内蒙古河套灌区农田减氮控磷与清洁生产技术试验研究
|
摘要
内蒙古河套灌区农业生产过程中化肥、农药用量呈逐年加大的趋势,而肥料的利用率一直得不到提高,面源污染总体将成为黄河上游灌区水环境质量改善的严重制约因素。因此,围绕黄灌区农业退水污染控制和保障黄河水质安全的需求,开展农业退水污染控制关键技术研究,是黄河水质安全的科技需求及提高灌区农业清洁生产水平的重要保障,具有重要的科学研究价值和现实意义。
本研究立足河套黄灌区基本的农田生产现状,以消减农田生产中的特征污染物负荷为目地,针对内蒙河套灌区小麦向日葵间作,探索农田氮磷合理减量关键技术,揭示不同施肥强度下土壤养分含量与养分流失量之间的关系、研究不同施肥强度N、P养分源在土体、地下水中淋失时空分布及施肥强度与养分流失的相关性,提出清洁生产施肥标准体系,为制订面源污染物有效防治措施提供理论和实践依据。论文主要成果如下:
不同施肥水平对间作作物的肥料效应及利用效率的试验研究表明, N_2P_2K_2处理能够显著提高作物的产量及肥料利用率,满足小麦向日葵间作对氮肥的需求,有效降低肥料在土体中的流失。
田间淋溶水中TN、TP运移规律研究表明,TN、TP一水后最高,秋浇后最小;N_3及习惯施肥水平易造成土体中氮素流失;各次灌水后,向日葵区产生的氮素流失大于小麦区,TP变异系数相差不大。
土壤原状土中TN、TP运移规律研究表明,N_3P_2K_2处理对小麦区、向日葵区造成较大的氮素流失;施用磷肥过多及过少都不利于作物对氮肥的吸收,易造成土壤氮素流失。当地习惯施肥及N_2P_3K_2处理易造成磷肥的流失。
小麦向日葵间作条件下土壤硝态氮残留影响研究结果表明,小麦收获后,小麦区40～60cm土层N_2P_2K_2、N_3P_2K_2、N_2P_0K_2、N_2P_1K_2、N_2P_3K_2及习惯施肥处理产生明显的硝态氮累积现象;习惯施肥及N_3P_2K_2处理易造成土体中硝态氮的流失,N_2P_2K_2处理能有效提高作物对硝态氮的吸收效率。向日葵收获后,向日葵区120～160cm土层中当地习惯及N_3P_2K_2、N_2P_0K_2水平的土壤硝态氮含量明显大于其余施肥水平,易造成硝态氮流失进入地下水。
肥料效应模型模拟合结果表明,适合河套灌区的小麦向日葵间作清洁施肥建议为,小麦最佳施肥量:N 69.79 kg/hm~2,P 38.28 kg/hm~2,K 32.17 kg/hm~2,小麦区最佳施肥量比值为N:P:K=2.2:1.2:1;向日葵最佳施肥量:N 76.77 kg/hm~2,P 43.41 kg/hm~2,K 31.61 kg/hm~2,向日葵区最佳施肥量比值为N:P:K=2.4:1.4:1。
Chemical fertilizers and pesticides usage is the trend of the enlarged year by year in agricultural production process of Hetao irrigation district in Inner Mongolia, but the fertilizer use efficiency has been not improved, surface source pollution in general will be the serious restriction factor of water environment quality improvement in Yellow River upstream irrigation district. At present, the pollution characteristic of back water of the agricultural irrigation area to be unclear, technology of back water pollution control is not mature. Therefore, circle about the agricultural back water pollution control of irrigation district and safeguard the Yellow River water quality security needs, developing the key technology research of agriculture back water pollution control, is the important guarantee for the technology needs of the Yellow River water quality security and improve the level of irrigation area agricultural clean production. It has important scientific research value and practical significance.
The research bases on the basic farmland production status of Hetao irrigation district, take reduces the characteristic pollutant load in the farmland production as the point, in view of wheat interplanting sunflower of Hetao irrigation district in Inner Mongolia, exploring the key technology of farmland nitrogen and phosphorus reasonable decrement, revealing the relationship between soil nutrient content and nutrient loss under the different applying fertilizer intensity, studying the time and space distribution of leaching loss of different applying fertilizer intensity N and P nutrient source in soil and groundwater and relevance of fertilization strength and nutrient losses, proposing the clean production applies fertilizer the standard system, to provide the theory and the practice basis for making effective prevention and control measure of surface source pollutant. The main results of paper are as follows: The experimental research of different applying fertilizer level to the fertilizer effect of intercropping crop and use efficiency shows that, N_2P_2K_2 treatment can significantly improve crop yields and fertilizer use efficiency. It meets the demand for nitrogenous fertilizer of wheat interplanting sunflower and reduces the fertilizer loss in soil body effectively.
The research of TN and TP migration rule in field leaching water indicates that, TN and TP is highest after first time irrigation and smallest after autumn irrigation. N_3 and the custom applying fertilizer level easy to create the nitrogen outflow in the soil. After each time irrigation, the sunflower area produces the nitrogen outflow is bigger than the wheat area, variation coefficient of TP or less the same.
The research of TN and TP migration rule in undisturbed soil indicates that, N_3P_2K_2 treatment causes greater nitrogen loss to the wheat area and sunflower area. Applying too much and too little phosphate fertilizer is not good for crops to the absorption of nitrogen, easy to create the soil nitrogen outflow. The local custom applies fertilizer and N_2P_3K_2 treatment easily to create the outflow of phosphate fertilizer. N1P_2K_2 treatment could easily lead to the outflow of phosphate fertilizer in wheat area after 75 days of wheat sowing (10 days after sowing of sunflower).
The research of influence of the soil residual nitric nitrogen under the wheat intercropping sunflower condition shows that, after wheat harvest, 40~60cm soil layer of N_2P_2K_2 and N_3P_2K_2 and N_2P_0K_2 and N_2P_1K_2 and N_2P_3K_2 and custom applying fertilizer treatment causes the obvious nitric nitrogen accumulation phenomenon in wheat area. Custom applying fertilizer and N_3P_2K_2 treatment could easily lead to the outflow of nitric nitrogen in soil, N_2P_2K_2 treatment can effectively improve the absorption efficiency of crops on nitric nitrogen. After sunflower harvest, nitric nitrogen content in sunflower area 120~160cm soil layer of local customs and N_3P_2K_2 and N_2P_0K_2 levels is significantly higher than the rest applying fertilizer level, easily lead to the loss of nitric nitrogen into the groundwater.
Fertilizer effect model and simulation results show that, the advices of clean apply fertilizer suits for wheat intercropping sunflower in Hetao irrigation district are as follows, the optimum fertilization of wheat is N 69.79 kg/hm~2 and P 38.28 kg/hm~2 and K 32.17 kg/hm~2, the best applying fertilizer ratio of wheat area is N:P:K=2.2:1.2:1; optimum fertilization of sunflower is N 76.77 kg/hm~2 and P 43.41 kg/hm~2 and K 31.61 kg/hm~2, the best applying fertilizer ratio of sunflower area is N:P:K=2.4:1.4:1.
本研究立足河套黄灌区基本的农田生产现状,以消减农田生产中的特征污染物负荷为目地,针对内蒙河套灌区小麦向日葵间作,探索农田氮磷合理减量关键技术,揭示不同施肥强度下土壤养分含量与养分流失量之间的关系、研究不同施肥强度N、P养分源在土体、地下水中淋失时空分布及施肥强度与养分流失的相关性,提出清洁生产施肥标准体系,为制订面源污染物有效防治措施提供理论和实践依据。论文主要成果如下:
不同施肥水平对间作作物的肥料效应及利用效率的试验研究表明, N_2P_2K_2处理能够显著提高作物的产量及肥料利用率,满足小麦向日葵间作对氮肥的需求,有效降低肥料在土体中的流失。
田间淋溶水中TN、TP运移规律研究表明,TN、TP一水后最高,秋浇后最小;N_3及习惯施肥水平易造成土体中氮素流失;各次灌水后,向日葵区产生的氮素流失大于小麦区,TP变异系数相差不大。
土壤原状土中TN、TP运移规律研究表明,N_3P_2K_2处理对小麦区、向日葵区造成较大的氮素流失;施用磷肥过多及过少都不利于作物对氮肥的吸收,易造成土壤氮素流失。当地习惯施肥及N_2P_3K_2处理易造成磷肥的流失。
小麦向日葵间作条件下土壤硝态氮残留影响研究结果表明,小麦收获后,小麦区40～60cm土层N_2P_2K_2、N_3P_2K_2、N_2P_0K_2、N_2P_1K_2、N_2P_3K_2及习惯施肥处理产生明显的硝态氮累积现象;习惯施肥及N_3P_2K_2处理易造成土体中硝态氮的流失,N_2P_2K_2处理能有效提高作物对硝态氮的吸收效率。向日葵收获后,向日葵区120～160cm土层中当地习惯及N_3P_2K_2、N_2P_0K_2水平的土壤硝态氮含量明显大于其余施肥水平,易造成硝态氮流失进入地下水。
肥料效应模型模拟合结果表明,适合河套灌区的小麦向日葵间作清洁施肥建议为,小麦最佳施肥量:N 69.79 kg/hm~2,P 38.28 kg/hm~2,K 32.17 kg/hm~2,小麦区最佳施肥量比值为N:P:K=2.2:1.2:1;向日葵最佳施肥量:N 76.77 kg/hm~2,P 43.41 kg/hm~2,K 31.61 kg/hm~2,向日葵区最佳施肥量比值为N:P:K=2.4:1.4:1。
Chemical fertilizers and pesticides usage is the trend of the enlarged year by year in agricultural production process of Hetao irrigation district in Inner Mongolia, but the fertilizer use efficiency has been not improved, surface source pollution in general will be the serious restriction factor of water environment quality improvement in Yellow River upstream irrigation district. At present, the pollution characteristic of back water of the agricultural irrigation area to be unclear, technology of back water pollution control is not mature. Therefore, circle about the agricultural back water pollution control of irrigation district and safeguard the Yellow River water quality security needs, developing the key technology research of agriculture back water pollution control, is the important guarantee for the technology needs of the Yellow River water quality security and improve the level of irrigation area agricultural clean production. It has important scientific research value and practical significance.
The research bases on the basic farmland production status of Hetao irrigation district, take reduces the characteristic pollutant load in the farmland production as the point, in view of wheat interplanting sunflower of Hetao irrigation district in Inner Mongolia, exploring the key technology of farmland nitrogen and phosphorus reasonable decrement, revealing the relationship between soil nutrient content and nutrient loss under the different applying fertilizer intensity, studying the time and space distribution of leaching loss of different applying fertilizer intensity N and P nutrient source in soil and groundwater and relevance of fertilization strength and nutrient losses, proposing the clean production applies fertilizer the standard system, to provide the theory and the practice basis for making effective prevention and control measure of surface source pollutant. The main results of paper are as follows: The experimental research of different applying fertilizer level to the fertilizer effect of intercropping crop and use efficiency shows that, N_2P_2K_2 treatment can significantly improve crop yields and fertilizer use efficiency. It meets the demand for nitrogenous fertilizer of wheat interplanting sunflower and reduces the fertilizer loss in soil body effectively.
The research of TN and TP migration rule in field leaching water indicates that, TN and TP is highest after first time irrigation and smallest after autumn irrigation. N_3 and the custom applying fertilizer level easy to create the nitrogen outflow in the soil. After each time irrigation, the sunflower area produces the nitrogen outflow is bigger than the wheat area, variation coefficient of TP or less the same.
The research of TN and TP migration rule in undisturbed soil indicates that, N_3P_2K_2 treatment causes greater nitrogen loss to the wheat area and sunflower area. Applying too much and too little phosphate fertilizer is not good for crops to the absorption of nitrogen, easy to create the soil nitrogen outflow. The local custom applies fertilizer and N_2P_3K_2 treatment easily to create the outflow of phosphate fertilizer. N1P_2K_2 treatment could easily lead to the outflow of phosphate fertilizer in wheat area after 75 days of wheat sowing (10 days after sowing of sunflower).
The research of influence of the soil residual nitric nitrogen under the wheat intercropping sunflower condition shows that, after wheat harvest, 40~60cm soil layer of N_2P_2K_2 and N_3P_2K_2 and N_2P_0K_2 and N_2P_1K_2 and N_2P_3K_2 and custom applying fertilizer treatment causes the obvious nitric nitrogen accumulation phenomenon in wheat area. Custom applying fertilizer and N_3P_2K_2 treatment could easily lead to the outflow of nitric nitrogen in soil, N_2P_2K_2 treatment can effectively improve the absorption efficiency of crops on nitric nitrogen. After sunflower harvest, nitric nitrogen content in sunflower area 120~160cm soil layer of local customs and N_3P_2K_2 and N_2P_0K_2 levels is significantly higher than the rest applying fertilizer level, easily lead to the loss of nitric nitrogen into the groundwater.
Fertilizer effect model and simulation results show that, the advices of clean apply fertilizer suits for wheat intercropping sunflower in Hetao irrigation district are as follows, the optimum fertilization of wheat is N 69.79 kg/hm~2 and P 38.28 kg/hm~2 and K 32.17 kg/hm~2, the best applying fertilizer ratio of wheat area is N:P:K=2.2:1.2:1; optimum fertilization of sunflower is N 76.77 kg/hm~2 and P 43.41 kg/hm~2 and K 31.61 kg/hm~2, the best applying fertilizer ratio of sunflower area is N:P:K=2.4:1.4:1.
引文
1农业部农业局.配方施肥[M].北京:农业出版社,1989
2张福锁.测土配方施肥技术要览[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2006
3高祥照,马常宝.测土配方施肥技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005
4程稼秋.测土配方施肥技术[J].土壤肥料,2007,203:29.
5张宽.土壤通报[J].1984,15:117-120
6 Goswami-NN.Concept of balanced fertilisation its relevance and practical limitations[J].Fertiliser-News,1997,42(6): 15-19
7安靖.基于3414试验的目标产量法配方施肥参数的建立及影响因素的研究.内蒙古农业大学,2008
8王兴仁.现代肥料试验设计[M].北京:农业出版社,1996,164-185
9杨熙仁.肥料增产效应与经济合理施肥[J].土壤通报,1982,5:28～31
10张桂兰,宝德俊.冬小麦氮肥增产效应与经济用量的研究[C].全国化肥试验会议论文,1984
11 MCLEANEO.S.S.S.AM.J[J].1982,46(6)
12钱晓华.精准施肥技术及推广应用措施[J].安徽农学通报,2001,7(2):44-45
13张福锁.测土配方施肥技术要点[J].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2006.
14 rtilizerProgrammer,LandandMLaterDivision,1977,User,sManual, AComPuterProgram SystemforFertilizerDataProeessing(dexflex),PAO
15吕晓男.土壤肥力综合评价和作物施肥咨询系统研制与应用[D].浙江大学,2000
16时新宁,马晖.以色列现代农业的命脉—节水灌溉与精准施肥[J].科技纵览,2002,17-18
17 Sonar KR,Tamboli BD.Targetting Yield of ear lMilleton etting yield of Pearl Milleton.1994
18 Prasad R.Fertilizer Requirements for Specific Yield.Journal of thelndian soeiety of soilsscience,1996,44(2)
19 Osmond D L,Riha J.Nitrogen Fertilizer Requiremen is for Maize Produeedinthe TroPies:A ComParison of Three ComPuter-Based Reeommendation System[J].Agrieultural Systems,1996,37-50
20 mboli BD,1996-1998
21 Changdraselthra RK,Riazuddin Ahmed.Test Based Fertilizerr ecommendation for MaizeGrown IneePtisols of Jagtiyal in Andhra Pradesh[J].Journal of theIndian Society of 5011 Science,2000,48(l):84-89
22 Fanoon PD,Smith J U,Smith P.A Reviem of Decision Support System for Fertilizer Applieation and Manure Management[J].Acta Agronomiea Hungariea,1999,47(2):227-236
23李生秀.植物营养与肥料学科的现状与展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1999,5(3)193-205
24钱晓华,朱义龙.精准施肥技术及推广应用措施[J].安徽农学通报,2001,7(2):44-45
25候彦林.“生态平衡施肥”—施肥理论和技术体系的创新[J].21世纪青年学者论坛
26候彦林.施肥模型研究综述[J].土壤通报,2004,35(4):493-501
27金耀青.配方施肥的方法及其功能(对我国配方施肥工作的评述)[J].土报,1989,20(1):46-49
28李仁岗.根据肥料效应函数确定经济合理施肥量[J].土壤通报,1985,8:24-28
29李仁岗.肥料效应函数[M].农业出版社,1987
30李生秀.植物营养与肥料学科的现状与展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报.1999,5(3):193-205.
31周鸣铮.土壤肥力测定与测土施肥[M].北京:农业出版社,1988
32黄德明.十年来我国测土施肥的进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4):495-499
33陶勤南.肥料试验与统计分析[M].农业出版社, 1994,234～262
34高凤友.玉米测土配方施肥应用技术的基础研究[D].中国农业科学院,2007
35陈伦寿.土壤[M],1990,22(4)
36高祥照,马文奇.我国施肥中存在问题的分析[J].土壤通报,2001,44(6):258-261
37韩晓辉,马妙芳.通辽市作物施肥存在的问题及对策[J].内蒙古农业科技2004,(S1):117-118
38金继运.我国肥料资源利用中存在的问题及对策建议[J].中国农技推广,2005,11:4-6
39王敏.对近年来玉米施肥问题的建议[J].河南农业,2005,4:33
40冯国民.当前化肥施用中存在的问题及解决途径[J].农业科技信息,2005,6:10
41杨双臣.合理施肥防止土壤污染[J].河北农业,2005,4
42孙先良.盲目过量施肥的危害及新型肥料的开发[J].中国氮肥,2005,6:1-4
43何小霞,曾恩坚.科学施肥与农业生产可持续发展[J].生态环境,2005,14(3):443-444.
44陈建生,张发宝.发展作物专用肥推进我国平衡施肥[J].磷肥,(5):8-10
45高祥照,马常宝.测土配方施肥技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005
46周学伍.土壤母质及砧木对柑橘缺素影响的研究[J].南京农业大学学报,1991,13(1):8-13
47黄德明.十年来我国测土施肥的进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4):495-499
48徐宝祺.试论植物营养与施肥在农业高产优质中的作用[J].江苏农业科学,1998,3:44-46
49陈新平,张福锁.中国农资[M].2005,6:54-60
50朱兆良.农田生态系统中化肥的去向和氮素管理.中国土壤氮素,南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1992, 228-245.
51 Novoa R,Loomis R S. Nitrogen and plant production. Plant and Soil,1981,58: 177-204
52 Cassman K G,Peng S,Olk D C,etal.Opportunities for increased nitrogen use efficiency from improved resource management in irrigated rice systems. Field CropsResearch,1998,56:7-38
53 FageriaN K, BaligarV C.Methodology for evaluation of lowland rice genotypes for nitrogen use efficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2003, 26: 1 315-1 333
54浙江农业大学.植物营养与肥料[M].中国农业出版社,1988.
55朱兆良.土壤中氮肥的损失与对策[J],.土壤与环境,2000,9(l):l-6.
56党廷辉,蔡贵信,郭胜利,郝明德,王百群.用15N标记肥料研究旱地冬小麦氮肥利用率与去向.核农学报,2003,17(4):280-285.
57 Owens L B,Edwards W M.Cround water nitrate levels under fertilized grass and Grass- legume pastures[J],J.Environ.Qual,l994,23:752-758.
58 Milburn P,Riehards J E,Gartley C et al.Nitrate leaching from sys-tematieally tiled potato fields in New Brunswiek[J],Can.J.Environ.Qual,1990,19:448-454.
59 Jaynes D B,Dinnes D L,Meek D W,Karlen D L,Cambardella C A.Colvin T S.Using the late spring nitrate test to reduce nitrate losswithin a watershed.Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33:669-677.
60 Spalding R F,Exner M E.Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater——Areview.Journal of Environmental Quality,1993,22:392-402.
61 Benbi D K,Biswas C R,Kalkat J S.Nitrate distribution and accumulation in an Ustochrept soil profile in a long term fertilizer experiment.Fertilizer Research,1991,28:173-177.
62 Hooker M L,Gwin R E,Herron G M.Gallagher P.Effects of long-term,annual applications of N and P on corn grain yields and soil chemical properties.Agronomy Journal,1983,75:94-99.
63 Jolley V D.Pierre W H.Profile accumulation of fertilizer-derived nitrate and total nitrogen recovery in two long-term nitrogen-rate experiments with corn.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1977,41:373-378.
64王春阳,周建斌.不同栽培模式对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤硝态氮残留的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):991-997.
65 Emteryd O, Lu D Q, Nykvist N. Nitrate in soil profiles and nitrate pollution of drinkingwater in the loess region of China[J]. Ambio, 1998, 27(6):441-443.
66 Raun W R,Johnson G V.Soil-plant buffering of inorganic nitrogen in continuous winter wheat.Agronomy Journal,1995,87:827-834.
67袁新民,同延安.施用磷肥对土壤NO3--N累积的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(4):397-403.
68孙克刚,李锦辉.不同施肥处理对作物产量及土体NO3--N累积的长期定位试验.土壤肥料,1999,(6):18-20.
69 Fan J,Hao M D,Shao M A.Nitrate accumulation in soil profile of dry land farming in northwest China.Pedospere,2003,13(4):367-374.
70樊军,郝明德.旱地农田土壤土壤剖面硝态氮累积的原因初探.农业环境科学学报,2003,22(3):263-266.
71孙志强.陇东旱地水肥产量效应研究[J]。干旱地区农业研究,1992,10(4):57-61
72王兴仁,张福锁.石灰性潮土对氮肥连续施用的环境承受力[J] .北京农业大学学报,1995,21(增刊):94-98.
73王兴仁等.现代肥料试验设计[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996.
74王圣瑞.“3414”肥料试验模型拟合的探讨[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(4):409-413
75王兴仁.施肥模型在我国推荐施肥中的应用[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):67-74
76 Cerrato Me and Blackmer AM. Comparision of models for describing corn yield response to nitrogen fertilizer .Agronomy Journal,1990,82(1):38-143
77韩峰.贵州水稻3414肥料试验模型拟合的探讨[J].贵州农业科学,2009,37(6):235-238
78 Schroder J J ,Neeteson J J, and Withagen J C M,et al. Effects of N Application on Agronomic and Environmental Parameters in Silage Maize Production on Sandy Soils[J]. Field Crops Research,1998,58:55-67.
79陈新平.小麦—玉米轮作制中氮肥效应模型的选择—经济和环境效益分析[J].土壤学报,2000,37(3):346-354.
80农牧渔业部农业局.配方施肥技术工作要点[J].土壤肥料,1987,(1):6-12.
81金耀青.配方施肥的方法及其功能(对我国配方施肥工作的评述)[J].土壤通报,1989,20(1):46-49.
82周鸣铮.中国的测土施肥[J].土壤,1987,1:7-13.
83 Bergstrom L,Brink N.Effects of differentiated applications of fertilizer N on leaching losses and distribution of inorganic N in the soil.Plant and Soil,1986,93:333-345
2张福锁.测土配方施肥技术要览[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2006
3高祥照,马常宝.测土配方施肥技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005
4程稼秋.测土配方施肥技术[J].土壤肥料,2007,203:29.
5张宽.土壤通报[J].1984,15:117-120
6 Goswami-NN.Concept of balanced fertilisation its relevance and practical limitations[J].Fertiliser-News,1997,42(6): 15-19
7安靖.基于3414试验的目标产量法配方施肥参数的建立及影响因素的研究.内蒙古农业大学,2008
8王兴仁.现代肥料试验设计[M].北京:农业出版社,1996,164-185
9杨熙仁.肥料增产效应与经济合理施肥[J].土壤通报,1982,5:28～31
10张桂兰,宝德俊.冬小麦氮肥增产效应与经济用量的研究[C].全国化肥试验会议论文,1984
11 MCLEANEO.S.S.S.AM.J[J].1982,46(6)
12钱晓华.精准施肥技术及推广应用措施[J].安徽农学通报,2001,7(2):44-45
13张福锁.测土配方施肥技术要点[J].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2006.
14 rtilizerProgrammer,LandandMLaterDivision,1977,User,sManual, AComPuterProgram SystemforFertilizerDataProeessing(dexflex),PAO
15吕晓男.土壤肥力综合评价和作物施肥咨询系统研制与应用[D].浙江大学,2000
16时新宁,马晖.以色列现代农业的命脉—节水灌溉与精准施肥[J].科技纵览,2002,17-18
17 Sonar KR,Tamboli BD.Targetting Yield of ear lMilleton etting yield of Pearl Milleton.1994
18 Prasad R.Fertilizer Requirements for Specific Yield.Journal of thelndian soeiety of soilsscience,1996,44(2)
19 Osmond D L,Riha J.Nitrogen Fertilizer Requiremen is for Maize Produeedinthe TroPies:A ComParison of Three ComPuter-Based Reeommendation System[J].Agrieultural Systems,1996,37-50
20 mboli BD,1996-1998
21 Changdraselthra RK,Riazuddin Ahmed.Test Based Fertilizerr ecommendation for MaizeGrown IneePtisols of Jagtiyal in Andhra Pradesh[J].Journal of theIndian Society of 5011 Science,2000,48(l):84-89
22 Fanoon PD,Smith J U,Smith P.A Reviem of Decision Support System for Fertilizer Applieation and Manure Management[J].Acta Agronomiea Hungariea,1999,47(2):227-236
23李生秀.植物营养与肥料学科的现状与展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1999,5(3)193-205
24钱晓华,朱义龙.精准施肥技术及推广应用措施[J].安徽农学通报,2001,7(2):44-45
25候彦林.“生态平衡施肥”—施肥理论和技术体系的创新[J].21世纪青年学者论坛
26候彦林.施肥模型研究综述[J].土壤通报,2004,35(4):493-501
27金耀青.配方施肥的方法及其功能(对我国配方施肥工作的评述)[J].土报,1989,20(1):46-49
28李仁岗.根据肥料效应函数确定经济合理施肥量[J].土壤通报,1985,8:24-28
29李仁岗.肥料效应函数[M].农业出版社,1987
30李生秀.植物营养与肥料学科的现状与展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报.1999,5(3):193-205.
31周鸣铮.土壤肥力测定与测土施肥[M].北京:农业出版社,1988
32黄德明.十年来我国测土施肥的进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4):495-499
33陶勤南.肥料试验与统计分析[M].农业出版社, 1994,234～262
34高凤友.玉米测土配方施肥应用技术的基础研究[D].中国农业科学院,2007
35陈伦寿.土壤[M],1990,22(4)
36高祥照,马文奇.我国施肥中存在问题的分析[J].土壤通报,2001,44(6):258-261
37韩晓辉,马妙芳.通辽市作物施肥存在的问题及对策[J].内蒙古农业科技2004,(S1):117-118
38金继运.我国肥料资源利用中存在的问题及对策建议[J].中国农技推广,2005,11:4-6
39王敏.对近年来玉米施肥问题的建议[J].河南农业,2005,4:33
40冯国民.当前化肥施用中存在的问题及解决途径[J].农业科技信息,2005,6:10
41杨双臣.合理施肥防止土壤污染[J].河北农业,2005,4
42孙先良.盲目过量施肥的危害及新型肥料的开发[J].中国氮肥,2005,6:1-4
43何小霞,曾恩坚.科学施肥与农业生产可持续发展[J].生态环境,2005,14(3):443-444.
44陈建生,张发宝.发展作物专用肥推进我国平衡施肥[J].磷肥,(5):8-10
45高祥照,马常宝.测土配方施肥技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005
46周学伍.土壤母质及砧木对柑橘缺素影响的研究[J].南京农业大学学报,1991,13(1):8-13
47黄德明.十年来我国测土施肥的进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4):495-499
48徐宝祺.试论植物营养与施肥在农业高产优质中的作用[J].江苏农业科学,1998,3:44-46
49陈新平,张福锁.中国农资[M].2005,6:54-60
50朱兆良.农田生态系统中化肥的去向和氮素管理.中国土壤氮素,南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1992, 228-245.
51 Novoa R,Loomis R S. Nitrogen and plant production. Plant and Soil,1981,58: 177-204
52 Cassman K G,Peng S,Olk D C,etal.Opportunities for increased nitrogen use efficiency from improved resource management in irrigated rice systems. Field CropsResearch,1998,56:7-38
53 FageriaN K, BaligarV C.Methodology for evaluation of lowland rice genotypes for nitrogen use efficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2003, 26: 1 315-1 333
54浙江农业大学.植物营养与肥料[M].中国农业出版社,1988.
55朱兆良.土壤中氮肥的损失与对策[J],.土壤与环境,2000,9(l):l-6.
56党廷辉,蔡贵信,郭胜利,郝明德,王百群.用15N标记肥料研究旱地冬小麦氮肥利用率与去向.核农学报,2003,17(4):280-285.
57 Owens L B,Edwards W M.Cround water nitrate levels under fertilized grass and Grass- legume pastures[J],J.Environ.Qual,l994,23:752-758.
58 Milburn P,Riehards J E,Gartley C et al.Nitrate leaching from sys-tematieally tiled potato fields in New Brunswiek[J],Can.J.Environ.Qual,1990,19:448-454.
59 Jaynes D B,Dinnes D L,Meek D W,Karlen D L,Cambardella C A.Colvin T S.Using the late spring nitrate test to reduce nitrate losswithin a watershed.Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33:669-677.
60 Spalding R F,Exner M E.Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater——Areview.Journal of Environmental Quality,1993,22:392-402.
61 Benbi D K,Biswas C R,Kalkat J S.Nitrate distribution and accumulation in an Ustochrept soil profile in a long term fertilizer experiment.Fertilizer Research,1991,28:173-177.
62 Hooker M L,Gwin R E,Herron G M.Gallagher P.Effects of long-term,annual applications of N and P on corn grain yields and soil chemical properties.Agronomy Journal,1983,75:94-99.
63 Jolley V D.Pierre W H.Profile accumulation of fertilizer-derived nitrate and total nitrogen recovery in two long-term nitrogen-rate experiments with corn.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1977,41:373-378.
64王春阳,周建斌.不同栽培模式对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤硝态氮残留的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):991-997.
65 Emteryd O, Lu D Q, Nykvist N. Nitrate in soil profiles and nitrate pollution of drinkingwater in the loess region of China[J]. Ambio, 1998, 27(6):441-443.
66 Raun W R,Johnson G V.Soil-plant buffering of inorganic nitrogen in continuous winter wheat.Agronomy Journal,1995,87:827-834.
67袁新民,同延安.施用磷肥对土壤NO3--N累积的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(4):397-403.
68孙克刚,李锦辉.不同施肥处理对作物产量及土体NO3--N累积的长期定位试验.土壤肥料,1999,(6):18-20.
69 Fan J,Hao M D,Shao M A.Nitrate accumulation in soil profile of dry land farming in northwest China.Pedospere,2003,13(4):367-374.
70樊军,郝明德.旱地农田土壤土壤剖面硝态氮累积的原因初探.农业环境科学学报,2003,22(3):263-266.
71孙志强.陇东旱地水肥产量效应研究[J]。干旱地区农业研究,1992,10(4):57-61
72王兴仁,张福锁.石灰性潮土对氮肥连续施用的环境承受力[J] .北京农业大学学报,1995,21(增刊):94-98.
73王兴仁等.现代肥料试验设计[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996.
74王圣瑞.“3414”肥料试验模型拟合的探讨[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(4):409-413
75王兴仁.施肥模型在我国推荐施肥中的应用[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):67-74
76 Cerrato Me and Blackmer AM. Comparision of models for describing corn yield response to nitrogen fertilizer .Agronomy Journal,1990,82(1):38-143
77韩峰.贵州水稻3414肥料试验模型拟合的探讨[J].贵州农业科学,2009,37(6):235-238
78 Schroder J J ,Neeteson J J, and Withagen J C M,et al. Effects of N Application on Agronomic and Environmental Parameters in Silage Maize Production on Sandy Soils[J]. Field Crops Research,1998,58:55-67.
79陈新平.小麦—玉米轮作制中氮肥效应模型的选择—经济和环境效益分析[J].土壤学报,2000,37(3):346-354.
80农牧渔业部农业局.配方施肥技术工作要点[J].土壤肥料,1987,(1):6-12.
81金耀青.配方施肥的方法及其功能(对我国配方施肥工作的评述)[J].土壤通报,1989,20(1):46-49.
82周鸣铮.中国的测土施肥[J].土壤,1987,1:7-13.
83 Bergstrom L,Brink N.Effects of differentiated applications of fertilizer N on leaching losses and distribution of inorganic N in the soil.Plant and Soil,1986,93:333-345