系统科学的建筑观与创作方法研究
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摘要
系统科学作为现代的科学方法论,是二十世纪伟大的理论成果,为人们认识世界和改造世界提供了新的有力的思想武器。系统科学自产生以来,在许多学科得到了广泛应用,取得了许多突破性的成果。建筑作为一个复杂的系统,系统科学是一个非常有效的研究工具,但这方面的研究相对较少。因此,以系统科学的视角研究建筑具有十分广阔的前景,从这个方向对建筑研究进行突破可以带动建筑理论与实践水平的整体提升。系统科学的发展分为三个阶段:系统理论、自组织理论、非线性科学,这些理论从不同的视角对系统进行剖析,为全面研究建筑系统的运动规律奠定了理论基础。本文没有采用把系统科学的各个分支学科与建筑一一对应的研究方法,而是从建筑自身的发展规律以及实际存在的建筑现象入手,用系统科学的理论精髓给予科学的解析。
本文重点从系统科学的视角阐述建筑规律,包括建筑的静态规律、动态演化规律和系统科学的创作方法。这三方面是相互联系的,建筑的静态规律和动态发展规律是系统科学的建筑创作方法的理论基础,而系统科学的建筑创作方法是建筑的静态规律和动态发展规律的应用。
首先,在静态规律方面,主要研究了建筑系统的元素、系统和环境的关系;建筑系统的结构、功能和信息的关系;建筑系统结构的层次;建筑系统结构的构成;建筑系统的特性以及建筑系统的组合规律。与以前的研究相比有以下突破:把人与建筑组成复合系统,赋予建筑以生命特征,人是建筑功能实现的媒介,通过人的媒介作用,建筑可以实现自组织、自繁殖、自进化等作用;从系统科学的角度分析建筑,把建筑的形式、功能和意义转化为建筑系统的结构、功能和信息,通过对建筑系统结构层次的研究认为建筑系统结构具有横向构成和纵向构成,建筑创作的过程是信息指导下建筑系统结构的横向构成元素在纵向层次间的流动。
其次,在建筑的动态发展方面,以往的研究多以矛盾论为基础,建筑的发展表现为否定之否定规律。否定之否定规律揭示了建筑发展的大致轮廓,但总体上还是粗线条式的。本文在继承前人研究成果的基础上,突破了以往研究的视野局限,以系统科学的视角对建筑的动态发展规律进行研究,使研究向纵深方向发展,主要包括发展的条件、保证、诱因、动力、形式、实质、图景、方向和机制等规律,从而给人们展现了建筑动态发展的全貌。特别是对建筑动态发展实质的揭示,提出建筑的发展实质上是信息的传递过程,人是信息传递的媒介,建筑的发展是信息的超循环运动的命题,从而赋予建筑动态发展以生命的特质。在建筑的演化形式上突破了否定之否定规律的局限,揭示了建筑的发展采取突变、分岔和选择形式,呈现发散、收敛、再发散、再收敛的趋势,从而阐释了建筑发展中为什么会出现多种流派并存的现象。
另外,本文还探索了一条系统科学的建筑创作之路。这种创作方法根据建筑系统结构和信息的关系,把建筑创作看成信息加工的过程,以信息的收集、提取、进化、整合、转化、调控与表达为主线,其中穿插前馈和反馈过程。系统科学的建筑创作方法与以前的创作方法相比有以下突破:在建筑创作操作的对象上,以前的创作方法操作的对象偏重于建筑的形式,系统科学的建筑创作方法偏重于建筑形式蕴含的信息;在建筑创作的程序上,以前的建筑创作是分析设计问题、资料收集、解答、评价的过程,基本上是从形式到形式的过程,而系统科学的建筑创作方法的程序是分析设计问题、资料收集、把建筑形式转化为信息、经过信息的进化和整合得到新建筑的信息链,再经过信息的转化和表达,把信息转化为新的建筑形式,增加了信息加工的内容,建筑创作是从形式到信息再到形式的过程;在信息反馈方面,以往的建筑创作方法比较重视通过建筑方案的评价使之逐步向目标逼近,即注重信息的负反馈作用,系统科学的建筑创作方法除了重视负反馈作用外,还十分重视信息的前馈和正反馈作用。
The system science is a methodology of modern science,which is a great result in the twentieth-century. It provides a newly strong weapon of thought for people to cognize and reform the world. Since system science came into being, it has been widely used in many subjects and obtained many breakthrough results. Architecture is a complicated system, and the system science is a very effectually research tool, but the researches in this aspect were insufficient. Therefore, there will be broad future to research architecture by system science. If some breakthrough in this aspect was made, the whole level of architectural theory and architectural practice would be promoted. The system science includes three stages of development (the system theory,the self- organization theory and the nonlinear science).These theories researched the system from different perspective, which was the basis of overall researching the law of architectural system. This paper didn’t adopt the research method that each branch of system science was put into a one-to-one correspondence with architecture, but researched development regulation and actually existent phenomenon of architecture with the essence of system science.
This paper expanded the regulation of architecture with the system science, including static regulation, dynamic regulation and the creative method of architecture by system science. These aspects were interaction. On one hand, the static regulation and dynamic regulation of the architecture were the foundation of the method of architectural creations by system science. On the other hand, the method of architectural creations by system science was the application of the static regulation and dynamic regulation of architecture.
Firstly,in the aspect of static regulation, the relationship of element, system and environment,the relationship of structure, function and information, the layer of the architectural system’structure, the composing of the architectural system’structure, the characteristic of the architectural system and the combination regulation of the architectural system were studied. Some breakthrough was acquired comparing with beforehand researches. For example,Human and architecture were deemed to be a composite system which architecture was endowed with life. Human was the medium of architectural function through which self-organization , self-procreation and self-evolution can be realized. This paper studied architecture with system science, which the form, function and meaning of architecture were converted into the structure,function and information of architectural system. The structure of architectural system included the crosswise constitution and the longitudinal constitution through researching the structural level of architectural system. The creative process of architecture was the fact that the crosswise constitution element flowed in longitudinal level of architectural system under the information instructing.
Secondly , in the aspect of the dynamic regulations of architecture ,“on contradiction”was taken as the basis of the former researches. The architectural development appeared as the law of the negation of negation, which the outline of architectural development was disclosed. But as a whole it was a sketchy survey. This paper inherited the predecessor’s research results and broke through their limitation of viewpoint. The dynamic regulations of architecture was studied from the view of system science,which architectural research would be promoted to further development. These researches mainly included the condition, guarantee, inducement, motive, form, substance, vision, direction and mechanism of architecture,which the overview of architectural dynamic development has been unfolded to people. Specially,this paper revealed the fact that the dynamic development essence of architecture was the process of information transmission and that human was the medium of information transmission and that the development of architecture is the hypercycle of information,thus the dynamic development of architecture was endowed with life. This paper broke the limitation of the law of the negation of negation in architectural development form and revealed the law of architectural development which presented the form of the catastrophe, bifurcation and choice and presented the tendency which was from divergence to convergence and to divergence again,thus the reason was explained that the architectural development appeared synchronously many kinds of style.
In addition, this paper also explored the creative method of architecture by the system science. Architectural creation was deemed as information processing according to the relation between the structure of architectural system and its information. The process included mainly information collection, information extraction,information evolution , information integration , information transformation and information expression. This process also associated with various processes of feedforward and feedback. The creative method of architecture by the system science gained some breakthrough comparing with beforehand method. As for the action-object, the former creative method placed too much emphasis on architectural form, but the creative method of architecture by the system science emphasized the information of architectural form. On the creative procedure, the former creative method included the process of analytical problem, data collection, answer and evaluation. This process was from form to form. But the creative method of architecture by the system science included the process of analytical problem, data collection, translating form into information, receiving information chain of new architecture through the evolution and integration of information, translating information into form through information transformation and information expression,which information operation was added in the process. The process was from form to information and to form again. In the aspect of information feedback, the former creative method had to be shifted towards information negative feedback through which architectural competition approached toward the design target gradually. The creative method of architecture by the system science not only attached importance to negative feedback but also to positive feedback and feedforward.
本文重点从系统科学的视角阐述建筑规律,包括建筑的静态规律、动态演化规律和系统科学的创作方法。这三方面是相互联系的,建筑的静态规律和动态发展规律是系统科学的建筑创作方法的理论基础,而系统科学的建筑创作方法是建筑的静态规律和动态发展规律的应用。
首先,在静态规律方面,主要研究了建筑系统的元素、系统和环境的关系;建筑系统的结构、功能和信息的关系;建筑系统结构的层次;建筑系统结构的构成;建筑系统的特性以及建筑系统的组合规律。与以前的研究相比有以下突破:把人与建筑组成复合系统,赋予建筑以生命特征,人是建筑功能实现的媒介,通过人的媒介作用,建筑可以实现自组织、自繁殖、自进化等作用;从系统科学的角度分析建筑,把建筑的形式、功能和意义转化为建筑系统的结构、功能和信息,通过对建筑系统结构层次的研究认为建筑系统结构具有横向构成和纵向构成,建筑创作的过程是信息指导下建筑系统结构的横向构成元素在纵向层次间的流动。
其次,在建筑的动态发展方面,以往的研究多以矛盾论为基础,建筑的发展表现为否定之否定规律。否定之否定规律揭示了建筑发展的大致轮廓,但总体上还是粗线条式的。本文在继承前人研究成果的基础上,突破了以往研究的视野局限,以系统科学的视角对建筑的动态发展规律进行研究,使研究向纵深方向发展,主要包括发展的条件、保证、诱因、动力、形式、实质、图景、方向和机制等规律,从而给人们展现了建筑动态发展的全貌。特别是对建筑动态发展实质的揭示,提出建筑的发展实质上是信息的传递过程,人是信息传递的媒介,建筑的发展是信息的超循环运动的命题,从而赋予建筑动态发展以生命的特质。在建筑的演化形式上突破了否定之否定规律的局限,揭示了建筑的发展采取突变、分岔和选择形式,呈现发散、收敛、再发散、再收敛的趋势,从而阐释了建筑发展中为什么会出现多种流派并存的现象。
另外,本文还探索了一条系统科学的建筑创作之路。这种创作方法根据建筑系统结构和信息的关系,把建筑创作看成信息加工的过程,以信息的收集、提取、进化、整合、转化、调控与表达为主线,其中穿插前馈和反馈过程。系统科学的建筑创作方法与以前的创作方法相比有以下突破:在建筑创作操作的对象上,以前的创作方法操作的对象偏重于建筑的形式,系统科学的建筑创作方法偏重于建筑形式蕴含的信息;在建筑创作的程序上,以前的建筑创作是分析设计问题、资料收集、解答、评价的过程,基本上是从形式到形式的过程,而系统科学的建筑创作方法的程序是分析设计问题、资料收集、把建筑形式转化为信息、经过信息的进化和整合得到新建筑的信息链,再经过信息的转化和表达,把信息转化为新的建筑形式,增加了信息加工的内容,建筑创作是从形式到信息再到形式的过程;在信息反馈方面,以往的建筑创作方法比较重视通过建筑方案的评价使之逐步向目标逼近,即注重信息的负反馈作用,系统科学的建筑创作方法除了重视负反馈作用外,还十分重视信息的前馈和正反馈作用。
The system science is a methodology of modern science,which is a great result in the twentieth-century. It provides a newly strong weapon of thought for people to cognize and reform the world. Since system science came into being, it has been widely used in many subjects and obtained many breakthrough results. Architecture is a complicated system, and the system science is a very effectually research tool, but the researches in this aspect were insufficient. Therefore, there will be broad future to research architecture by system science. If some breakthrough in this aspect was made, the whole level of architectural theory and architectural practice would be promoted. The system science includes three stages of development (the system theory,the self- organization theory and the nonlinear science).These theories researched the system from different perspective, which was the basis of overall researching the law of architectural system. This paper didn’t adopt the research method that each branch of system science was put into a one-to-one correspondence with architecture, but researched development regulation and actually existent phenomenon of architecture with the essence of system science.
This paper expanded the regulation of architecture with the system science, including static regulation, dynamic regulation and the creative method of architecture by system science. These aspects were interaction. On one hand, the static regulation and dynamic regulation of the architecture were the foundation of the method of architectural creations by system science. On the other hand, the method of architectural creations by system science was the application of the static regulation and dynamic regulation of architecture.
Firstly,in the aspect of static regulation, the relationship of element, system and environment,the relationship of structure, function and information, the layer of the architectural system’structure, the composing of the architectural system’structure, the characteristic of the architectural system and the combination regulation of the architectural system were studied. Some breakthrough was acquired comparing with beforehand researches. For example,Human and architecture were deemed to be a composite system which architecture was endowed with life. Human was the medium of architectural function through which self-organization , self-procreation and self-evolution can be realized. This paper studied architecture with system science, which the form, function and meaning of architecture were converted into the structure,function and information of architectural system. The structure of architectural system included the crosswise constitution and the longitudinal constitution through researching the structural level of architectural system. The creative process of architecture was the fact that the crosswise constitution element flowed in longitudinal level of architectural system under the information instructing.
Secondly , in the aspect of the dynamic regulations of architecture ,“on contradiction”was taken as the basis of the former researches. The architectural development appeared as the law of the negation of negation, which the outline of architectural development was disclosed. But as a whole it was a sketchy survey. This paper inherited the predecessor’s research results and broke through their limitation of viewpoint. The dynamic regulations of architecture was studied from the view of system science,which architectural research would be promoted to further development. These researches mainly included the condition, guarantee, inducement, motive, form, substance, vision, direction and mechanism of architecture,which the overview of architectural dynamic development has been unfolded to people. Specially,this paper revealed the fact that the dynamic development essence of architecture was the process of information transmission and that human was the medium of information transmission and that the development of architecture is the hypercycle of information,thus the dynamic development of architecture was endowed with life. This paper broke the limitation of the law of the negation of negation in architectural development form and revealed the law of architectural development which presented the form of the catastrophe, bifurcation and choice and presented the tendency which was from divergence to convergence and to divergence again,thus the reason was explained that the architectural development appeared synchronously many kinds of style.
In addition, this paper also explored the creative method of architecture by the system science. Architectural creation was deemed as information processing according to the relation between the structure of architectural system and its information. The process included mainly information collection, information extraction,information evolution , information integration , information transformation and information expression. This process also associated with various processes of feedforward and feedback. The creative method of architecture by the system science gained some breakthrough comparing with beforehand method. As for the action-object, the former creative method placed too much emphasis on architectural form, but the creative method of architecture by the system science emphasized the information of architectural form. On the creative procedure, the former creative method included the process of analytical problem, data collection, answer and evaluation. This process was from form to form. But the creative method of architecture by the system science included the process of analytical problem, data collection, translating form into information, receiving information chain of new architecture through the evolution and integration of information, translating information into form through information transformation and information expression,which information operation was added in the process. The process was from form to information and to form again. In the aspect of information feedback, the former creative method had to be shifted towards information negative feedback through which architectural competition approached toward the design target gradually. The creative method of architecture by the system science not only attached importance to negative feedback but also to positive feedback and feedforward.
引文
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