面向对象软件质量度量的研究与应用
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摘要
随着面向对象软件开发技术的广泛应用，如何采用面向对象的软件度量技术定量化分析、评估、预测软件质量，已经成为软件度量研究的主要课题。
本文以软件度量技术为研究背景，对面向对象软件质量度量的应用进行了研究。本文系统归纳了软件度量的理论、方法和技术，改进了已有的软件质量度量模型，提出了一种以抽象语法树为核心的度量工具的体系结构，并且基于该体系结构设计并实现了一个自动化软件度量工具EMMetrics，实现了度量数据的自动采集、分析与展示。本文提出了适用于软件开发实践的度量集合，给出了每种度量指标的基线值及其评价标准。最后，通过对实际软件项目的分析，介绍了软件度量在软件开发实践中的应用。
While Object-Oriented software development technique has been widely used in practice, it has been one of research topics that how to analyze, evalute and predict software quality quantificationally.
Based on software metrics technique, this dissertation mainly deals with the application of software quality metrics. This dissertation systematically generalizes theory, methods and techniques of software metrics, depicts an inproved software quality metrics model and brings forward a new software metrics tool architecture that based on abstract syntax tree. A software metrics tools named EMMetrics is designed and implemented based on the new architecture, so metrics data can be automatically collected, analyzed and exhibited.
Metrics sets that adapt to software development practice and corresponding data interpretation guidelines are depicted. And the baselines of metrics and corresponding evaluation standards are brought forward.
At last, how software metrics is applied in software development practice is particularly introduced.
本文以软件度量技术为研究背景，对面向对象软件质量度量的应用进行了研究。本文系统归纳了软件度量的理论、方法和技术，改进了已有的软件质量度量模型，提出了一种以抽象语法树为核心的度量工具的体系结构，并且基于该体系结构设计并实现了一个自动化软件度量工具EMMetrics，实现了度量数据的自动采集、分析与展示。本文提出了适用于软件开发实践的度量集合，给出了每种度量指标的基线值及其评价标准。最后，通过对实际软件项目的分析，介绍了软件度量在软件开发实践中的应用。
While Object-Oriented software development technique has been widely used in practice, it has been one of research topics that how to analyze, evalute and predict software quality quantificationally.
Based on software metrics technique, this dissertation mainly deals with the application of software quality metrics. This dissertation systematically generalizes theory, methods and techniques of software metrics, depicts an inproved software quality metrics model and brings forward a new software metrics tool architecture that based on abstract syntax tree. A software metrics tools named EMMetrics is designed and implemented based on the new architecture, so metrics data can be automatically collected, analyzed and exhibited.
Metrics sets that adapt to software development practice and corresponding data interpretation guidelines are depicted. And the baselines of metrics and corresponding evaluation standards are brought forward.
At last, how software metrics is applied in software development practice is particularly introduced.
引文
[1] Kelvin. W.T. Popular Lectures and Addresses. 1891-1894.
[2] F.S.Roberts, "Measurement Theory with Applications to Decision Making,Utility, and Social Sciences", Reading,MA:Addison Wesley, 1979
[3] Horst Zuse, History of Software Measurement, 1997
[4] Norman E.Fenton, Martin Neil. Software metrics: successes, failures and new directions, The Journal of Systems and Software, 1999, 47, 149-157
[5] 高鹏，面向对象软件的质量度量，南京航空航天大学硕士论文，2001
[6] 邢大红等，软件度量学综述，计算机工程于应用，2001．1，17-19
[7] Norman Fenton. Software Measurement: A Necessary Scientific Basis.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING VOL 20.NO.3.MARCH 1994.199-206
[8] Roberts, F.S.Measurement theroy, in Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications, Vol.7, Addison Wesley, 1979
[9] 朱鸿，金凌紫软件质量保障与测试，科学出版社，1997
[10] Robert E.Park, Wolfhart B. Goethert, William A. Florae. Goal-Driven Software Measurement--A Guidebook, Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University, August 1996
[11] Fenton, N.E., Software Metrics, A rigorous approach, New York: Chapman & Hall, 1991.
[12] H.Zuse, Software Complexity: Measures and Methods, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp.605, 1990
[13] A.L.Baker, J.M.Bieman, N.Fenton, D.A.Gustafson, A.C.Melton, and R.Whitty,"A Philosophy for Software Measurement", J.System Software, Vol. 12, pp.227-281, 1990
[14] Clark Archer, Michael Stinson, Object-Oriented Software Measures, Technical Report CMU/SEI-95-TR.-002 ESC-TR-95-002, April 1995
[15] F. Abreu, "MOOD-Metrics for Object-Oriented Design", OOPSLA'94 Workshop, 1994
[16] E. Weyuker, "Evaluating software complexity measures", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Volume 3, 1988.
[17] 王振宇，程序复杂性度量，国防工业出版社，1997
[18] Chidamber, Shyam & Kemerer, Chris F. "A Metrics Suite for Object-Oriented Design." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 20, 6(June 1994): 476-493.
[19] Zuse, H., "Properties of Software Measures", Software Quality Journal, vol. 1, pp. 225-260, 1992.
[20] Chemiavsky, J.C. and Smith, C.H., "On Weyuker's Axioms for Software Complexity Measures", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 17, pp. 636-638, 1991.
[21] Fenton, N.E., Software Metrics, A rigorous approach, New York: Chapman & Hall, 1991.
[22] Reiner R. Dumke, Erik Foltin, Metrics-based Evaluation of Object-Oriented Software Development Methods, Preprint Nr. 10, Fakult?tf?r Informatik, 1996
[23] Abreu, Femando B. & Carapuca, Rog?rio. "Candidate Metrics for Object-Oriented Soft,rare within a Taxonomy Framework." Journal of Systems Software 26,(1994): 87-96.
[24] McCabe & Associates, McCabe Object Oriented Tool User's Instructions, 1994.
[25] Linda H. Rosenberg, Applying and Interpreting Object Oriented Metrics, http://satc.gsfc.nasa.gov/support/STC_APR98/apply_oo/apply_oo.htm,1998
[26] Halstead, M., Elements of Software science, North Holland, 1977
[27] Curtis, W.Management and Experimentation in Software Enginerring, Proc, IEEE, vo168. No.9, September 1980.
[28] Berard, E.,"Metrics for Object-Oriented Software Enginering", an Interact posting on comp.software-eng, January 28,1995.
[29] Femando Brito e Abreu, Miguel Goul?o, Rita Esteves," Toward the Design Quality Evaluation of Object-Oriented Software Systems", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Quality, 1995.
[30] Li, Wei & Henry, Salley. "Maintenance Metrics for the Object Oriented Paradigm," pp. 52-60. Proceedings: First International Software Metrics Symposium. Baltimore, Maryland, May 21-22,1993. Los Alamitos, alifomia: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1993.
[31] Coppick, Chris J. & Cheatham, Thomas J. "Software Metrics for Object-Oriented Systems." pp. 317-322. Proceedings: ACM CSC'92 Conference. Kansas City, Missouri, March 3-5, 1992. New York, New York: ACM Press, 1992.
[32] 黄柏素，梅宏译，软件工程—实践者的研究方法(第四版)[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．
[33] 朱三元，软件质量及其评价技术，清华大学出版社，1989
[34] B.W.Boehm and J.R.Brown, Quantitative Evaluation of Software Quality, 2nd Intemational Conference on Software Engineering, IEEE Computer Society, 1979
[35] J.McCall et al., The Automated Measurement of Software Quality, 5th COMPSAC 81,1981.
[36] 邓成飞，李洁．软件工程管理，国防工业出版社，2000
[37] IEEE Computer Society.IEEE STD 1061-1992 Standard for a software quality metrics methodology. New York:IEEE, Inc, 1993
[38] 张社英，邓日失，软件质量度量方法学及其应用，北京航空航天大学学报，1997
年2月，第23卷第1期
[39] ISO/IEC 9126,"Information Technology—Software Product Evaluation—Quality Charactristics and Guidelines for Their Use", First ED, Dec. 1991.
[39] Rosenberg, Linda H., "Metrics for Object Oriented Environments", EFAITP/AIE Third Annual Software Metrics Conference, December 97.
[40] Hudli, R., Hoskins, C., Hudli, A., "Software Metrics for Object-oriented Designs", IEEE, 1994.
[41] Lee, Y., Liang, B., Wang, F., "Some Complexity Metrics for Object-Oriented Programs Based on Information Flow", Proceedings: CompEuro, March 1993, pp. 302-310.
[42] Lorenz, Mark and Kidd, Jeff, Object-Oriented Software Metrics, Prentice Hall Publishing, 1994.
[43] Rosenberg, Linda and Hyatt, Lawrence, Set Laboratories, UX Metrics, 1994.
[44] Sharble, Robert, and Cohen, Samuel, "The Object-Oriented Brewery: A Comparison of Two Object-Oriented Development Methods", Software Engineering Notes, Vol 18, No 2., April 1993, pp 60-73.
[45] Tegarden, D., Sheetz, S., Monarehi, D., "Effectiveness of Traditional Software Metrics for Object-Oriented Systems", Proceedings: 25th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 1992, pp. 359-368.
[46] Rachel Harrison," An Evaluation of the MOOD Set of Object-Oriented Software Metrics", IEEE Transactions on software engineering, Vo124,No.6, June 1998.
[47] Sharble, Robert, and Cohen, Samuel, "The Object Oriented Brewery: A Comparison of Two object oriented Development Methods", Software Engineering Notes, Vol 18, No 2., April 1993, pp60-73.
[48] Tegarden, D., Sheetz, S., Monarchi, D., "Effectiveness of Traditional Software Metrics for Object Oriented Systems", Proceedings: 25th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 1992, pp. 359-368.
[49] 盛骤，谢式谦，潘承毅著，概率论与数理统计，高等教育出版社，1995．
[50] 钟珞，章未农，皱承明，面向对象度量——MOOD算法集及其应用分析，小型微型计算机系统，第22卷第3期，2001年3月
[51] 阮彤，沈备军，居德华，等．面向对象软件度量工具的软件结构．计算机研究与发展．2000,37(4)：401-406．
[52] AlanE.Gilesand, GregoryT.Daieh.Universal MetricsTools.http://www.stsc.hill.Af.mil/crosstalk/1995/02/Metrics.asp, 1995-02.
[53] 陈火旺，刘春林，谭庆评，等。程序设计语言编译原理(第3版)．北京：国防工业出版社，2000．38-68．
[54] Norman E.Fenton,Shari Lawrence pfleeger.Software Metrics:A Rigorous&Practical Approach(影印版)，清华大学出版社，2003．8
[55] Vincke, p., Multicriteria Decision Aids, Wiley, New York, 1992, excellent text on a fast-growing subject.
[56] William A. Florac Anita D. Carleron著，任爱华，刘又诚译，Measuring the Software Process-Statistical Process Control for software Process Improvement，北京航空航天大学出版社，2002．5
[57] 牛家浩，黄志球等，基于抽象语法树的软件度量工具的设计与实现，计算机应用，第23卷第10期，2003年10月
[58] 李心科，刘宗阳等，一个面向对象软件度量工具的实现和度量实验研究，计算机学报，第23卷第11期，2000年11月
[2] F.S.Roberts, "Measurement Theory with Applications to Decision Making,Utility, and Social Sciences", Reading,MA:Addison Wesley, 1979
[3] Horst Zuse, History of Software Measurement, 1997
[4] Norman E.Fenton, Martin Neil. Software metrics: successes, failures and new directions, The Journal of Systems and Software, 1999, 47, 149-157
[5] 高鹏，面向对象软件的质量度量，南京航空航天大学硕士论文，2001
[6] 邢大红等，软件度量学综述，计算机工程于应用，2001．1，17-19
[7] Norman Fenton. Software Measurement: A Necessary Scientific Basis.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING VOL 20.NO.3.MARCH 1994.199-206
[8] Roberts, F.S.Measurement theroy, in Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications, Vol.7, Addison Wesley, 1979
[9] 朱鸿，金凌紫软件质量保障与测试，科学出版社，1997
[10] Robert E.Park, Wolfhart B. Goethert, William A. Florae. Goal-Driven Software Measurement--A Guidebook, Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University, August 1996
[11] Fenton, N.E., Software Metrics, A rigorous approach, New York: Chapman & Hall, 1991.
[12] H.Zuse, Software Complexity: Measures and Methods, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp.605, 1990
[13] A.L.Baker, J.M.Bieman, N.Fenton, D.A.Gustafson, A.C.Melton, and R.Whitty,"A Philosophy for Software Measurement", J.System Software, Vol. 12, pp.227-281, 1990
[14] Clark Archer, Michael Stinson, Object-Oriented Software Measures, Technical Report CMU/SEI-95-TR.-002 ESC-TR-95-002, April 1995
[15] F. Abreu, "MOOD-Metrics for Object-Oriented Design", OOPSLA'94 Workshop, 1994
[16] E. Weyuker, "Evaluating software complexity measures", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Volume 3, 1988.
[17] 王振宇，程序复杂性度量，国防工业出版社，1997
[18] Chidamber, Shyam & Kemerer, Chris F. "A Metrics Suite for Object-Oriented Design." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 20, 6(June 1994): 476-493.
[19] Zuse, H., "Properties of Software Measures", Software Quality Journal, vol. 1, pp. 225-260, 1992.
[20] Chemiavsky, J.C. and Smith, C.H., "On Weyuker's Axioms for Software Complexity Measures", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 17, pp. 636-638, 1991.
[21] Fenton, N.E., Software Metrics, A rigorous approach, New York: Chapman & Hall, 1991.
[22] Reiner R. Dumke, Erik Foltin, Metrics-based Evaluation of Object-Oriented Software Development Methods, Preprint Nr. 10, Fakult?tf?r Informatik, 1996
[23] Abreu, Femando B. & Carapuca, Rog?rio. "Candidate Metrics for Object-Oriented Soft,rare within a Taxonomy Framework." Journal of Systems Software 26,(1994): 87-96.
[24] McCabe & Associates, McCabe Object Oriented Tool User's Instructions, 1994.
[25] Linda H. Rosenberg, Applying and Interpreting Object Oriented Metrics, http://satc.gsfc.nasa.gov/support/STC_APR98/apply_oo/apply_oo.htm,1998
[26] Halstead, M., Elements of Software science, North Holland, 1977
[27] Curtis, W.Management and Experimentation in Software Enginerring, Proc, IEEE, vo168. No.9, September 1980.
[28] Berard, E.,"Metrics for Object-Oriented Software Enginering", an Interact posting on comp.software-eng, January 28,1995.
[29] Femando Brito e Abreu, Miguel Goul?o, Rita Esteves," Toward the Design Quality Evaluation of Object-Oriented Software Systems", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Quality, 1995.
[30] Li, Wei & Henry, Salley. "Maintenance Metrics for the Object Oriented Paradigm," pp. 52-60. Proceedings: First International Software Metrics Symposium. Baltimore, Maryland, May 21-22,1993. Los Alamitos, alifomia: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1993.
[31] Coppick, Chris J. & Cheatham, Thomas J. "Software Metrics for Object-Oriented Systems." pp. 317-322. Proceedings: ACM CSC'92 Conference. Kansas City, Missouri, March 3-5, 1992. New York, New York: ACM Press, 1992.
[32] 黄柏素，梅宏译，软件工程—实践者的研究方法(第四版)[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．
[33] 朱三元，软件质量及其评价技术，清华大学出版社，1989
[34] B.W.Boehm and J.R.Brown, Quantitative Evaluation of Software Quality, 2nd Intemational Conference on Software Engineering, IEEE Computer Society, 1979
[35] J.McCall et al., The Automated Measurement of Software Quality, 5th COMPSAC 81,1981.
[36] 邓成飞，李洁．软件工程管理，国防工业出版社，2000
[37] IEEE Computer Society.IEEE STD 1061-1992 Standard for a software quality metrics methodology. New York:IEEE, Inc, 1993
[38] 张社英，邓日失，软件质量度量方法学及其应用，北京航空航天大学学报，1997
年2月，第23卷第1期
[39] ISO/IEC 9126,"Information Technology—Software Product Evaluation—Quality Charactristics and Guidelines for Their Use", First ED, Dec. 1991.
[39] Rosenberg, Linda H., "Metrics for Object Oriented Environments", EFAITP/AIE Third Annual Software Metrics Conference, December 97.
[40] Hudli, R., Hoskins, C., Hudli, A., "Software Metrics for Object-oriented Designs", IEEE, 1994.
[41] Lee, Y., Liang, B., Wang, F., "Some Complexity Metrics for Object-Oriented Programs Based on Information Flow", Proceedings: CompEuro, March 1993, pp. 302-310.
[42] Lorenz, Mark and Kidd, Jeff, Object-Oriented Software Metrics, Prentice Hall Publishing, 1994.
[43] Rosenberg, Linda and Hyatt, Lawrence, Set Laboratories, UX Metrics, 1994.
[44] Sharble, Robert, and Cohen, Samuel, "The Object-Oriented Brewery: A Comparison of Two Object-Oriented Development Methods", Software Engineering Notes, Vol 18, No 2., April 1993, pp 60-73.
[45] Tegarden, D., Sheetz, S., Monarehi, D., "Effectiveness of Traditional Software Metrics for Object-Oriented Systems", Proceedings: 25th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 1992, pp. 359-368.
[46] Rachel Harrison," An Evaluation of the MOOD Set of Object-Oriented Software Metrics", IEEE Transactions on software engineering, Vo124,No.6, June 1998.
[47] Sharble, Robert, and Cohen, Samuel, "The Object Oriented Brewery: A Comparison of Two object oriented Development Methods", Software Engineering Notes, Vol 18, No 2., April 1993, pp60-73.
[48] Tegarden, D., Sheetz, S., Monarchi, D., "Effectiveness of Traditional Software Metrics for Object Oriented Systems", Proceedings: 25th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 1992, pp. 359-368.
[49] 盛骤，谢式谦，潘承毅著，概率论与数理统计，高等教育出版社，1995．
[50] 钟珞，章未农，皱承明，面向对象度量——MOOD算法集及其应用分析，小型微型计算机系统，第22卷第3期，2001年3月
[51] 阮彤，沈备军，居德华，等．面向对象软件度量工具的软件结构．计算机研究与发展．2000,37(4)：401-406．
[52] AlanE.Gilesand, GregoryT.Daieh.Universal MetricsTools.http://www.stsc.hill.Af.mil/crosstalk/1995/02/Metrics.asp, 1995-02.
[53] 陈火旺，刘春林，谭庆评，等。程序设计语言编译原理(第3版)．北京：国防工业出版社，2000．38-68．
[54] Norman E.Fenton,Shari Lawrence pfleeger.Software Metrics:A Rigorous&Practical Approach(影印版)，清华大学出版社，2003．8
[55] Vincke, p., Multicriteria Decision Aids, Wiley, New York, 1992, excellent text on a fast-growing subject.
[56] William A. Florac Anita D. Carleron著，任爱华，刘又诚译，Measuring the Software Process-Statistical Process Control for software Process Improvement，北京航空航天大学出版社，2002．5
[57] 牛家浩，黄志球等，基于抽象语法树的软件度量工具的设计与实现，计算机应用，第23卷第10期，2003年10月
[58] 李心科，刘宗阳等，一个面向对象软件度量工具的实现和度量实验研究，计算机学报，第23卷第11期，2000年11月