。
（6）通过数值计算讨论了建造公差和焊缝规格对船体结构典型节点疲劳强度的影响，用工程案例进行了验证，同时对焊缝表面的几何形状参数与应力集中的关系进行了研究，论证了焊缝形状和焊缝打磨对集装箱船船体结构疲劳寿命的关系。以上诸项成果为今后集装箱船共同结构规范的制定提供了技术基础。
Since the implementation of IACS Common Structure Rules (CSR) for oil tankers andbulk carriers, there is an increasing interest in developing CSR for container ships.The IACS is currently working on comparative studies and calculation for harmonizationof these two CSRs, in order to finally harmonize contradictory parts in the two rules,especially the part that relates to hull structure fatigue strength, for which design loads andSN curves are completely different. Meanwhile, IMO spares no effort in staging its GoalBased Standards (GBS), so as to carry out compliance verification of rules of all classsocieties. Compliance verification of the CSR for oil tankers just kicked off. It isforeseeable that the potential CSR for container ships have to fulfill the requirements ofGBS. For this purpose, rules systems should be analytical and consistent in loads, fatiguestresses and assessment criteria. Considering the current disparity of competence amongclass societies, the CSR for container ships should consist of rule check and direct strengthanalysis.
Subsequent to the Super-rule research on Large Ship Structures and aim to develop CSRfor container vessel, this thesis focuses on the research of the following issues:
(1) forecast of the development trends of container ship structural rules for fatiguestrength and of relevant key issues to be solved on the basis of the research on thedevelopment trends of hull structural rules of class societies and in combination withupdated IMO and IACS works;
(2) summarization of domestic and oversea research methods on ship structure fatiguestrength and of research progress on container ship fatigue strength;
(3) case study of hull structural damage for container ships;
(4) on the basis of numerical calculation of equivalent design waves and for the analyticalpurpose, establishment of a solution system for overall fatigue stresses for largecontainer ships and determination of a range of permissible fatigue stressescorresponding to duel linear SN curves, in order to achieve consistency of loads,stresses and relevant standards;
(5) a qualitative analysis of form of wave torsional moment for container ships based onequivalent design waves and through numerical calculation of wave loads, and, on thebasis of the analysis, a systematic comparison of overall formulae for wave torsionalmoment given by individual class societies, in order to find a recommendatory formulafor calculating container ship wave torsional moment. This formula is to take accountof quarter head seas and quarter following seas and to be verified by direct loadcalculation program, so as to provide a criterion and model for IACS harmonizationstudy on wave loads;
(6) scientific categorization of typical details of container ship hull structures foranalysis of fatigue damage characteristics. For this purpose, a tool for fine analysis oftypical details is to be developed, which can allow a more accurate and efficientfatigue analysis of the typical details for most of the ships;
(7) research on anti-fatigue design for typical details of container ships; and
(8) exploration of, based on field examination of hull structure fatigue damage andnumerical calculation, the impacts of building tolerances and weld specifications onfatigue strength of typical details for hull structures, which may be very helpful for thedevelopment and revision of relevant rules.
The following conclusions are made through the research:
(1) With First Principle as the guiding principle and based on equivalent design waves, asolution system for overall fatigue stresses on large container ships is established andhence the consistency of loads, stresses and standards is achieved. Feasibility of thissystem has been verified through project case study;
(2) A tabulated range of permissible fatigue stresses is derived based on linear cumulativedamage and by taking account of dual linear SN curves;
(3) A qualitative analysis of wave torsional moment for container ships, based onequivalent design waves and numerical calculation of wave loads, has been carried outand the wave torsional moment is found to be of dual peak type. On the basis of thisanalysis, a systematic comparison of overall formulae for wave torsional moment fromindividual class societies has been performed, which gives rise to a recommendatoryformula for calculating container ship wave torsional moment. Quarter head seas andquarter following seas are considered in this formula, and it has been verified bymeans of direct load calculation program, therefore may serve as a criterion and model for IACS harmonization study on wave loads;
(4) The typical details of container ship hull structures are categorized. A tool for fineanalysis of typical details of hull structures is developed on the basis of PCL languageof MSC/PATRAN, which is capable of fatigue analysis of typical structural details ofmost of the ships. This tool may help to increase accuracy and efficiency of analysisand yield good economic returns;
(5) Container vessel longitudinal end connections, hold hatch corners and knuckles arecompared, calculated and analyzed, and tabulated anti-fatigue designs for key detailsof container ships are developed for the CSR for container ships;
(6) The impacts of building tolerances and weld specifications on fatigue strength oftypical details of hull structures have been explored on the basis of numericalcalculation and have been verified through project cases. Meanwhile, research hasbeen carried out on the relationship between weld surface geometry parameters andstress concentration, which has proved the impacts of weld profile and grinding onfatigue life of hull structures. All the above is very helpful for the development of CSRrules for container vessel.
当前国际船级社主要工作是对油船和散货船两本结构规范进行协调性比较计算研究，最终的目标是将两本规范中不协调一致的问题予以统一，特别是其中的船体结构疲劳强度部分，设计载荷和使用的SN曲线完全不同。同时国际海事组织正在紧锣密鼓地推出其GBS目标型标准，其目标是要对所有船级社的规范进行符合性验证，油船共同结构规范的符合性验证刚刚开始。可以预见，未来集装箱船共同结构规范必须符合GBS验证标准的规范。为了达到这个目的，必须建立载荷、疲劳应力和评估衡准一致的分析型规范体系，考虑到目前各船级社水平的差异性，新发展的集装箱船规范应该由规范校核和直接强度分析共同组成。
本文作为“大型船舶结构的超规范研究”的后续研究，以集装箱船共同结构规范制定的技术储备为目标，主要研究工作有如下几个方面：
（1）通过研究船级社船体结构规范的发展趋势，结合当前IMO和IACS的最新工作，预见集装箱船结构规范疲劳强度的发展趋势，确定迫切需要解决的主要问题。
（2）对国内外船舶结构疲劳强度的研究方法以及集装箱船疲劳强度的研究情况进行调研和分析。
（3）对集装箱船船体结构损伤进行实船案例分析，用实际案例验证分析方法的正确性。
（4）以分析型规范为目标，以等效设计波为基础，建立大型集装箱船的全船疲劳应力求解体系，给出双直线SN曲线形式下的许用疲劳应力范围衡准，实现载荷、应力和标准的统一。
（5）以等效设计波为基础，通过波浪载荷的数值计算，定性分析集装箱船波浪扭矩的基本组成形式，在此基础上，对不同船级社之间总体波浪扭矩公式进行系统的比较，提出集装箱船波浪扭矩的推荐性公式，该计算公式考虑了集装箱船首斜浪和尾斜浪的情况，并用直接载荷计算程序进行验证，为IACS进行波浪载荷的协调性研究提供依据和范例。
（6）对集装箱船船体结构典型节点进行科学的分类，研究其疲劳损伤特点。并为此研制船体结构典型节点细化分析工具，可以对绝大多数船体典型结构节点进行疲劳分析，提高分析的精度和效率。
（7）对集装箱船典型节点进行抗疲劳设计研究。
（8）在对船体结构疲劳损伤进行现场勘验的基础上，通过数值计算讨论建造公差和焊缝焊接规格对船体结构典型节点疲劳强度的影响，为规范的指定和修订提供有力的支持。
通过本文的研究得出的主要结论如下：
（1）以第一原则为指导思想，在等效设计波的基础上，建立了大型集装箱船的全船疲劳应力求解体系，实现了载荷、应力和标准的统一，并用实际工程案例验证了该方法的合理性。
（2）以线性累计损伤理论为基础，考虑了SN曲线的双直线形式，推导出了极端海况下疲劳许用应力范围值表格。
（3）以等效设计波为基础，通过波浪载荷的数值计算，定性分析了集装箱船波浪扭矩的基本形式应为双峰型，在此基础上，对船级社间总体波浪扭矩公式进行了系统的比较，提出了集装箱船波浪扭矩的推荐性公式，该计算公式可以考虑首斜浪和尾斜浪，并用直接载荷计算程序进行了验证，为IACS进行波浪载荷的协调性研究提供了依据和范例。
（4）对集装箱船船体结构典型节点进行了科学的分类，基于MSC/PATRAN的PCL语言编制了船体结构典型节点细化分析工具，可以对绝大多数船体典型结构节点进行疲劳分析，提高了分析的精度和效率，创造了很好的经济价值。
（5）对集装箱船纵骨端部连接、舱口角隅和折角结构节点形式进行了比较计算分析，提出了集装箱船关键节点抗疲劳设计表格，供集装箱船共同结构规范使用。
（6）通过数值计算讨论了建造公差和焊缝规格对船体结构典型节点疲劳强度的影响，用工程案例进行了验证，同时对焊缝表面的几何形状参数与应力集中的关系进行了研究，论证了焊缝形状和焊缝打磨对集装箱船船体结构疲劳寿命的关系。以上诸项成果为今后集装箱船共同结构规范的制定提供了技术基础。
Since the implementation of IACS Common Structure Rules (CSR) for oil tankers andbulk carriers, there is an increasing interest in developing CSR for container ships.The IACS is currently working on comparative studies and calculation for harmonizationof these two CSRs, in order to finally harmonize contradictory parts in the two rules,especially the part that relates to hull structure fatigue strength, for which design loads andSN curves are completely different. Meanwhile, IMO spares no effort in staging its GoalBased Standards (GBS), so as to carry out compliance verification of rules of all classsocieties. Compliance verification of the CSR for oil tankers just kicked off. It isforeseeable that the potential CSR for container ships have to fulfill the requirements ofGBS. For this purpose, rules systems should be analytical and consistent in loads, fatiguestresses and assessment criteria. Considering the current disparity of competence amongclass societies, the CSR for container ships should consist of rule check and direct strengthanalysis.
Subsequent to the Super-rule research on Large Ship Structures and aim to develop CSRfor container vessel, this thesis focuses on the research of the following issues:
(1) forecast of the development trends of container ship structural rules for fatiguestrength and of relevant key issues to be solved on the basis of the research on thedevelopment trends of hull structural rules of class societies and in combination withupdated IMO and IACS works;
(2) summarization of domestic and oversea research methods on ship structure fatiguestrength and of research progress on container ship fatigue strength;
(3) case study of hull structural damage for container ships;
(4) on the basis of numerical calculation of equivalent design waves and for the analyticalpurpose, establishment of a solution system for overall fatigue stresses for largecontainer ships and determination of a range of permissible fatigue stressescorresponding to duel linear SN curves, in order to achieve consistency of loads,stresses and relevant standards;
(5) a qualitative analysis of form of wave torsional moment for container ships based onequivalent design waves and through numerical calculation of wave loads, and, on thebasis of the analysis, a systematic comparison of overall formulae for wave torsionalmoment given by individual class societies, in order to find a recommendatory formulafor calculating container ship wave torsional moment. This formula is to take accountof quarter head seas and quarter following seas and to be verified by direct loadcalculation program, so as to provide a criterion and model for IACS harmonizationstudy on wave loads;
(6) scientific categorization of typical details of container ship hull structures foranalysis of fatigue damage characteristics. For this purpose, a tool for fine analysis oftypical details is to be developed, which can allow a more accurate and efficientfatigue analysis of the typical details for most of the ships;
(7) research on anti-fatigue design for typical details of container ships; and
(8) exploration of, based on field examination of hull structure fatigue damage andnumerical calculation, the impacts of building tolerances and weld specifications onfatigue strength of typical details for hull structures, which may be very helpful for thedevelopment and revision of relevant rules.
The following conclusions are made through the research:
(1) With First Principle as the guiding principle and based on equivalent design waves, asolution system for overall fatigue stresses on large container ships is established andhence the consistency of loads, stresses and standards is achieved. Feasibility of thissystem has been verified through project case study;
(2) A tabulated range of permissible fatigue stresses is derived based on linear cumulativedamage and by taking account of dual linear SN curves;
(3) A qualitative analysis of wave torsional moment for container ships, based onequivalent design waves and numerical calculation of wave loads, has been carried outand the wave torsional moment is found to be of dual peak type. On the basis of thisanalysis, a systematic comparison of overall formulae for wave torsional moment fromindividual class societies has been performed, which gives rise to a recommendatoryformula for calculating container ship wave torsional moment. Quarter head seas andquarter following seas are considered in this formula, and it has been verified bymeans of direct load calculation program, therefore may serve as a criterion and model for IACS harmonization study on wave loads;
(4) The typical details of container ship hull structures are categorized. A tool for fineanalysis of typical details of hull structures is developed on the basis of PCL languageof MSC/PATRAN, which is capable of fatigue analysis of typical structural details ofmost of the ships. This tool may help to increase accuracy and efficiency of analysisand yield good economic returns;
(5) Container vessel longitudinal end connections, hold hatch corners and knuckles arecompared, calculated and analyzed, and tabulated anti-fatigue designs for key detailsof container ships are developed for the CSR for container ships;
(6) The impacts of building tolerances and weld specifications on fatigue strength oftypical details of hull structures have been explored on the basis of numericalcalculation and have been verified through project cases. Meanwhile, research hasbeen carried out on the relationship between weld surface geometry parameters andstress concentration, which has proved the impacts of weld profile and grinding onfatigue life of hull structures. All the above is very helpful for the development of CSRrules for container vessel.
引文
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