天然草与人造草混合系统草坪特性研究
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摘要
运动场草坪是当今世界上许多高水平体育竞赛的必备条件,它是经济、科学、技术、管理等诸因素的综合。目前,运动场草坪主要包括天然草坪和人造草坪。为了结合两种草坪的优点,开发了一种新型的天然草坪与人造草坪混合建植技术。混合系统草坪是指利用先进的现代化专业机械设备,以不同方式将一些人造纤维材料以及不同原料的颗粒状和网状材料等混入运动场天然草坪的表层或根系生长层,与天然草坪草、特殊机械管理条件以及基础场地设备共同组成新的草坪系统。现在国内还未见到相关研究与产品,国外则对该项技术研究了多年并已经投入使用。但是国外的相关研究主要集中在混合系统草坪的使用质量方面,具有一定局限性,无法较全面地反映混合系统草坪的综合特性。
论文从混合系统草坪的综合特性出发,在国内首次提出混合系统草坪的概念并通过用优质运动场天然草与人造纤维加固材料建植天然草与人造草混合系统草坪,研究其建植技术与坪床土壤特性、运动质量、表观质量、生长特性以及天然草的生理响应等,并采用层次分析法客观评价了其综合特性,进而为这种新型运动场草坪建造提供科学合理的理论基础和技术参数,能够将该项技术在国内得到更好的应用推广
试验区草坪的坪床结构是按照标准足球场坪床设计建造,上面将不同密度处理的BESTTURF人造纤维加固材料平整铺设并覆盖5cm厚度的不同泥炭含量处理的基质,然后将优质天然草种在上面混播建植。试验开始后使用模拟践踏椭圆滚子进行模拟践踏处理。采用复式裂区设计,主区因素为三个不同践踏处理,副区因素为三种不同泥炭含量配比的基质,再裂区因素是行距为2cm(A2)、4cm(A4)、6cm(A6)、8cm(A8)与纯天然草坪对照(A0)等5种不同密度的人造纤维加固材料处理。
主要研究结果如下：
(1)随着践踏强度的增加,混合系统草坪的表观质量与生物量均呈现出下降趋势,与混合对照A0相比A2、A4、A6、A8的株高下降幅度减缓；随着基质配比中泥炭含量的增加,表层0-5cm土层的根系所占比重占80%以上且有明显的先降后升趋势,各处理间差异明显；随着人造纤维加固材料密度的增加,各混合处理表层根系(0-5cm)的比重呈现上升趋势。
(2)混合系统草坪的扭动摩擦力、滑动摩擦力性能、反弹率以及滚动距离均随着践踏胁迫的强度增加而具有上升的特点。A4、A6始终保持较高的扭动摩擦力与滑动摩擦力,明显高于其他处理；混合系统草坪的扭动摩擦力、滑动摩擦力、反弹率以及滚动距离均随着基质中泥炭含量的增加而呈现出下降的规律。
(3)随着践踏强度的增加,各处理坪床土壤紧实度与酸碱度均呈现出上升的趋势,土壤水分入渗率呈现下降趋势,而土壤电导率则是先降低后上升的变化规律。与对照相比A6、A8均显著提高了坪床土壤水分入渗率；坪床5cm层的土壤含水量变化规律与15cm层的区别较大；A6处理的土壤酸碱度与电导率均保持稳定,变化幅度较小。
随着基质中泥炭含量的增加,坪床5cm与15cm层的土壤含水量均呈现上升趋势,而土壤紧实度与酸碱度呈明显下降的趋势,土壤盐渍度变化规律基本一致,均呈现先升后降的趋势,与加固材料密度拟合呈显著的二次曲线函数；A2与A4的不同土层平均含水量均保持较低值,而A0与A8的不同土层平均含水量均保持较高值；随着混合系统草坪中人造纤维丝加固材料密度的减少,土壤紧实度则是递减的变化规律,而坪床土壤水分入渗率大部分处理呈现出上升的趋势。
(4)随着践踏强度的增加,混合处理中天然草叶片相对电导率均呈现上升趋势,而净光合速率与光饱和点均有所下降,光饱和点出现的光强点有所提前。各混合处理SOD活性随着践踏强度的增加而表现出先上升后下降的规律。各处理叶片可溶性糖含量总体变化规律与叶绿素相近,呈现出先升后降的趋势,并且在践踏胁迫下各混合处理间差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。践踏胁迫使所有混合处理的MDA含量呈上升趋势。混合系统草坪的平均净光合速率随着人造纤维加固材料密度的降低而呈现先升后降的变化规律。
(5)根据相关草坪质量评价标准(NY/T634-2002、GB/T19995.1-2005、FIFA May 2009 Edition)对混合系统草坪进行运动质量评价结果表明,各处理均有较好表现,综合质量符合标准。通过层次综合分析法对混合系统草坪综合特性进行评价发现,评价体系中生理响应元素占有权重值最高,其次是生长特性元素,而土壤特性元素所占相对较少。结合混合系统草坪综合特性评分标准,通过公式推算出总得分排序为A6(6cm)>A4(4cm)>A0(CK)>A8(8cm)>A2(2cm)。
An excellent athletic field turf is essential for many high-level sports matches. It is a complex of many factors such as economy, science, technology and management. Athletic field turf includes natural turf and artificial turf. In order to take advantage of both the two types of turf, a new planting technique for the new type of turf, the Natural-Artificial Turf has been invented. The Natural-Artificial Turf refers to the turfgrass system composed of natural turfgrass, special machinery management, basic ground equipment and some artificial fiber materials mixed in the natural turf surface and root-zone, using modern mechanical equipment. The material mixture plays a role as strengthening and protecting the natural turfgrass, as a result, the using quality of the athletic turf would be increased a lot, thus providing a ground meeting the requirement of high-frequency and high-intensity sports games. Currently, researches on this technology and products of the new type of turf are rare in China, while this technology and product have been used for many years in some foreign countries. However,their researches mainly concentrate on the quality of Natural-Artificial Turf. So there are certain limitations to reflect the comprehensive characteristics of Natural-Artificial Turf.
This paper has studied the planting technology, basic quality, using quality, appearance quality, eco-quality and physiological response of the natural turfgrass, through the establishment of the Natural-Artificial Turf with excellent natural turfgrass and artificial fibers, based on the comprehensive characteristics of the Natural-Artificial Turf. The objective of the study is to provide scientific and technological references to this new planting technology and promote the application of this new thchnology in China.
The turf-bed structure was built according to the football field turf-bed standards. Set the artificial fiber with different density on the ground, then put 5cm substrate with different kind of peat content. Then planted excellent natural turf seeds in it. When the research began, applied simulated trampling processing on it by using simulated trampling device oval roller. This research used double split plot design. The main area factors are three kinds of traffic stress and deputy area factors are substrates with different peat content. Split plot factors are artificial fibers with different density. The main results are those as follows:
With the increase of the traffic intensity, appearance quality and biomass of Natural-Artificial Turf decreased. Compared with the control group, height declining extent of A2(2cm),A4(4cm),A6 (6cm) and A8 (8cm) was retarded. Root system of surface layer (0-5cm) took up more than 80% of the total and declined fist but then increased obviously with the increase of the peat content in substrate. The differences between each group were significant. The proportion of surface layer (0-5cm) root system enhanced because of the increase of artificial fiber density.
The twist friction, sliding friction, bounce rate and rolling distance of Natural-Artificial Turf rised with the increase of the traffic intensity. A4 and A6 kept obviously higher twist friction and sliding friction than other groups. All the indicators above declined with the increase of the peat content in substrate.
With the increase of the traffic intensity, the soil compaction and soil pH of every group increased gradually and soil water infiltration rate decreased. Soil electric conductivity decreased at first but then increased. Compared with the control group, soil water infiltration rate of A6 and A8 increased significantly. There was a huge difference of the variation of soil water content between the group with 15 cm turfgrass bed and the one with 5 cm turfgrass bed. Soil pH and Soil electric conductivity of A6 were relatively stable.
Soil water content of 15 cm turfgrass bed and 5 cm turfgrass bed increased with the increase of peat content in turf-bed. Soil hardness and pH declined obviously. Soil electric conductivity variation trend of all group were similar and increased at first but then decreased. Soil electric conductivity fitted with strengthen material density and showed significant quadratic function. Soil water content of different soil layers in AO and A8 showed higher value than the ones in A2 and A4.With the decrease of strengthen material density, soil hardness decreased and soil water infiltration rate increased.
With the increase of the traffic intensity, the relative electric conductivity of every group increased gradually and net photosynthetic rate and light saturation point decreased. Light saturation point appeared earlier. SOD activity increased at first but then decreased and MDA content increased. Chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content of Natural-Artificial Turf increased at first but then decreased and the difference between groups with heavy traffic stress was obvious (P<0.05). Average net photosynthetic rate of Natural-Artificial Turf increased at first but then decreased with the decrease of artificial fiber density.
According to the Turf Quality Evaluation Standards (NY/T634-2002,GB/T19995.1-2005,FIFA May 2009 Edition), the results showed that, every group had good performance and the comprehensive quality complied with the standards. The results of AHP indicated that, the weight value of Physiological response was the highest and the growth characteristic was the second highest. The weight value of soil characteristic was relatively low. The sequence (from large to small) of comprehensive characteristics evaluation score was A6 (6cm)>A4 (4cm)>A0 (CK)>A8 (8cm) >A2 (2cm)
论文从混合系统草坪的综合特性出发,在国内首次提出混合系统草坪的概念并通过用优质运动场天然草与人造纤维加固材料建植天然草与人造草混合系统草坪,研究其建植技术与坪床土壤特性、运动质量、表观质量、生长特性以及天然草的生理响应等,并采用层次分析法客观评价了其综合特性,进而为这种新型运动场草坪建造提供科学合理的理论基础和技术参数,能够将该项技术在国内得到更好的应用推广
试验区草坪的坪床结构是按照标准足球场坪床设计建造,上面将不同密度处理的BESTTURF人造纤维加固材料平整铺设并覆盖5cm厚度的不同泥炭含量处理的基质,然后将优质天然草种在上面混播建植。试验开始后使用模拟践踏椭圆滚子进行模拟践踏处理。采用复式裂区设计,主区因素为三个不同践踏处理,副区因素为三种不同泥炭含量配比的基质,再裂区因素是行距为2cm(A2)、4cm(A4)、6cm(A6)、8cm(A8)与纯天然草坪对照(A0)等5种不同密度的人造纤维加固材料处理。
主要研究结果如下：
(1)随着践踏强度的增加,混合系统草坪的表观质量与生物量均呈现出下降趋势,与混合对照A0相比A2、A4、A6、A8的株高下降幅度减缓；随着基质配比中泥炭含量的增加,表层0-5cm土层的根系所占比重占80%以上且有明显的先降后升趋势,各处理间差异明显；随着人造纤维加固材料密度的增加,各混合处理表层根系(0-5cm)的比重呈现上升趋势。
(2)混合系统草坪的扭动摩擦力、滑动摩擦力性能、反弹率以及滚动距离均随着践踏胁迫的强度增加而具有上升的特点。A4、A6始终保持较高的扭动摩擦力与滑动摩擦力,明显高于其他处理；混合系统草坪的扭动摩擦力、滑动摩擦力、反弹率以及滚动距离均随着基质中泥炭含量的增加而呈现出下降的规律。
(3)随着践踏强度的增加,各处理坪床土壤紧实度与酸碱度均呈现出上升的趋势,土壤水分入渗率呈现下降趋势,而土壤电导率则是先降低后上升的变化规律。与对照相比A6、A8均显著提高了坪床土壤水分入渗率；坪床5cm层的土壤含水量变化规律与15cm层的区别较大；A6处理的土壤酸碱度与电导率均保持稳定,变化幅度较小。
随着基质中泥炭含量的增加,坪床5cm与15cm层的土壤含水量均呈现上升趋势,而土壤紧实度与酸碱度呈明显下降的趋势,土壤盐渍度变化规律基本一致,均呈现先升后降的趋势,与加固材料密度拟合呈显著的二次曲线函数；A2与A4的不同土层平均含水量均保持较低值,而A0与A8的不同土层平均含水量均保持较高值；随着混合系统草坪中人造纤维丝加固材料密度的减少,土壤紧实度则是递减的变化规律,而坪床土壤水分入渗率大部分处理呈现出上升的趋势。
(4)随着践踏强度的增加,混合处理中天然草叶片相对电导率均呈现上升趋势,而净光合速率与光饱和点均有所下降,光饱和点出现的光强点有所提前。各混合处理SOD活性随着践踏强度的增加而表现出先上升后下降的规律。各处理叶片可溶性糖含量总体变化规律与叶绿素相近,呈现出先升后降的趋势,并且在践踏胁迫下各混合处理间差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。践踏胁迫使所有混合处理的MDA含量呈上升趋势。混合系统草坪的平均净光合速率随着人造纤维加固材料密度的降低而呈现先升后降的变化规律。
(5)根据相关草坪质量评价标准(NY/T634-2002、GB/T19995.1-2005、FIFA May 2009 Edition)对混合系统草坪进行运动质量评价结果表明,各处理均有较好表现,综合质量符合标准。通过层次综合分析法对混合系统草坪综合特性进行评价发现,评价体系中生理响应元素占有权重值最高,其次是生长特性元素,而土壤特性元素所占相对较少。结合混合系统草坪综合特性评分标准,通过公式推算出总得分排序为A6(6cm)>A4(4cm)>A0(CK)>A8(8cm)>A2(2cm)。
An excellent athletic field turf is essential for many high-level sports matches. It is a complex of many factors such as economy, science, technology and management. Athletic field turf includes natural turf and artificial turf. In order to take advantage of both the two types of turf, a new planting technique for the new type of turf, the Natural-Artificial Turf has been invented. The Natural-Artificial Turf refers to the turfgrass system composed of natural turfgrass, special machinery management, basic ground equipment and some artificial fiber materials mixed in the natural turf surface and root-zone, using modern mechanical equipment. The material mixture plays a role as strengthening and protecting the natural turfgrass, as a result, the using quality of the athletic turf would be increased a lot, thus providing a ground meeting the requirement of high-frequency and high-intensity sports games. Currently, researches on this technology and products of the new type of turf are rare in China, while this technology and product have been used for many years in some foreign countries. However,their researches mainly concentrate on the quality of Natural-Artificial Turf. So there are certain limitations to reflect the comprehensive characteristics of Natural-Artificial Turf.
This paper has studied the planting technology, basic quality, using quality, appearance quality, eco-quality and physiological response of the natural turfgrass, through the establishment of the Natural-Artificial Turf with excellent natural turfgrass and artificial fibers, based on the comprehensive characteristics of the Natural-Artificial Turf. The objective of the study is to provide scientific and technological references to this new planting technology and promote the application of this new thchnology in China.
The turf-bed structure was built according to the football field turf-bed standards. Set the artificial fiber with different density on the ground, then put 5cm substrate with different kind of peat content. Then planted excellent natural turf seeds in it. When the research began, applied simulated trampling processing on it by using simulated trampling device oval roller. This research used double split plot design. The main area factors are three kinds of traffic stress and deputy area factors are substrates with different peat content. Split plot factors are artificial fibers with different density. The main results are those as follows:
With the increase of the traffic intensity, appearance quality and biomass of Natural-Artificial Turf decreased. Compared with the control group, height declining extent of A2(2cm),A4(4cm),A6 (6cm) and A8 (8cm) was retarded. Root system of surface layer (0-5cm) took up more than 80% of the total and declined fist but then increased obviously with the increase of the peat content in substrate. The differences between each group were significant. The proportion of surface layer (0-5cm) root system enhanced because of the increase of artificial fiber density.
The twist friction, sliding friction, bounce rate and rolling distance of Natural-Artificial Turf rised with the increase of the traffic intensity. A4 and A6 kept obviously higher twist friction and sliding friction than other groups. All the indicators above declined with the increase of the peat content in substrate.
With the increase of the traffic intensity, the soil compaction and soil pH of every group increased gradually and soil water infiltration rate decreased. Soil electric conductivity decreased at first but then increased. Compared with the control group, soil water infiltration rate of A6 and A8 increased significantly. There was a huge difference of the variation of soil water content between the group with 15 cm turfgrass bed and the one with 5 cm turfgrass bed. Soil pH and Soil electric conductivity of A6 were relatively stable.
Soil water content of 15 cm turfgrass bed and 5 cm turfgrass bed increased with the increase of peat content in turf-bed. Soil hardness and pH declined obviously. Soil electric conductivity variation trend of all group were similar and increased at first but then decreased. Soil electric conductivity fitted with strengthen material density and showed significant quadratic function. Soil water content of different soil layers in AO and A8 showed higher value than the ones in A2 and A4.With the decrease of strengthen material density, soil hardness decreased and soil water infiltration rate increased.
With the increase of the traffic intensity, the relative electric conductivity of every group increased gradually and net photosynthetic rate and light saturation point decreased. Light saturation point appeared earlier. SOD activity increased at first but then decreased and MDA content increased. Chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content of Natural-Artificial Turf increased at first but then decreased and the difference between groups with heavy traffic stress was obvious (P<0.05). Average net photosynthetic rate of Natural-Artificial Turf increased at first but then decreased with the decrease of artificial fiber density.
According to the Turf Quality Evaluation Standards (NY/T634-2002,GB/T19995.1-2005,FIFA May 2009 Edition), the results showed that, every group had good performance and the comprehensive quality complied with the standards. The results of AHP indicated that, the weight value of Physiological response was the highest and the growth characteristic was the second highest. The weight value of soil characteristic was relatively low. The sequence (from large to small) of comprehensive characteristics evaluation score was A6 (6cm)>A4 (4cm)>A0 (CK)>A8 (8cm) >A2 (2cm)
引文
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