鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地泾河流域地下水循环模式及其可更新能力评价
|
摘要
本论文依据中国地质调查项目《鄂尔多斯白垩系自流水盆地地下水化学演化与水循环规律》选题,根据收集的研究区内主要站雨水的氢氧同位素资料,建立了典型地区的雨水线方程。系统分析研究区内主要河流-马莲河与泾河同位素以及水化学沿程变化特征,分析确定了影响河水同位素和水化学组成的主要因素及其水循环意义。研究了泾河流域白垩系地下水的成因,查明了地下水补给、径流和排泄条件,并确定出盆地内部白垩系地下水与西部边界岩溶地下水之间的相互转化关系,建立了白垩系地下水水循环模式,并分别计算了新生界地下水和白垩系地下水的年龄,估计地下水的循环速度,并对地下水的可更新能力进行了评价。
Due to the arid and semiarid climate, shortage of water resource has been the uppermost obstacle to the construction of energy source base.Because groundwater is the principle source of the water resource in Jinghe basin, so it’s significant to evaluate the groundwater scientifically and develop it reasonably. Therefor this study has very important significance in practice and theory.Study on the groundwater circulation and renewability is the important basis of evaluating groundwater resources reasonablely and managing it scientificly.
Environmental isotope can trace water cycle effectively because isotope can sign and dating water cycle.Futhermore using hydrogeochemistry combine with isotope can make characteristics of water cycle more clear.
According to the ideas above,we analysis relationship of different type of water synthetically,cause of formation of Cretaceous groundwater and condition of groundwater recharge、runoff and discharge,also determine the relationship of Cretaceous groundwater inside the basin and karst groundwater in the west boundary based on the isotope and chemistry analysis result of water samples in the Jinghe basin.Base on research above,set up the groundwater circulation pattern in representative section,then calculate the age and flow velocity of Cretaceous groundwater,finally evaluate the renewability of groundwater.
The main achievements of this paper are as follows:
(1)The distribution law of surface water and groundwater chemistry are analyzed qualitatively.
Most of the TDS of surface water is less than 1g/L,except Malianhe river. Transformation of surface water type is complex,except Malianhe river,most of water type of surface water is HCO_3 type water or HCO_3·SO_4 one such as Puhe river、Jinghe river and Heihe river.With the direction of the Malianhe river, the transformation of water thpe is that Cl type water→SO_4·Cl one→Cl·HCO_3·SO_4 one→Cl·HCO_3 one→HCO_3 one。From the south of the Huan city of Malianhe watershed, Creataceous groundwater recharge Malianhe river from east and west limes to axis of the Tianhuan synclinal in cential section,and in the catchment area of Jinghe river(130-200m segment), groundwater recharge surface water.
The values of TDS and other six different kinds of ions in three different aquifers are generally high in the northwest while low in the southeast. The distribution of the groundwater chemistry in Luohandong aquifer is in reverse with the direction of groundwater flow, the transformation of groundwater types is that SO_4?Cl thpe water→HCO_3·SO_4·Cl one→HCO_3?SO_4 one→HCO_3 one. Groundwater types of Huanhe aquifer and Luohe aquifer are characterized with the Huan Country-Qingyang Country-Xunyi Country and Malianhe River as the axis. The groundwater types in the west of the axis change from the southwest to the northeast in the order HCO_3 type water→HCO_3·SO_4 one→SO_4 one→HCO_3·SO_4·Cl one→SO_4·Cl one, and in the east of the axis they change from the northeast to the southwest in the order HCO_3·SO_4 type water(partly distribute in Huanhe aquifer)→HCO_3·SO_4·Cl one→SO_4 one(partly distribute in Huanhe aquifer)→SO_4·Cl one.The vertical distribution of the groundwater chemistry shows the delaminating characteristics of the Cretaceous groundwater.
(2)Analysis the characteristic of isotope in different kind of water.
Because of the arid and semiarid climate,the slope and intercept of the local meteoric line (LMWL) in the studying area are lower than that of global meteoric water line (GMWL).The values ofδ~(18)O andδD of all type of water distribute along the local meteoric line, this indicates that both the surface water and groundwater in the basin are recharged by precipitation.
The values ofδ~(18)O、δD along Malianhe river are increasing and ~3H is decreasing.It shows that to the north of Qingyang City, precipitacion is the main origin of the surface water,while to the south of Qingyang city, groundwater charge surface water intensely and it becomes groundwater drainage area. The values ofδ~(18)O、δD and 3H along Jinghe river is decreasing as a whole.It shows that downriver of Jinghe is groundwater drainage basin.
Theδ~(18)O andδD values of groundwater in each aquifer cover obviously different scope,which shows the delaminating characteristics of theδ~(18)O andδD isotopes in some degree, and the vertical hydraulic contact is weak, and the lateral flow is the dominate runoff method.
(3) Determine the direction of groundwater flow between the west boundary- Liupanshan Donglu karst area and inside the Cretaceous basin by the isotopic and hydrogeochemistry method and investigate the groundwater cycle pattern of representative section.
The values ofδ~(18)O、δD and 3H is higher in the Karst groundwater area and is decreasing along with the groundwater flow to the inside of basin.The research of the isotope and hydrogeochemistry indicate that Cretaceous groundwater in Jinghe groundwater system has accepted the recharge from the karst groundwater in the west boundary- Liupanshan Donglu karst area. The direction is from northwest to southeast, and concentrate in middle east of the basin to Jinghe river.
From the level of different aquiferous groundwater in the representative section, combine with geological and hydrogeological condition and the differences of vertical distribution law of isotope and hydrogeochemistry of B5、B10 and B12 bores can prove that the characteristics of vertical groundwater flow in this section is delaminated piston flow, horizontal characteristics is such as the Centripetal pattern that the flow is from the east and west boundary to Malianhe river region and throuth the direction of groundwater flow the groundwater is older and the velocity is slower. Groundwater cycle system can divide into local cycle system、middle cycle system and regional cycle system.The flow in Local cycle system is short and the velocity of the flow is fast.The middle cycle system is developed in Luohandong and Huanhe aquifer and the depth of the circulation system is not so big.The regional cycle system is mainly developed in Luohe aquifer and the direction of the flow is from east、north and west to Jinghe and Malianhe river.
(4)Calculate the age of 3H Cenozoic groundwater,corrected the 14C age of Cretaceous groundwater and calculate velocity of the groundwater cycle along the different flow path.
Two reference curve method have been employed to recovery of the tritium concentration in the precipitation, then using grey series forecasting method to calculate the tritium concentration both before 1960 and after 1986. Employing the piston flow model, protract the chart of mutative trend of tritium concentration in different years, according to the chart estimate the age of Cenozoic groundwater. The result is that: to the north of Qingyang City, age of of Cenozoic groundwater is 23 years,while to the south of Qingyang City is 46 years.It shows that renewability of sallow groundwater to the north of Qingyang City is stronger that to the south of Qingyang City.
Corrected the 14C age of middle and deep groundwater employing different correcting models, then according to equipotential line choosing different flow path, finally calculate the velocity of the groundwater circulation along the different flow path. The result is that: the velocity of the groundwater cycle in Luohe aquifer is about 5.10～10.78m/a; the velocity of the groundwater cycle in Huanhe aquifer is about 14.41～23.18m/a; the velocity of the groundwater cycle in Luohandong aquifer is about 26.96m/a. The velocity of the groundwater in the same aquifer is maximal in Malianhe river watershed.
(5)Using the calculated age of groundwater、residence time of groundwater and the velocity of the groundwater cycle,evaluate the renewability of the Cretaceous groundwater.
We finally get the conclusion that the renewability of groundwater distribute in this order: the renewability in the Luohandong aquifer is the best, then the Huanhe aquifer,finally the Luohe aquifer.And the renewability of Cretaceous groundwater in the same aqufer is that in Malianhe river watershed is stronger than the other area.
Luohandong aquifer has the best renewability, which has the shallowest embedding, heigher conductivity and better recharge condition of groundwater; Huanhe aquifer has the smaller renewability than Luohandong aquifer, where granularity is smaller and penetrability is poorer; Luohe aquifer has the worst renewability, which has the deeper embedding, the older groundwater and poorer cycle of modern water. Due to the stronger cycle and alternation of groundwater, Malianhe area has the better renewability than anywhere else, which is located in the axis of Tianhuan syncline as the discharge area of groundwater in the studying area.
Due to the arid and semiarid climate, shortage of water resource has been the uppermost obstacle to the construction of energy source base.Because groundwater is the principle source of the water resource in Jinghe basin, so it’s significant to evaluate the groundwater scientifically and develop it reasonably. Therefor this study has very important significance in practice and theory.Study on the groundwater circulation and renewability is the important basis of evaluating groundwater resources reasonablely and managing it scientificly.
Environmental isotope can trace water cycle effectively because isotope can sign and dating water cycle.Futhermore using hydrogeochemistry combine with isotope can make characteristics of water cycle more clear.
According to the ideas above,we analysis relationship of different type of water synthetically,cause of formation of Cretaceous groundwater and condition of groundwater recharge、runoff and discharge,also determine the relationship of Cretaceous groundwater inside the basin and karst groundwater in the west boundary based on the isotope and chemistry analysis result of water samples in the Jinghe basin.Base on research above,set up the groundwater circulation pattern in representative section,then calculate the age and flow velocity of Cretaceous groundwater,finally evaluate the renewability of groundwater.
The main achievements of this paper are as follows:
(1)The distribution law of surface water and groundwater chemistry are analyzed qualitatively.
Most of the TDS of surface water is less than 1g/L,except Malianhe river. Transformation of surface water type is complex,except Malianhe river,most of water type of surface water is HCO_3 type water or HCO_3·SO_4 one such as Puhe river、Jinghe river and Heihe river.With the direction of the Malianhe river, the transformation of water thpe is that Cl type water→SO_4·Cl one→Cl·HCO_3·SO_4 one→Cl·HCO_3 one→HCO_3 one。From the south of the Huan city of Malianhe watershed, Creataceous groundwater recharge Malianhe river from east and west limes to axis of the Tianhuan synclinal in cential section,and in the catchment area of Jinghe river(130-200m segment), groundwater recharge surface water.
The values of TDS and other six different kinds of ions in three different aquifers are generally high in the northwest while low in the southeast. The distribution of the groundwater chemistry in Luohandong aquifer is in reverse with the direction of groundwater flow, the transformation of groundwater types is that SO_4?Cl thpe water→HCO_3·SO_4·Cl one→HCO_3?SO_4 one→HCO_3 one. Groundwater types of Huanhe aquifer and Luohe aquifer are characterized with the Huan Country-Qingyang Country-Xunyi Country and Malianhe River as the axis. The groundwater types in the west of the axis change from the southwest to the northeast in the order HCO_3 type water→HCO_3·SO_4 one→SO_4 one→HCO_3·SO_4·Cl one→SO_4·Cl one, and in the east of the axis they change from the northeast to the southwest in the order HCO_3·SO_4 type water(partly distribute in Huanhe aquifer)→HCO_3·SO_4·Cl one→SO_4 one(partly distribute in Huanhe aquifer)→SO_4·Cl one.The vertical distribution of the groundwater chemistry shows the delaminating characteristics of the Cretaceous groundwater.
(2)Analysis the characteristic of isotope in different kind of water.
Because of the arid and semiarid climate,the slope and intercept of the local meteoric line (LMWL) in the studying area are lower than that of global meteoric water line (GMWL).The values ofδ~(18)O andδD of all type of water distribute along the local meteoric line, this indicates that both the surface water and groundwater in the basin are recharged by precipitation.
The values ofδ~(18)O、δD along Malianhe river are increasing and ~3H is decreasing.It shows that to the north of Qingyang City, precipitacion is the main origin of the surface water,while to the south of Qingyang city, groundwater charge surface water intensely and it becomes groundwater drainage area. The values ofδ~(18)O、δD and 3H along Jinghe river is decreasing as a whole.It shows that downriver of Jinghe is groundwater drainage basin.
Theδ~(18)O andδD values of groundwater in each aquifer cover obviously different scope,which shows the delaminating characteristics of theδ~(18)O andδD isotopes in some degree, and the vertical hydraulic contact is weak, and the lateral flow is the dominate runoff method.
(3) Determine the direction of groundwater flow between the west boundary- Liupanshan Donglu karst area and inside the Cretaceous basin by the isotopic and hydrogeochemistry method and investigate the groundwater cycle pattern of representative section.
The values ofδ~(18)O、δD and 3H is higher in the Karst groundwater area and is decreasing along with the groundwater flow to the inside of basin.The research of the isotope and hydrogeochemistry indicate that Cretaceous groundwater in Jinghe groundwater system has accepted the recharge from the karst groundwater in the west boundary- Liupanshan Donglu karst area. The direction is from northwest to southeast, and concentrate in middle east of the basin to Jinghe river.
From the level of different aquiferous groundwater in the representative section, combine with geological and hydrogeological condition and the differences of vertical distribution law of isotope and hydrogeochemistry of B5、B10 and B12 bores can prove that the characteristics of vertical groundwater flow in this section is delaminated piston flow, horizontal characteristics is such as the Centripetal pattern that the flow is from the east and west boundary to Malianhe river region and throuth the direction of groundwater flow the groundwater is older and the velocity is slower. Groundwater cycle system can divide into local cycle system、middle cycle system and regional cycle system.The flow in Local cycle system is short and the velocity of the flow is fast.The middle cycle system is developed in Luohandong and Huanhe aquifer and the depth of the circulation system is not so big.The regional cycle system is mainly developed in Luohe aquifer and the direction of the flow is from east、north and west to Jinghe and Malianhe river.
(4)Calculate the age of 3H Cenozoic groundwater,corrected the 14C age of Cretaceous groundwater and calculate velocity of the groundwater cycle along the different flow path.
Two reference curve method have been employed to recovery of the tritium concentration in the precipitation, then using grey series forecasting method to calculate the tritium concentration both before 1960 and after 1986. Employing the piston flow model, protract the chart of mutative trend of tritium concentration in different years, according to the chart estimate the age of Cenozoic groundwater. The result is that: to the north of Qingyang City, age of of Cenozoic groundwater is 23 years,while to the south of Qingyang City is 46 years.It shows that renewability of sallow groundwater to the north of Qingyang City is stronger that to the south of Qingyang City.
Corrected the 14C age of middle and deep groundwater employing different correcting models, then according to equipotential line choosing different flow path, finally calculate the velocity of the groundwater circulation along the different flow path. The result is that: the velocity of the groundwater cycle in Luohe aquifer is about 5.10～10.78m/a; the velocity of the groundwater cycle in Huanhe aquifer is about 14.41～23.18m/a; the velocity of the groundwater cycle in Luohandong aquifer is about 26.96m/a. The velocity of the groundwater in the same aquifer is maximal in Malianhe river watershed.
(5)Using the calculated age of groundwater、residence time of groundwater and the velocity of the groundwater cycle,evaluate the renewability of the Cretaceous groundwater.
We finally get the conclusion that the renewability of groundwater distribute in this order: the renewability in the Luohandong aquifer is the best, then the Huanhe aquifer,finally the Luohe aquifer.And the renewability of Cretaceous groundwater in the same aqufer is that in Malianhe river watershed is stronger than the other area.
Luohandong aquifer has the best renewability, which has the shallowest embedding, heigher conductivity and better recharge condition of groundwater; Huanhe aquifer has the smaller renewability than Luohandong aquifer, where granularity is smaller and penetrability is poorer; Luohe aquifer has the worst renewability, which has the deeper embedding, the older groundwater and poorer cycle of modern water. Due to the stronger cycle and alternation of groundwater, Malianhe area has the better renewability than anywhere else, which is located in the axis of Tianhuan syncline as the discharge area of groundwater in the studying area.
引文
[1] 王恒屯,同位素水文地质概论[M],地质出版社,1991
[2] 张人权等,同位素方法在水文地质中的应用[M],地质出版社,1983
[3] 李大通,张之等,核技术在水文地质中的应用指南[M],地质出版社,1990
[4] 鄂尔多斯盆地地下水勘查报告(甘肃)甘肃省地质调查院 2003-2005
[5] 鄂尔多斯盆地地下水勘查报告 西安地质矿产研究所 1999-2002
[6] 鄂尔多斯盆地地下水资源与可持续利用 候光才 张茂省 主编 陕西科学技术出版社 2004 年
[7] BR.Payne, The Status Of Isotope Hydrology Today[J], Journal Of Hydrology, 1988,100:207-237
[8] Craig H. ,Isotope variations in meteoric water.[J],Science,1961,133:1702-1703
[9] Warren W. Wood and Ward E. Sanford, Chemical and Isotopic Methods For Quantifying Ground-Water Recharge in a Regional Semiarid Environment[J], Ground Water, 1994, 33(3): 458-468
[10] M.L.Davisson et al, Isotope hydrology of Southern Nevada groundwater: Stable isotopes and radiocarbon, Water Resources Research[J], 1999,35(l), 279-294
[11] Janet A.Schramke Ellyn M.Murphy and Brian D.Wood, The use of geochemical mass-balance and mixing models to determine groundwater sources[J], Applied geochemistry, 11:523-539,1996
[12] Chen Zhu,Estimate of recharge from radiocarbon dating of groundwater and numerical and transport modeling[J], Water Resources Research, 2000, 36(9):2607-2620
[13] W.J.M.Van der kemp et al, Inverse chemical modeling and radiocarbon dating of paleogroundwaters: The Tertiary Ledo-Paniselian aquifer in Flanders, Belgium[J], Water Resources Research, 2000, 36(5):PP1277-1287
[14] 郑淑惠等,我国大气降水的氢氧稳定同位素研究[J],科学通报,1983
[15] 卫克勤等,我国天然水中的氚含量的分布特征[J],科学通报,1980,10
[16] 于津生,虞福基,刘德平,中国东部大气降水氢、氧同位素组成[J],地球化学,1987,01
[17] 李绪谦, 环境水化学[M],吉林科学技术出版社,2000
[18] 史栾生,黄小兰,广东省地表水水化学特征分析[J] 广东水利水电, 2005,2:78-80
[19] 李艳华,云南省地表水水化学特征及成因[J] 云南环境科学 2006,25(增刊):103-105
[20] 侯光才,林学钰,苏小四,王晓勇,刘杰,鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地地下水系统研究[J],吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2006,36(3):391-398
[21] 梁永平,韩行瑞,时坚,尹立河,鄂尔多斯盆地周边岩溶地下水系统模式及特点[J],地球学报2005,26(4):365-369
[22] 段磊,王文科 水同位素技术示踪地下水活动[J],2006,地下水 28(2):33-36
[23] 苏小四,林学钰,廖资生,王金生 黄河水δ18O、D 和δ3H 的沿程变化特征及其影响因素研究地球化学[J] 2003, 32(4):349-357
[24] 苏小四,同位素技术在黄河流域典型地区地下水可更新能力研究中的应用—以银川平原和包头平原为例[D],长春:吉林大学,2002年
[25] 董维红,反向水文地球化学模拟技术在鄂尔多斯白垩系自流水盆地深层地下水 14C 年龄校正中的应用[D],长春:吉林大学,2005年
[26] 聂振龙,黑河干流中游盆地地下水循环及更新性研究[D],北京:中国地质科学院,2004年
[27] 林良俊,黄河晋陕峡谷北段岩溶地下水循环规律研究[D],北京:北京师范大学 2005年
[28] 张应华,应用环境同位素对黑河流域水循环的研究[D],北京:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2005年
[29] 王丽,运城盆地水文地球化学演化规律研究[D],北京:北京师范大学,2003 年
[30] 田华,关中盆地环境同位素分布特征及水文地质意义[D],西安:长安大学 2003 年
[31] 王福刚,同位素技术在黄河下游悬河段(河南段)水循环特征研究中的应用[D],长春:吉林大学,2006年
[32] Scott C.Doney et al.,A model function of the global bomb tritium distribution inprecipitation,1960~1986,Journal of Geophysical Research[J],1992, 97(C4),pp.5481-5492
[33] 陶铁林,谢大勇,灰色系统模型在水文预报中的应用[J],吉林水利 增刊,2006,287:17-18
[34] 邱淑芳, 周其华, 王泽文 改进的 G(1,1)模型及其在地下水环境预测中的应用[J],东华理工学院学报,2006,29(2):176-180
[35] 马致远,牛光亮,刘方,侯光才,党学亚,苏艳 陕西渭北东部岩溶地下水强径流带的环境同位素证据及其可更新性评价[J],地质通报,2006,25(6):756-761
[36] 宋献方,夏军,于静洁,刘昌明.应用环境同位素技术研究华北典型流域水循环机理的展望地理科学进展[J],2002,21(6):527-536
[37] 平建华,曹剑峰,苏小四,冶雪艳,姜纪沂 同位素技术在黄河下游河水侧渗影响范围研究中的应用[J],吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2004,34(3):399-404
[38] 聂振龙,陈宗宇,申建梅,张光辉,程旭 应用环境同位素方法研究黑河源区水文循环特征[J],地理与地理信息科学,2005,21(1):104-108
[39] Melanie J. Leng , Neil Roberts , Jane M. Reed & Hilary J. Sloane. Late Quaternary palaeohydrology of the Konya Basin,Turkey, based on isotope studies of modern hydrology and lacustrine carbonates[J],Journal of Paleolimnology,1999,22: 187–204
[40] Marc Schu¨rch AE Ronald Kozel AE Ulrich Schotterer AE Jean-Pierre Tripet. Observation of isotopes in the water cycle—the Swiss National Network (NISOT)[J],Environmental Geology,2003,45:1–11
[2] 张人权等,同位素方法在水文地质中的应用[M],地质出版社,1983
[3] 李大通,张之等,核技术在水文地质中的应用指南[M],地质出版社,1990
[4] 鄂尔多斯盆地地下水勘查报告(甘肃)甘肃省地质调查院 2003-2005
[5] 鄂尔多斯盆地地下水勘查报告 西安地质矿产研究所 1999-2002
[6] 鄂尔多斯盆地地下水资源与可持续利用 候光才 张茂省 主编 陕西科学技术出版社 2004 年
[7] BR.Payne, The Status Of Isotope Hydrology Today[J], Journal Of Hydrology, 1988,100:207-237
[8] Craig H. ,Isotope variations in meteoric water.[J],Science,1961,133:1702-1703
[9] Warren W. Wood and Ward E. Sanford, Chemical and Isotopic Methods For Quantifying Ground-Water Recharge in a Regional Semiarid Environment[J], Ground Water, 1994, 33(3): 458-468
[10] M.L.Davisson et al, Isotope hydrology of Southern Nevada groundwater: Stable isotopes and radiocarbon, Water Resources Research[J], 1999,35(l), 279-294
[11] Janet A.Schramke Ellyn M.Murphy and Brian D.Wood, The use of geochemical mass-balance and mixing models to determine groundwater sources[J], Applied geochemistry, 11:523-539,1996
[12] Chen Zhu,Estimate of recharge from radiocarbon dating of groundwater and numerical and transport modeling[J], Water Resources Research, 2000, 36(9):2607-2620
[13] W.J.M.Van der kemp et al, Inverse chemical modeling and radiocarbon dating of paleogroundwaters: The Tertiary Ledo-Paniselian aquifer in Flanders, Belgium[J], Water Resources Research, 2000, 36(5):PP1277-1287
[14] 郑淑惠等,我国大气降水的氢氧稳定同位素研究[J],科学通报,1983
[15] 卫克勤等,我国天然水中的氚含量的分布特征[J],科学通报,1980,10
[16] 于津生,虞福基,刘德平,中国东部大气降水氢、氧同位素组成[J],地球化学,1987,01
[17] 李绪谦, 环境水化学[M],吉林科学技术出版社,2000
[18] 史栾生,黄小兰,广东省地表水水化学特征分析[J] 广东水利水电, 2005,2:78-80
[19] 李艳华,云南省地表水水化学特征及成因[J] 云南环境科学 2006,25(增刊):103-105
[20] 侯光才,林学钰,苏小四,王晓勇,刘杰,鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地地下水系统研究[J],吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2006,36(3):391-398
[21] 梁永平,韩行瑞,时坚,尹立河,鄂尔多斯盆地周边岩溶地下水系统模式及特点[J],地球学报2005,26(4):365-369
[22] 段磊,王文科 水同位素技术示踪地下水活动[J],2006,地下水 28(2):33-36
[23] 苏小四,林学钰,廖资生,王金生 黄河水δ18O、D 和δ3H 的沿程变化特征及其影响因素研究地球化学[J] 2003, 32(4):349-357
[24] 苏小四,同位素技术在黄河流域典型地区地下水可更新能力研究中的应用—以银川平原和包头平原为例[D],长春:吉林大学,2002年
[25] 董维红,反向水文地球化学模拟技术在鄂尔多斯白垩系自流水盆地深层地下水 14C 年龄校正中的应用[D],长春:吉林大学,2005年
[26] 聂振龙,黑河干流中游盆地地下水循环及更新性研究[D],北京:中国地质科学院,2004年
[27] 林良俊,黄河晋陕峡谷北段岩溶地下水循环规律研究[D],北京:北京师范大学 2005年
[28] 张应华,应用环境同位素对黑河流域水循环的研究[D],北京:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2005年
[29] 王丽,运城盆地水文地球化学演化规律研究[D],北京:北京师范大学,2003 年
[30] 田华,关中盆地环境同位素分布特征及水文地质意义[D],西安:长安大学 2003 年
[31] 王福刚,同位素技术在黄河下游悬河段(河南段)水循环特征研究中的应用[D],长春:吉林大学,2006年
[32] Scott C.Doney et al.,A model function of the global bomb tritium distribution inprecipitation,1960~1986,Journal of Geophysical Research[J],1992, 97(C4),pp.5481-5492
[33] 陶铁林,谢大勇,灰色系统模型在水文预报中的应用[J],吉林水利 增刊,2006,287:17-18
[34] 邱淑芳, 周其华, 王泽文 改进的 G(1,1)模型及其在地下水环境预测中的应用[J],东华理工学院学报,2006,29(2):176-180
[35] 马致远,牛光亮,刘方,侯光才,党学亚,苏艳 陕西渭北东部岩溶地下水强径流带的环境同位素证据及其可更新性评价[J],地质通报,2006,25(6):756-761
[36] 宋献方,夏军,于静洁,刘昌明.应用环境同位素技术研究华北典型流域水循环机理的展望地理科学进展[J],2002,21(6):527-536
[37] 平建华,曹剑峰,苏小四,冶雪艳,姜纪沂 同位素技术在黄河下游河水侧渗影响范围研究中的应用[J],吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2004,34(3):399-404
[38] 聂振龙,陈宗宇,申建梅,张光辉,程旭 应用环境同位素方法研究黑河源区水文循环特征[J],地理与地理信息科学,2005,21(1):104-108
[39] Melanie J. Leng , Neil Roberts , Jane M. Reed & Hilary J. Sloane. Late Quaternary palaeohydrology of the Konya Basin,Turkey, based on isotope studies of modern hydrology and lacustrine carbonates[J],Journal of Paleolimnology,1999,22: 187–204
[40] Marc Schu¨rch AE Ronald Kozel AE Ulrich Schotterer AE Jean-Pierre Tripet. Observation of isotopes in the water cycle—the Swiss National Network (NISOT)[J],Environmental Geology,2003,45:1–11