基于声发射参数的材料疲劳断裂研究
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摘要
对材料疲劳断裂过程进行动态在线无损检测是一项十分必要的研究课题,它涉及到工程结构运行的稳定性和安全性等方面。声发射技术因具有动态监测和使用简便等优点而被广泛应用,它可用于结构材料的完整性评价。声发射活动规律的研究在声发射技术检测中占有非常重要的地位,充分了解声发射规律已成为声发射技术应用于材料疲劳断裂过程监测的一个重要目标。在工程结构服役阶段就需要考虑到是否存在与变形和断裂有关的声发射行为,对声发射源进行分析,根据声发射现象和行为了解和掌握声发射活动规律,及时评价结构的损伤程度,提出安全预报,有效预防结构失效和避免灾难性事故。本课题正是围绕这一出发点展开理论和数值研究。
介绍了声发射技术及检测原理,概述了声发射源的产生机制。就目前国内外基于声发射参数在材料的疲劳断裂监测等方面的研究情况进行了系统的总结,包括声发射参数与断裂力学参数的关系研究,基于损伤力学的声发射参数研究和基于分形理论的声发射参数研究。
断裂性能参数是描述断裂特性重要的断裂力学参数。针对断裂性能参数中没有考虑材料内部缺陷损伤产生的宏观效应以及断面具有分形特征的问题,本文应用分形理论并计及损伤效应,根据断裂力学中的能量释放率G和Griffith能量失效准则,从理论上分别对含I型裂纹材料的断裂性能参数进行了分析和修正。由于计及损伤效应,将声发射参数引入断裂性能参数的表达式中,从而在理论上改进了声发射参数与断裂性能参数之间的关系。
裂纹尖端应力状态参数是描述裂纹尖端应力和应变状态关系的断裂力学参数。本文基于损伤效应分别对延展性材料和应变硬化材料在模式Ⅰ加载条件下的光滑裂纹和分形裂纹的裂尖应力状态参数进行修正,推导得出应力比与无量纲塑性区尺寸之间的关系。然后考虑损伤效应分别修正了光滑裂纹和分形裂纹的裂尖应力状态参数与声发射参数的表达式,从而改进了应力强度因子与声发射参数之间的关系。提出形如Paris公式的半经验声发射表达式,该公式的指数t不仅与材料类型有关,也与描述材料不规则程度的参数Df有关。
采用以声发射参数定义的损伤变量和以循环次数以及分形维数定义的新损伤变量,通过损伤变量和损伤演化方程考虑损伤效应分别推导了光滑裂纹和分形裂纹的声发射参数与裂纹扩展率之间的关系,并对损伤变量表达式进行了修正。将以统计学方法表述的声发射参数引入到本构关系中,基于损伤特征和分形损伤特征修正了材料本构方程和载荷表达式,并对声发射统计模型和尖点突变统计模型进行修正。
从理论角度对声发射参数与材料疲劳断裂过程的关系进行研究。针对材料内部缺陷损伤产生的宏观效应以及断面的分形特征对力学参数的影响,通过考虑损伤效应和分形特征表示力学参数,改进了力学参数与声发射参数之间的关系,从而扩展了声发射参数在疲劳断裂过程中的研究,为疲劳断裂的研究提供了新思路。
On-line monitoring of materials during fatigue and fracture process using nondestructive testing is an essential issue, which involves in structural stability and security aspects. Acoustic emission technology is used to make integrity assessment for structural material. It has been widely used with the advantages of dynamic monitoring and easy to use.Research of the laws of acoustic emission (AE) activities plays an important role in AE detection. Effectively identification of AE rules has become an important target for application to use AE technique monitoring on fatigue and fracture. The existences of deformation and fracture behaviors of AE activities for engineering structures in service stage should be considered. To make analysis of AE sources and study of AE activities rules from AE behaviors, timely evaluate the damage degree of structure and make safety prediction, which can prevent structural failure effectively and avoid catastrophic accident. This dissertation is focus on the starting point to carry out theoretical and numerical studies.
Acoustic emission technology and detection principle are introduced. An overview of the AE mechanisms is explained. The application of AE parameters in materials fatigue and fracture at home and abroad is summarized, including the research of relationships of acoustic emission parameters and fracture mechanics parameters, the research of acoustic emission parameters based on damage mechanics and on fractal geometry theory.
As the important fracture mechanics parameters, fracture performance parameters are used to describe fracture characteristics. According to the macroscopic damage induced by the internal defect in materials and the fractal characteristics of fracture section, the fracture performance parameters with Mode I crack are modified by fractal theory and damage theory based on energy release rate G and Griffith energy failure criteria. The acoustic emission parameters can be expressed by fracture performance parameters based on damage effect, which improved the relationships between the acoustic emission parameters and fracture performance parameters theoretically.
Stress status parameters at crack tip are the fracture mechanics parameters to describe the relationship between stress and strain at crack tip. Stress status parameters with damage of smooth/fractal crack under mode I loading conditions for ducile materials and strain hardening materials are modified. The relationships between the stress ratio and dimensionless PZS are investigated. The expressions of stress status parameters and acoustic emission parameters with damage for smooth/fractal crack are modified. And the relationship between stress intensity factor and acoustic parameter is improved. The semi-empirical relationship between fractal AE count and the stress intensity factor (SIF) is studied. The results show that the fractal AE count varied with SIF in the same manner as the Paris law for crack propagation in fatigue. The exponent is a function of the fractal dimension Df.
Damage variable parameters are defined by acoustic emission parameters and load cycles and fractal dimension. Based on damage effect, the relationships between acoustic emission and crack propagation rate of smooth/fractal crack are derived by damage variables and damage evolution equations. Damage variable expressions are modified. An attempt to introduce acoustic emission parameters which expressed by statistical method into constitutive relationship has been made. The statistical model of acoustic emission and the cusp catastrophe are modified.
The acoustic emission parameters during fatigue fracture process of material have been studied theoretically. According to the macroscopic damage induced by the internal defect in materials and fractal characteristics of fracture section, the mechanical parameters are modified, which improved the relationships between the acoustic emission parameters and mechanical parameters, expands the research on the acoustic emission parameters during fatigue and fracture process in the of fatigue fracture, provides a new idea for the fatigue fracture research.
介绍了声发射技术及检测原理,概述了声发射源的产生机制。就目前国内外基于声发射参数在材料的疲劳断裂监测等方面的研究情况进行了系统的总结,包括声发射参数与断裂力学参数的关系研究,基于损伤力学的声发射参数研究和基于分形理论的声发射参数研究。
断裂性能参数是描述断裂特性重要的断裂力学参数。针对断裂性能参数中没有考虑材料内部缺陷损伤产生的宏观效应以及断面具有分形特征的问题,本文应用分形理论并计及损伤效应,根据断裂力学中的能量释放率G和Griffith能量失效准则,从理论上分别对含I型裂纹材料的断裂性能参数进行了分析和修正。由于计及损伤效应,将声发射参数引入断裂性能参数的表达式中,从而在理论上改进了声发射参数与断裂性能参数之间的关系。
裂纹尖端应力状态参数是描述裂纹尖端应力和应变状态关系的断裂力学参数。本文基于损伤效应分别对延展性材料和应变硬化材料在模式Ⅰ加载条件下的光滑裂纹和分形裂纹的裂尖应力状态参数进行修正,推导得出应力比与无量纲塑性区尺寸之间的关系。然后考虑损伤效应分别修正了光滑裂纹和分形裂纹的裂尖应力状态参数与声发射参数的表达式,从而改进了应力强度因子与声发射参数之间的关系。提出形如Paris公式的半经验声发射表达式,该公式的指数t不仅与材料类型有关,也与描述材料不规则程度的参数Df有关。
采用以声发射参数定义的损伤变量和以循环次数以及分形维数定义的新损伤变量,通过损伤变量和损伤演化方程考虑损伤效应分别推导了光滑裂纹和分形裂纹的声发射参数与裂纹扩展率之间的关系,并对损伤变量表达式进行了修正。将以统计学方法表述的声发射参数引入到本构关系中,基于损伤特征和分形损伤特征修正了材料本构方程和载荷表达式,并对声发射统计模型和尖点突变统计模型进行修正。
从理论角度对声发射参数与材料疲劳断裂过程的关系进行研究。针对材料内部缺陷损伤产生的宏观效应以及断面的分形特征对力学参数的影响,通过考虑损伤效应和分形特征表示力学参数,改进了力学参数与声发射参数之间的关系,从而扩展了声发射参数在疲劳断裂过程中的研究,为疲劳断裂的研究提供了新思路。
On-line monitoring of materials during fatigue and fracture process using nondestructive testing is an essential issue, which involves in structural stability and security aspects. Acoustic emission technology is used to make integrity assessment for structural material. It has been widely used with the advantages of dynamic monitoring and easy to use.Research of the laws of acoustic emission (AE) activities plays an important role in AE detection. Effectively identification of AE rules has become an important target for application to use AE technique monitoring on fatigue and fracture. The existences of deformation and fracture behaviors of AE activities for engineering structures in service stage should be considered. To make analysis of AE sources and study of AE activities rules from AE behaviors, timely evaluate the damage degree of structure and make safety prediction, which can prevent structural failure effectively and avoid catastrophic accident. This dissertation is focus on the starting point to carry out theoretical and numerical studies.
Acoustic emission technology and detection principle are introduced. An overview of the AE mechanisms is explained. The application of AE parameters in materials fatigue and fracture at home and abroad is summarized, including the research of relationships of acoustic emission parameters and fracture mechanics parameters, the research of acoustic emission parameters based on damage mechanics and on fractal geometry theory.
As the important fracture mechanics parameters, fracture performance parameters are used to describe fracture characteristics. According to the macroscopic damage induced by the internal defect in materials and the fractal characteristics of fracture section, the fracture performance parameters with Mode I crack are modified by fractal theory and damage theory based on energy release rate G and Griffith energy failure criteria. The acoustic emission parameters can be expressed by fracture performance parameters based on damage effect, which improved the relationships between the acoustic emission parameters and fracture performance parameters theoretically.
Stress status parameters at crack tip are the fracture mechanics parameters to describe the relationship between stress and strain at crack tip. Stress status parameters with damage of smooth/fractal crack under mode I loading conditions for ducile materials and strain hardening materials are modified. The relationships between the stress ratio and dimensionless PZS are investigated. The expressions of stress status parameters and acoustic emission parameters with damage for smooth/fractal crack are modified. And the relationship between stress intensity factor and acoustic parameter is improved. The semi-empirical relationship between fractal AE count and the stress intensity factor (SIF) is studied. The results show that the fractal AE count varied with SIF in the same manner as the Paris law for crack propagation in fatigue. The exponent is a function of the fractal dimension Df.
Damage variable parameters are defined by acoustic emission parameters and load cycles and fractal dimension. Based on damage effect, the relationships between acoustic emission and crack propagation rate of smooth/fractal crack are derived by damage variables and damage evolution equations. Damage variable expressions are modified. An attempt to introduce acoustic emission parameters which expressed by statistical method into constitutive relationship has been made. The statistical model of acoustic emission and the cusp catastrophe are modified.
The acoustic emission parameters during fatigue fracture process of material have been studied theoretically. According to the macroscopic damage induced by the internal defect in materials and fractal characteristics of fracture section, the mechanical parameters are modified, which improved the relationships between the acoustic emission parameters and mechanical parameters, expands the research on the acoustic emission parameters during fatigue and fracture process in the of fatigue fracture, provides a new idea for the fatigue fracture research.
引文
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