具有植被漫滩的复式河槽水流特性研究
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摘要
复式断面天然河道的滩地由于长期不过流，往往长有不同类型植物。植被在水体的生态修复及水土保持方面具有重要作用。植被的存在改变了水流流动结构，降低了河道的行洪能力，导致河道水流问题复杂化。本文采用试验、理论分析和数值计算相结合的研究手段，针对具有植被漫滩的复式河槽的水流特性进行了研究，其主要工作和成果如下。
采用物理模型试验，研究了漫滩无植被、非淹没植被和淹没植被情况下复式河槽水流结构的变化，揭示了流速的横向和垂向分布特征。
根据复式断面河槽水流动力学特性，从深度平均的雷诺方程出发，针对斜坡复式河槽和漫滩两台阶复式河槽，首次推导出漫滩淹没植被情况下河道的深度平均流速横向分布公式。在具有植被的复式河道的水流理论研究上具有创新。
通过多个典型流动实例，对具有淹没植被漫滩的复式河槽的深度平均流速横向分布理论公式进行验证。特别是对部分具有淹没植被的矩形河槽、具有淹没植被漫滩的对称斜坡复式河槽、具有非淹没植被漫滩的非对称两台阶复式河槽、具有淹没植被漫滩的对称两台阶复式河槽的复杂流动，进行了流速分布的理论推导和计算分析。典型算例的理论解与试验数据或已有计算结果符合良好。
根据试验现象，对复式河槽流速的垂向分布规律进行分析，例如最大流速出现在水面以下位置的dip现象，该现象的发生是受二次流的影响，使得最大流速的位置不在水面上。通过与前人的试验结果进行对比，验证了本试验结果的可靠性，验证工况涉及单一河槽、复式河槽，植被漫滩情况下复式河槽以及淹没植被漫滩情况下复式河槽。本试验结果与前人的试验数据进行对比发现：在相同的情况下，本试验的数据与前人的基本相同，出现相同试验现象，表明本试验结果的可靠性。进一步分析表明，本试验不同于前人的研究，给出全新的试验结果，为新的理论分析提供依据。
针对北京市平谷区泃河的实际河道，滩地护坡采用的植被不同将导致滩地糙率变化。本文采用不同滩地糙率，对泃河河道水流特性进行了数值模拟，揭示了植被影响情况下的复式断面河道水流特性。
Natural rivers are usually characterized by compound channels with main channelsand the floodplains. Due to often no water flow on the floodplains, the floodplains arecommonly covered with vegetation such as trees, shrubs and grass. The vegetation hasthe important effect in the field of water and soil conservation and ecologicalrehabilitation. However, vegetation on the floodplain can significantly alter the structureof the flow. The hydraulic resistance due to vegetation leads to a reduction of capacityof flood, which in turn leads to complexity of the water flow in the river. In the thesis,the flow characteristics in open compound channels with emerged and submergedvegetated floodplains are studied, based on combination of research methods ofexperimental investigation, theory analysis and numerical simulation. The maincontents of the thesis are as follows:
Based on large flume experiment in the Hydraulic Laboratory, the lateral andvertical distributions of the flow velocity in the open compound channels withnon-vegetated, emerged and submerged vegetated floodplains are studied.
Lateral distributions of depth-averaged velocity in the open compound channelswith emerged and submerged vegetated floodplains are analyzed, based on an analyticalsolution to the depth-integrated Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equation with a termincluded to account for the effects of vegetation.
The4calculation examples are given for verifying the proposed analytical modelwhich presents the analytical solution for lateral distributions of depth-averagedvelocity in open compound channels with emerged and submerged vegetatedfloodplains. The4calculation examples are: rectangular channel with submergedvegetated corner, compound channel with submerged vegetated floodplain, two-stagerectangular channel with emergent vegetated floodplain, and two-stage rectangularchannel with submerged vegetated floodplain. The analytical solutions of the three casesare compared with computational or experimental data. The corresponding analyticaldepth-averaged velocity distributions show good agreement with the experimental andcomputational data.
Based on some phenomena in the experiments, the analysis for the vertical distribution of flow velocity is presented. Mainly due to the influence of the secondaryflow, the largest velocity value is not occued on the water surface, which is reffered asdip-phenomenon. In order to verify the reliability of the experimental data in presentobservations, the previous flume experiments by others for simple channel, compoundchannel and compound channel with vegetated floodplain are introduced to compare.The compared results are: under the same conditions, present experiment is similar tothe previous experiments by others, which have the same phenomena. Furthermore, thepresent flume experiment which is different from the previous experiments, presents thenew results. The results can provide the basis for the further theoretical analysis.
According to the programming of Juhe River in Pinggu District of Beijing,different vegetations may be planted on the floodplain in order to protect slope andfloodplain, which lead to different roughness in the floodplain. The main velocity fieldin the River is simulated in order to unclose the characteristics of water flow under theinfluence of vegetation in meandering compound channel.
采用物理模型试验，研究了漫滩无植被、非淹没植被和淹没植被情况下复式河槽水流结构的变化，揭示了流速的横向和垂向分布特征。
根据复式断面河槽水流动力学特性，从深度平均的雷诺方程出发，针对斜坡复式河槽和漫滩两台阶复式河槽，首次推导出漫滩淹没植被情况下河道的深度平均流速横向分布公式。在具有植被的复式河道的水流理论研究上具有创新。
通过多个典型流动实例，对具有淹没植被漫滩的复式河槽的深度平均流速横向分布理论公式进行验证。特别是对部分具有淹没植被的矩形河槽、具有淹没植被漫滩的对称斜坡复式河槽、具有非淹没植被漫滩的非对称两台阶复式河槽、具有淹没植被漫滩的对称两台阶复式河槽的复杂流动，进行了流速分布的理论推导和计算分析。典型算例的理论解与试验数据或已有计算结果符合良好。
根据试验现象，对复式河槽流速的垂向分布规律进行分析，例如最大流速出现在水面以下位置的dip现象，该现象的发生是受二次流的影响，使得最大流速的位置不在水面上。通过与前人的试验结果进行对比，验证了本试验结果的可靠性，验证工况涉及单一河槽、复式河槽，植被漫滩情况下复式河槽以及淹没植被漫滩情况下复式河槽。本试验结果与前人的试验数据进行对比发现：在相同的情况下，本试验的数据与前人的基本相同，出现相同试验现象，表明本试验结果的可靠性。进一步分析表明，本试验不同于前人的研究，给出全新的试验结果，为新的理论分析提供依据。
针对北京市平谷区泃河的实际河道，滩地护坡采用的植被不同将导致滩地糙率变化。本文采用不同滩地糙率，对泃河河道水流特性进行了数值模拟，揭示了植被影响情况下的复式断面河道水流特性。
Natural rivers are usually characterized by compound channels with main channelsand the floodplains. Due to often no water flow on the floodplains, the floodplains arecommonly covered with vegetation such as trees, shrubs and grass. The vegetation hasthe important effect in the field of water and soil conservation and ecologicalrehabilitation. However, vegetation on the floodplain can significantly alter the structureof the flow. The hydraulic resistance due to vegetation leads to a reduction of capacityof flood, which in turn leads to complexity of the water flow in the river. In the thesis,the flow characteristics in open compound channels with emerged and submergedvegetated floodplains are studied, based on combination of research methods ofexperimental investigation, theory analysis and numerical simulation. The maincontents of the thesis are as follows:
Based on large flume experiment in the Hydraulic Laboratory, the lateral andvertical distributions of the flow velocity in the open compound channels withnon-vegetated, emerged and submerged vegetated floodplains are studied.
Lateral distributions of depth-averaged velocity in the open compound channelswith emerged and submerged vegetated floodplains are analyzed, based on an analyticalsolution to the depth-integrated Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equation with a termincluded to account for the effects of vegetation.
The4calculation examples are given for verifying the proposed analytical modelwhich presents the analytical solution for lateral distributions of depth-averagedvelocity in open compound channels with emerged and submerged vegetatedfloodplains. The4calculation examples are: rectangular channel with submergedvegetated corner, compound channel with submerged vegetated floodplain, two-stagerectangular channel with emergent vegetated floodplain, and two-stage rectangularchannel with submerged vegetated floodplain. The analytical solutions of the three casesare compared with computational or experimental data. The corresponding analyticaldepth-averaged velocity distributions show good agreement with the experimental andcomputational data.
Based on some phenomena in the experiments, the analysis for the vertical distribution of flow velocity is presented. Mainly due to the influence of the secondaryflow, the largest velocity value is not occued on the water surface, which is reffered asdip-phenomenon. In order to verify the reliability of the experimental data in presentobservations, the previous flume experiments by others for simple channel, compoundchannel and compound channel with vegetated floodplain are introduced to compare.The compared results are: under the same conditions, present experiment is similar tothe previous experiments by others, which have the same phenomena. Furthermore, thepresent flume experiment which is different from the previous experiments, presents thenew results. The results can provide the basis for the further theoretical analysis.
According to the programming of Juhe River in Pinggu District of Beijing,different vegetations may be planted on the floodplain in order to protect slope andfloodplain, which lead to different roughness in the floodplain. The main velocity fieldin the River is simulated in order to unclose the characteristics of water flow under theinfluence of vegetation in meandering compound channel.
引文
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