抗根结线虫基因的克隆、遗传转化及黑籽南瓜再生体系的建立
|
摘要
根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)是专性植物寄生性病原生物,在根部侵染过程中对植物本身的基因进行调控,以诱导植物细胞特化,形成特化的取食结构,危害2000多种植物;病害发生后,一般减产10%-20%,严重的达75%以上;有证据表明,每年导致农作物和植物的损失超过1000亿美元。近年来,随着对线虫侵染方式,植物自身抗病防御体系研究的不断深入,以及分子生物学理论和生物工程技术的不断发展,为利用植物自身防御体系及线虫自身生理生化特点,通过基因工程手段,建立一个具有高效、经济、环保的线虫综合控防策略成为可能。为此,我们开展了抗根结线虫基因工程的研究。本文主要研究结果如下:
1克隆了受根结线虫诱导的根结特异性表达的启动子RKNIP,登陆GenBank号为DQ486886,模序分析表明,RKNIP500具有双向启动子的功能,而RKNIP300不具有启动子的功能,但是存在大量的与启动子功能相关的元件,特别是具有25个在根内特异性表达的元件。该启动子诱导抗根结线虫基因在根结内表达,可是作物达到抗根结线虫的目的。
2参照NCBI GenBank (accession number AF435976 ) OC-I序列,合成7条引物,并且设计突变位点,然后利用重叠延伸技术,克隆了完整的OC-I-Δ-D86突变基因。参照GenBank (DQ087264)公布的16D10编码序列,设计了2条寡核苷酸序列用于合成16D10基因的双链干扰序列,克隆进了T载体中,命名为pGEM-T-RKNIP300-16D10-33(简写为pTT33)。
3为了便于研究抗线虫基因功能表达的差异研究,构建了四个植物表达载体,分别为pRTO、pRO、pRT33、pRTOT33。其中pRTO为TobRB7Δ0.3:OC-I-ΔD86;pRO为CaMV35S:OC-I-ΔD86 ;pRT33为TobRB7Δ0.3: 16D10-33;pRTOT33为CaMV35S: OC-I-ΔD86与TobΔ0.3:16D10-33的双价基因载体系统。为抗根结线虫植物基因工程的遗传转化研究打下了基础。
4将OC-IΔD86基因克隆到原核表达载体pet21b中,在1mmol/L的IPTG诱导后5h,OC-IΔD86融合基因在大肠杆菌中得到表达,表达产物处于可溶状态,其表达量占总蛋白的11.4%,可溶性蛋白的16.4%;利用Ni-NTA系统纯化该蛋白并经PEG20000浓缩;活性分析表明该蛋白酶抑制剂在体外表现出对木瓜蛋白酶明显的抑制作用;制备了效价大于10000的鼠抗血清。这为抗根结线虫基因(OC-IΔD86)的转基因植株的验证奠定了基础。
5通过农杆菌介导法,将三个载体pRTO、pRT33、pRO,分别转入烟草,其中pRTO、pRO获得了发育正常的再生植株;而转pRT33基因的烟草表型发生变化,表现为叶片由椭圆形变为柳叶形,且叶片丛生,叶色黄花,不能发育成正常植株。对转pRTO基因的烟草植株进行了PCR、SOUTHERN、ELISA检测及表型检测,证明pRTO基因已成功转入烟草中,并表达出了抗性蛋白,转基因植株表现了明显的抗根结线虫的效果。
6黑籽南瓜是一种非常优良的瓜类嫁接砧木材料,单是不抗根结线虫。为了使其获得抗根结线虫的特性,首先开展黑子南瓜再生体系的研究。结果表明:以子叶为外植体,基本培养基为MS,合适的芽诱导激素浓度为BA (2.0mg/l)、TDZ (1.0mg/l)、ZT (2.0mg/l),不定芽再生率分别为91.67%、98.33%、91.67%,KT诱导效果较差;合适的芽伸长培养基为MS+0.25mg/L KT,80%-100%的诱导芽可以发育成正常的芽;合适的生根培养基MS+0.1 mg/l IAA,生根率为100%;驯化移栽后成活率为85%,成功建立了黑籽南瓜不定芽再生体系。利用黑籽南瓜成熟胚为外植体,MS+TDZ0.5mg/L培养基成功建立了黑籽南瓜成熟胚再生体系。以上研究为黑籽南瓜的遗传转化提供了前提条件。
Root-knot nematodes are comprised of the most agronomic important plant pathogenic nematode species. These plant pathogens are obligate sedentary endoparasites. Juvenile animals invade the roots of the plant and establish specialized feeding structures within the root system. Once established, the animals, particularly the females, persist in the root system for many weeks, feeding continually. This has dramatic, deleterious consequences on plant health and crop yield. These microscopic organisms penetrate the roots of 2000 plant species and cause 10%-20% products damages, especially reduced 75%. The products value are 100 billion dollar every year. The use of biotechnology as part of an integrated pest management strategy to provide nematode control offers a solution with benefits to the producer, the consumer, and the environment in both developed and developing countries. So, we researched the gene engineering of root knot nematodes resistance. The main results are as followes:
1 We constructed the clone vector of pGEM-T- RKNIP through analyzing the sequence of TobRB7 promoter. We have applied GenBank, and the accession number is DQ486886. Then we have analyzed the motifs of the RKNIP500 and RKNIP300. To the RKNIP500, we have predicted which have promoter region on forward strand in 56 to 306, and have promoter region predicted on reverse strand in 385 to 135. To RKNIP300, it have not promoter region, but it has many elements been relative to promoter, so we predicted that the RKNIP300 have the potential functional of the promoter during induced. RKNIP was expressed in the root-knot during affected by root-knot nematodes. It is important to deduce the damage caused by root-knot nematodes and increase the biosafety.
2 We synthesized the OC-I-ΔD86 by overlap extension PCR method with 7 oligonucleitides DNA fragments. The PCR fragment was inserted into pGEM-T-easy vector and the recombined plasmid was named pGEM-T-OC-IΔD86. 2 oligonucleitides fragments were disigned, and annealed to synthesize interference sequence. The fragment was inserted into pGEM-T-RKNIP vector and the recombined plasmid was named pGEM-T-RKNIP -16D10-33(pTT33).
3 We have constructed the expression vector of pRTO, pRO, pRT33, pRTOT33. pRTO is TobRB7Δ0.3:OC-I-ΔD86; pRO is CaMV35S:OC-I-ΔD86; pRT33 is TobRB7Δ0.3:16D10-33; pRTOT33 is CaMV35S:OC-I-ΔD86 and TobΔ0.3: 16D10-33. We have prepared the material for system study of gene tranfer.
4 OC-IΔD86 gene was being cloned into the corresponded sites of pet21b and obtained prokaryotic expression vector pet21b-OC-IΔD86. OC-IΔD86 gene was expressed in E.coli (BL21(DE3)plysS) after 5 hours′IPTG(Isopropylβ- D -1-thiogalactopyranoside) inducement. The fusion protein of OC-IΔD86:6His gene accounts for 11.4% of total protein and 16.4% of soluble protein, which had been successfully purified by Ni-NTA and concentrated by PEG20000. We have got the high effective antibody (>10000 times) by immunized mice.
5 We have got the transgenic tobacco plants of pRTO, pRT33, pRO By Agrobacterium- mediated. The plants of pRTO, pRO developed normal plants, but the plants of pRT33 can develop the abnormal plants. Because the pRT33 is interference vector, the expression probably is induced by wound. The transgenic plants of pRTO were detected by the methods of PCR, SOUTHERN, ELISA, Character resistance and expressed the protein of OC-IΔD86. In the experiment of root knot nematode resistance, the damage of root knot nematode can be reduced greatly by three stubbles.
6 Cucurbita ficifolia is an important plant with the extensive adaptability. A protocol is outlined for adventitious bud regeneration from cotyledon explants of Cucurbita ficifolia. Adventitious buds were induced from the cotyledon of in vitro plants. Explants were collected from seven-day-old seedlings, supplemented with BA (2.0mg/l), TDZ (1.0mg/l) and ZT (2.0mg/l). The data obtained showed that in vitro organogenesis of Cucurbita ficifolia occurred with higher efficiency, 91.67%, 98.33% and 91.67% respectively. On MS medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/l KT, adventitious buds grew quickly and 80-100% of buds developed into shoots. The shoots rooted successfully with MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l IAA, and the data is 100%. The survival rate of transplantation of tissue culture plantlets reached 85.0%. This system of adventitious bud regeneration from cotyledon explants could be useful for the genetic transformation and rapid clonal propagation of Cucurbita ficifolia. We have formed the regeneration of mature embryo of Cucurbita ficifolia. The proper cultural medium is MS+TDZ0.5mg/L.
1克隆了受根结线虫诱导的根结特异性表达的启动子RKNIP,登陆GenBank号为DQ486886,模序分析表明,RKNIP500具有双向启动子的功能,而RKNIP300不具有启动子的功能,但是存在大量的与启动子功能相关的元件,特别是具有25个在根内特异性表达的元件。该启动子诱导抗根结线虫基因在根结内表达,可是作物达到抗根结线虫的目的。
2参照NCBI GenBank (accession number AF435976 ) OC-I序列,合成7条引物,并且设计突变位点,然后利用重叠延伸技术,克隆了完整的OC-I-Δ-D86突变基因。参照GenBank (DQ087264)公布的16D10编码序列,设计了2条寡核苷酸序列用于合成16D10基因的双链干扰序列,克隆进了T载体中,命名为pGEM-T-RKNIP300-16D10-33(简写为pTT33)。
3为了便于研究抗线虫基因功能表达的差异研究,构建了四个植物表达载体,分别为pRTO、pRO、pRT33、pRTOT33。其中pRTO为TobRB7Δ0.3:OC-I-ΔD86;pRO为CaMV35S:OC-I-ΔD86 ;pRT33为TobRB7Δ0.3: 16D10-33;pRTOT33为CaMV35S: OC-I-ΔD86与TobΔ0.3:16D10-33的双价基因载体系统。为抗根结线虫植物基因工程的遗传转化研究打下了基础。
4将OC-IΔD86基因克隆到原核表达载体pet21b中,在1mmol/L的IPTG诱导后5h,OC-IΔD86融合基因在大肠杆菌中得到表达,表达产物处于可溶状态,其表达量占总蛋白的11.4%,可溶性蛋白的16.4%;利用Ni-NTA系统纯化该蛋白并经PEG20000浓缩;活性分析表明该蛋白酶抑制剂在体外表现出对木瓜蛋白酶明显的抑制作用;制备了效价大于10000的鼠抗血清。这为抗根结线虫基因(OC-IΔD86)的转基因植株的验证奠定了基础。
5通过农杆菌介导法,将三个载体pRTO、pRT33、pRO,分别转入烟草,其中pRTO、pRO获得了发育正常的再生植株;而转pRT33基因的烟草表型发生变化,表现为叶片由椭圆形变为柳叶形,且叶片丛生,叶色黄花,不能发育成正常植株。对转pRTO基因的烟草植株进行了PCR、SOUTHERN、ELISA检测及表型检测,证明pRTO基因已成功转入烟草中,并表达出了抗性蛋白,转基因植株表现了明显的抗根结线虫的效果。
6黑籽南瓜是一种非常优良的瓜类嫁接砧木材料,单是不抗根结线虫。为了使其获得抗根结线虫的特性,首先开展黑子南瓜再生体系的研究。结果表明:以子叶为外植体,基本培养基为MS,合适的芽诱导激素浓度为BA (2.0mg/l)、TDZ (1.0mg/l)、ZT (2.0mg/l),不定芽再生率分别为91.67%、98.33%、91.67%,KT诱导效果较差;合适的芽伸长培养基为MS+0.25mg/L KT,80%-100%的诱导芽可以发育成正常的芽;合适的生根培养基MS+0.1 mg/l IAA,生根率为100%;驯化移栽后成活率为85%,成功建立了黑籽南瓜不定芽再生体系。利用黑籽南瓜成熟胚为外植体,MS+TDZ0.5mg/L培养基成功建立了黑籽南瓜成熟胚再生体系。以上研究为黑籽南瓜的遗传转化提供了前提条件。
Root-knot nematodes are comprised of the most agronomic important plant pathogenic nematode species. These plant pathogens are obligate sedentary endoparasites. Juvenile animals invade the roots of the plant and establish specialized feeding structures within the root system. Once established, the animals, particularly the females, persist in the root system for many weeks, feeding continually. This has dramatic, deleterious consequences on plant health and crop yield. These microscopic organisms penetrate the roots of 2000 plant species and cause 10%-20% products damages, especially reduced 75%. The products value are 100 billion dollar every year. The use of biotechnology as part of an integrated pest management strategy to provide nematode control offers a solution with benefits to the producer, the consumer, and the environment in both developed and developing countries. So, we researched the gene engineering of root knot nematodes resistance. The main results are as followes:
1 We constructed the clone vector of pGEM-T- RKNIP through analyzing the sequence of TobRB7 promoter. We have applied GenBank, and the accession number is DQ486886. Then we have analyzed the motifs of the RKNIP500 and RKNIP300. To the RKNIP500, we have predicted which have promoter region on forward strand in 56 to 306, and have promoter region predicted on reverse strand in 385 to 135. To RKNIP300, it have not promoter region, but it has many elements been relative to promoter, so we predicted that the RKNIP300 have the potential functional of the promoter during induced. RKNIP was expressed in the root-knot during affected by root-knot nematodes. It is important to deduce the damage caused by root-knot nematodes and increase the biosafety.
2 We synthesized the OC-I-ΔD86 by overlap extension PCR method with 7 oligonucleitides DNA fragments. The PCR fragment was inserted into pGEM-T-easy vector and the recombined plasmid was named pGEM-T-OC-IΔD86. 2 oligonucleitides fragments were disigned, and annealed to synthesize interference sequence. The fragment was inserted into pGEM-T-RKNIP vector and the recombined plasmid was named pGEM-T-RKNIP -16D10-33(pTT33).
3 We have constructed the expression vector of pRTO, pRO, pRT33, pRTOT33. pRTO is TobRB7Δ0.3:OC-I-ΔD86; pRO is CaMV35S:OC-I-ΔD86; pRT33 is TobRB7Δ0.3:16D10-33; pRTOT33 is CaMV35S:OC-I-ΔD86 and TobΔ0.3: 16D10-33. We have prepared the material for system study of gene tranfer.
4 OC-IΔD86 gene was being cloned into the corresponded sites of pet21b and obtained prokaryotic expression vector pet21b-OC-IΔD86. OC-IΔD86 gene was expressed in E.coli (BL21(DE3)plysS) after 5 hours′IPTG(Isopropylβ- D -1-thiogalactopyranoside) inducement. The fusion protein of OC-IΔD86:6His gene accounts for 11.4% of total protein and 16.4% of soluble protein, which had been successfully purified by Ni-NTA and concentrated by PEG20000. We have got the high effective antibody (>10000 times) by immunized mice.
5 We have got the transgenic tobacco plants of pRTO, pRT33, pRO By Agrobacterium- mediated. The plants of pRTO, pRO developed normal plants, but the plants of pRT33 can develop the abnormal plants. Because the pRT33 is interference vector, the expression probably is induced by wound. The transgenic plants of pRTO were detected by the methods of PCR, SOUTHERN, ELISA, Character resistance and expressed the protein of OC-IΔD86. In the experiment of root knot nematode resistance, the damage of root knot nematode can be reduced greatly by three stubbles.
6 Cucurbita ficifolia is an important plant with the extensive adaptability. A protocol is outlined for adventitious bud regeneration from cotyledon explants of Cucurbita ficifolia. Adventitious buds were induced from the cotyledon of in vitro plants. Explants were collected from seven-day-old seedlings, supplemented with BA (2.0mg/l), TDZ (1.0mg/l) and ZT (2.0mg/l). The data obtained showed that in vitro organogenesis of Cucurbita ficifolia occurred with higher efficiency, 91.67%, 98.33% and 91.67% respectively. On MS medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/l KT, adventitious buds grew quickly and 80-100% of buds developed into shoots. The shoots rooted successfully with MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l IAA, and the data is 100%. The survival rate of transplantation of tissue culture plantlets reached 85.0%. This system of adventitious bud regeneration from cotyledon explants could be useful for the genetic transformation and rapid clonal propagation of Cucurbita ficifolia. We have formed the regeneration of mature embryo of Cucurbita ficifolia. The proper cultural medium is MS+TDZ0.5mg/L.
引文
1冯明祥,王佩圣,姜瑞德.丁硫克百威颗粒剂防治番茄根结线虫病药效试验.山东农业科学, 2007(5):89-90.
2顾兴芳,方秀娟,张天明.黄瓜根结线虫病的研究概况.中国蔬菜, 2000(6):48-51.
3霍雨猛.转Bt基因抗虫棉抗性鉴定及遗传规律研究,新疆农业大学硕士论文, 2004.
4李怀方等.园艺植物病理学.北京:中国农业大学出版社, 2001.
5李文超,董会,王秀峰.根结线虫对日光温室黄瓜生长、果实品质及产量的影响.山东农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2006,37(1):35-38.
6刘维信.番茄根结线虫病抗原材料的筛选.山东农业科学. 2000, 1 (39):
7刘维志,段玉玺.植物病原线虫学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.213-281. 2000,
8南兰,林慧馨,关育成,陈凡.根特异性表达顺式激活序列在转基因烟草中的功能分析.科学通报, 2002,47(1).49-53.
9彭德良.蔬菜线虫病害的发生和防治.中国蔬菜. 1998, (4): 57 - 58.
10王关林,方宏筠主编,植物基因工程.科学出版社,2002年,第二版.
11徐建华.江苏省大棚蔬菜寄生根结线虫的种类和发生.南京农业大学学报. 1994, 17 (1): 47-51.
12杨宝君.十五种根结线虫病害的病原鉴定.植物病理学报. 1984, 14 (2): 107-112.
13于秋菊,李景富,许向阳,王富,王傲雪.黑龙江省番茄根结线虫病病原鉴定及抗病种质资源筛选.中国蔬菜. 1999, (3): 7-10.
14喻盛甫.云南植物根结线虫种类调查与鉴定.云南农业大学学报. 1990, 5 (4): 212-217.
15余阳俊,朱其杰.黄瓜成熟胚离体培养中的胚状体诱导和植株再生.植物生理学通讯.1992, 28(1):37-39.
16张云美.蔬菜根结线虫病及其防治.山东农业科学. 1987 (3): 15-17.
17周兆澜,朱祯,陈荣,等.水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制cDNA在大肠杆菌中的表达.生物工程学报,1996, 12 (1):17-22.
18邹金环,张爱萍.根结线虫对日光温室黄瓜生长和品质的影响.北方园艺, 2007(11):197-199.
19 Abe K., Emori Y., Kondo H., Suzuki K. and Arai S. Molecular cloning of a cysteine proteinase inhibitor of rice (oryzacystatin). Homology with animal cystatins and transient expression in the ripening process of rice seeds. J. Biol. Chem. 1987, 262 (35): 16793-16797.
20 Abel S, Nguyen MD, Chow W, Theologis A. ASC4, a primary indoleacetic acid-responsive gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Structural characterization, expression in Escherichia coli, and expression characteristics in response to auxin. J. Biol. Chem. ,1995, 270:19093–19099.
21 Alarcon-Aguilar F., Hernandez-Galicia E., Campos-Sepulveda A. E., Xolalpa-Molina S., Rivas-Vilchis J. F., Vazquez-Carrillo L. I., Roman-Ramos R. Evaluation of the hypoglycemic effect of Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche′(Cucurbitaceae) in different experimental models. J Ethnopharmacol, 2002,82:185-189.
22 Ammati M, Thomason I J, and Roberts P A. Screening Lvcopersicon spp. for new Genes Imparting Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidocvne spp.). Plant Dis., 1985(69):112-115.
23 Ammiraju J, Veremis J, Huang X, Roberts P, and Kaloshian I. The heat-stable root-knot nematode resistance gene Mi-9 from Lycopersicon peruvianum is localized on the short arm of chromosome 6. Theor Appl Genet., 2003,106(3):478-84.
24 Ananthakrishnan G., Xia X., Elman C., Singer S., Paris H. S., Gal-On A., Gaba V. Shoot production in squash (cucurbita pepo)by in vitro organogenesis. Plant Cell Rep, 2003, 21:739-746.
25 Andres T. C. Biosystematics, theories on the origin and breeding potential of Cucurbita ficifolia. In: D. M. Bates, R. W. Robinson and C. Jeffrey (eds) Biology and utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA, 1990,pp102-199.
26 Arai S, Matsumoto I, Emori Y, et al. Plant seed cystatins and their target enzymes of endogenous and exogenous origin. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 2002, 50 (22):6612~6617
27 Astwood J. D., Leach J. N. and Fuchs R. L. Stability of food allergens to digestion in vitro. Nat Biotechnol. 1996, 14 (10): 1269-1273.
28 Atkinson H. J., Grimwood S., Johnston K. and Green J. Prototype demonstration of transgenic resistance to the nematode Radopholus similis conferred on banana by a cystatin. Transgenic Res. 2004, 13 (2): 135-142.
29 Awade A. C. On hen egg fractionation: applications of liquid chromatography to the isolation and the purification of hen egg white and egg yolk proteins. Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel untersuchung und Forschung A. 1996, 202 (1): 1-14.
30 Bakhetia M., Charlton W., Atkinson H. and McPherson M. RNA interference of dual oxidase in the plant nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2005,18 (10): 1099-1106.
31 Barrett AJ. A new assay for cathepsin B1 and other thiol proteinases. Analytical Biochemistry, 1972, 47 (1):280~293
32 Barthels N., van der Lee F. M., Klap J., Goddijn O. J., Karimi M., Puzio P., Grundler F. M., Ohl S. A., Lindsey K., Robertson L., Robertson W. M., Van Montagu M., Gheysen G. and Sijmons P. C. Regulatory sequences of Arabidopsis drive reporter gene expression in nematode feeding structures. Plant Cell. 1997, 9 (12): 2119-2134.
33 Batra S., Kumar S. Agrobacterium-mediated transient GUS gene expression in buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.). J Appl Genet, 2003, 44:449-458.
34 Baulcombe D. RNA silencing. Curr Biol. 2002, 12 (3): 82-84.
35 Baulcombe D. Viruses and gene silencing in plants. Arch Virol Suppl. 1999, 15 189-201.
36 Benfey P. N. and Chua N.-H. Regulated Genes in Transgenic Plants. Science. 1989, 244 (4901): 174-181.
37 Benfey P. N., Ren L. and Chua N. H. The CaMV 35S enhancer contains at least two domains which can confer different developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns. Embo J. 1989, 8 (8): 2195-2202.
38 Bertioli DJ, Smoker M, Burrows PR. Nematode-responsive activity of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and its subdomains. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact,1999,12:189–96
39 Birch A. N. E., Geoghegan I. E., Majerus M. E. N., McNicol J. W., Hackett C. A., Gatehouse A. M. R. and Gatehouse J. A. Tri-trophic interactions involving pest aphids, predatory 2-spot ladybirds and transgenic potatoes expressing snowdrop lectin for aphid resistance. Molecular Breeding. 1999, V5 (1): 75-83.
40 Bird DMcK,Wilson MA. 1994. DNAsequence and expression analysis of root knot nematode-elicited giant-cell transcripts. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7:419–424.
41 Blackman W. J., Reynolds, B. D. In vitro shoot regeneration of hibiscus acetosella, muskmelon, watermelon and winged bean. HortScience, 1982, 17:588-589.
42 Blanc G., Baptiste C., Oliver G., Martin F., Montoro, P. Efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of embryogenic calli and regeneration of Hevea brasiliensis Mull Arg. plants. Plant Cell Rep, 2006, 24:724-733.
43 Bonas U. and Lahaye T. Plant disease resistance triggered by pathogen-derived molecules: refined models of specific recognition. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2002, 5 (1): 44-50.
44 Brenner E. D., Lambert K. N., Kaloshian I. and Williamson V. M. Characterization of LeMir, a Root-Knot Nematode-Induced Gene in Tomato with an Encoded ProductSecreted from the Root. Plant Physiol. 1998, 118 (1): 237-247.
45 Breviario D. and Nick P. Plant Tubulins: a Melting Pot for Basic Questions and Promising Applications. Transgenic Research. 2000, 9 (6): 383-393.
46 Brigneti G., Voinnet O., Li W. X., Ji L. H., Ding S. W., Baulcombe D. C. Viral pathogenicity determinants are suppressors of transgene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. Embo J, 1998, 17:6739-6746.
47 Broadway R. M. Are Insects Resistant to Plant Proteinase Inhibitors? Journal of Insect Physiology. 1995, 41 (2): 107-116.
48 Cai D., Kleine M., Kifle S., Harloff H. J., Sandal N. N., Marcker K. A., Klein-Lankhorst R. M., Salentijn E. M., Lange W., Stiekema W. J., Wyss U., Grundler F. M. and Jung C. Positional cloning of a gene for nematode resistance in sugar beet. Science. 1997, 275 (5301): 832-834.
49 Carneiro R M D G, Randig O,Almeida M R A. Resistance of vegetable crops to Meloidogyne spp. : suggestion for a crop rotation system[J]. Nematologia Brasileira, 2000, 24(1):149-154.
50 Chen GFT, Inouye M. Suppression of the negative effect of minor arginine codons on gene expression, preferential usage of minor codons within the first 25 codons of the Escherichia coli genes. Nuclelic Acids Research, 1990, 18 (6):1465~147.
51 Chi G. L., Pua E. C. Ethylene inhibitors enhanced de novo shoot regeneration from cotyledons of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis (Chinese cabbage) in vitro. Plant Sci, 1989, 64:243-250.
52 Colijn-Hooymansa C. M., Bouwera R., Orczykb W., Donsa J. J. M. Plant regeneration from cucumber (cucumis sativus) protoplasts. Plant Sci, 1988, 57:63-71, .
53 Compton M. E., Gray D. J. Shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration from cotyledons of diploid, triploid, and tetraploid watermelon. J Am Soc Hortic Sci, 1993, 118:151-157.
54 Couty A., Down R. E., Gatehouse A. M., Kaiser L., Pham-Delegue M. and Poppy G. M. Effects of artificial diet containing GNA and GNA-expressing potatoes on the development of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Journal of insect physiology. 2001, 47 (12): 1357-1366.
55 Cowgill S. E. and Atkinson H. J. A sequential approach to risk assessment of transgenic plants expressing protease inhibitors: effects on nontarget herbivorous insects. Transgenic Res. 2003, 12 (4): 439-449.
56 Cowgill S. E., Bardgett R. D., Kiezebrink D. T. and Atkinson H. J. The effect of transgenic nematode resistance on non-target organisms in the potato rhizosphere. Journalof Applied Ecology. 2002, 39 (6): 915-923.
57 Craig W., Gargano D., Scotti N., Nguyen T. T., Lao N. T., Kavanagh T. A., Dix P. J., Cardi, T. Direct gene transfer in potato: a comparison of particle bombardment of leaf explants and PEG-mediated transformation of protoplasts. Plant Cell Rep, 2005, 24:603-611.
58 Cramer CL, Weissenborn DL, Cottingham CK, Denbow CJ, Eisenback JD, et al. Regulation of defense-related gene expression during plant-pathogen interactions. J. Nematol., 1993, 25:507–18.
59 Davis E. L., Hussey R. S. and Baum T. J. Getting to the roots of parasitism by nematodes. Trends Parasitol. 2004, 20 134-141.
60 de Almeida Engler J., De Vleesschauwe V., Burssens S., Celenza J. L., JrInze D., Van Montagu M., Engler G. and Gheysen G. Molecular markers and cell cycle inhibitors show the importance of cell cycle progression in nematode-induced galls and syncytia. Plant Cell. 1999, 11, 793-808.
61 de Almeida Engler J., Van Poucke K., Karimi M., De Groodt R., Gheysen G. and Engler G. ,. Dynamic cytoskeleton rearrangements in giant cells and syncytia of nematode-infected roots. Plant J. 2004, 38, 12–26.
62 Devidas P. and Rehberger L. A. The effects of exotoxin (Thuringiensin) from Bacillus thuringiensis on Meloidogyne incognita and Caenorhabditis elegans. Plant and Soil. 1992, 145 (1): 115-120.
63 Dirks R., Buggenum M. In vitro plant regeneration from leaf and cotyledon explants of Cucumis melo L. Plant Cell Rep, 1989, 7:626-627.
64 Donato AD, Nigris M, Russo N. A method for synthesizing genes and cDNAs by the polymerase chain reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 1993, 212 (1):291~293
65 Dong J. Z., Jia S. R. High efficiency plant regeneration from cotyledons of watermelon (citrullus vulgaris Schrad). Plant Cell Rep,1991, 9:559-562.
66 Douches D., T. Kisha, J. Coombs, W. Li, W. Pett, E. Grafius. Effectiveness of natural and engineered host plant resistance in potato to the Colorado potato beetle. HortScience. 2001, 36 (5): 967 - 970.
67 Down R. E., Ford L., Woodhouse S. D., Raemaekers R. J. M., Leitch B., Gatehouse J. A. and Gatehouse A. M. R. Snowdrop lectin (GNA) has no acute toxic effects on a beneficial insect predator, the 2-spot ladybird (Adalia bipunctata L.). Journal of Insect Physiology. 2000, 46 (4): 379-391.
68 Ehsanpour AA, Jones MGK. 1996. Glucuronidase expression in transgenic tobacco rootswith a Parasponia promoter on infection with Meloidogyne javanica. J. Nematol. 28:407–413
69 Eisenback J. D., Hirschmann H. and Sasser J. N.四种最常见根结线虫分类指南仁.杨宝君译.昆明:云南人民出版社,1986.
70 Ernst K., Kumar A., Kriseleit D., Kloos D. U., Phillips M. S. and Ganal M. W. The broad-spectrum potato cyst nematode resistance gene (Hero) from tomato is the only member of a large gene family of NBS-LRR genes with an unusual amino acid repeat in the LRR region. Plant Journal. 2002, 31 (2): 127-136.
71 Escobar C., De Meutter J., Aristizabal F., Sanz-Alferez S., del Campo F., Barthels N., Van der Eycken W., Seurinck J., van Montagu M., Gheysen G. and Fenoll C. Isolation of the LEMMI9 gene and promoter analysis during a compatible plant-nematode interaction. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1999, 12 (5): 440-449.
72 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (OEPP/EPPO). Cucurbits under protected cultivation. EPPO Bulletin,2004, 34:91-100.
73 Favery B., Lecomte P., Gil N., Bechtold N., Bouchez D., Dalmasso A. and Abad P. RPE, a plant gene involved in early developmental steps of nematode feeding cells. The EMBO Journal. 1998, 17 (23): 6799?811.
74 Fenoll C, Grundler FMW, Ohl SA, eds. Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Plant-Nematode Interactions. Dordrecht: Kluwer,1997.
75 Fernandes KVS, Sabelli PA, Barratt DHP, et al. The resistance of cowpea seeds to bruchid beetles is not related to levels of cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Plant Molecular Biology, 1993, 23 (1):215~219
76 Fire A., Xu S., Montgomery M. K., Kostas S. A., Driver S. E. and Mello C. C. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. 1998, 391 (6669): 806-811.
77 Gheysen G, Fenoll C. Gene expression in nematode feeding sites. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 2002(40).191-219.
78 Gheysen G, Van der EyckenW, Barthels N, Karimi M, Van Montagu M. The exploitation of nematode-responsive plant genes in novel nematode control methods. Pestic. Sci., 1996,47: 95–101.
79 Gheysen G. and Fenoll C. Gene expression in nematode feeding sites. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 2002, 40 191-219.
80 Goddijn O. J. M., Lindsey K., Lee F. M., Klap J. C. and Sijmons P. C. Differential geneexpression in nematode-induced feeding structures of transgenic plants harbouring promoter-gusA fusion constructs. Plant Journal. 1993, 4 (5): 863-873.
81 Goellner M, Wang X, Davis EL. Endo-beta-1,4-glucanase expression in compatible plant-nematode interactions.Plant Cell, 2001,13:2241–2255.
82 Goggin F L, Shah G, Williamson V M, and Ullman D E. Instability of Mi-mediated nematode resistance in transgenic tomato plants. Molecular Breeding, 2004,13:357-364.
83 Goggin F. L., Williamson V. M. and Ullman D. E. Variability in the Response of Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to the Tomato Resistance Gene Mi. Environmental Entomology. 2001, 30 (1): 101-106.
84 Grant J. E. Gene transfer to plants using Agrobacterium. In: Murray, D. R. (eds) Advanced methods in plant breeding and biotechnology. CAB International,Wallingford, U.K., 1991, pp50-73.
85 Green J., Vain P., Fearnehough M. T., Worland B., Snape J. W. and Atkinson H. J. Analysis of the expression patterns of the arabidopsis thaliana tubulin-1 and zea mays ubiquitin-1 promoters in rice plants in association with nematode infection. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 2002, 60 (4): 197-205.
86 Gubba A., Gonsalves C., Stevens M. R., Tricoli D. M. and Gonsalves D. Combining transgenic and natural resistance to obtain broad resistance to tospovirus infection in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill). Molecular Breeding. 2002, 9 (1): 13-23.
87 Hammond-Kosack K E, and Jones, J.D.G. Plant disease resistance genes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 1997(48):575-607.
88 Hansen E., Harper G. and McPherson M. J. Differential expression patterns of the wound-inducible transgene wun1-uidA in potato roots following infection with either cyst or root knot nematodes. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 1996, 48 (3): 161-170.
89 Hansen J., Jorgensen J. E., Stougaard J., Marcker K. A. Hairy roots-a short cut to transgenic root nodules. Plant Cell Rep, 1989, 8:12-15.
90 Hepher A. and Atkinson H. J. Nematode Control with Protease Inhibitors,European Patent Publication.1992,
91 Hilder V. A., Powell K. S., Gatehouse A. M. R., Gatehouse J. A., Gatehouse L. N., Shi Y., Hamilton W. D. O., Merryweather A., Newell C. A., Timans J. C., Peumans W. J., Damme E. v. and Boulter D. Expression of snowdrop lectin in transgenic tobacco plants results in added protection against aphids. Transgenic Research. 1995, 4 (1): 18-25.
92 Ho J, Weide R, Ma H, van W M, Lambert K, Koornnee M, Zabel P, and Williamson V.The root2knot nematode resistance gene (Mi) in tomato : construction of a molecular linkage map and identification of dominant cDNA markers in resistant genotypes. plant Journal, 1992,2(6):971 - 982.
93 Hoekema A., Hirsch P. R., Hooykaas P. J. J., Schilperoort R. A. A binary plant vector strategy based on separation of virand T-region of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti-plasmid. Nature, 1983, 303:179-180.
94 Holm H., Jorgensen A. and Hanssen L. E. Raw soy and purified proteinase inhibitors induce the appearance of inhibitor-resistant trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in Wistar rat duodenal juice. J. Nutr. 1991, 121 (4): 532-538.
95 HoodE. E., Gelvin, S. B., Melchers L. S., Hoekema A. New Agrobacterium helper plasmids for gene transfer to plants. Transgenic Res, 1993, 2:208-218.
96 Horsch R. B., Rogers S. G., Fraley R. T. Transgenic plants. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, 1985, 50:433-437.
97 Huang CS. Anatomy and physiology of giant cells induced by root-knot nematodes. In An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne(Sasser, J.N. and Carter, C.C., eds). Raleigh, NC, USA: North Carolina State University Graphics.1985.pp.155–164.
98 Huang G., Allen R., Davis E. L., Baum T. J. and Hussey R. S. Engineering broad root-knot resistance in transgenic plants by RNAi silencing of a conserved and essential root-knot nematode parasitism gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006, 103 (39): 14302-14306.
99 Hutangura P, Mathesius U, Jones MGK, Rolfe BG. Auxin induction is a trigger for root gall formation caused by root-knot nematodes in white clover and is associated with the activation of the flavonoid pathway. Aust. J. Plant Physiol, 1999, 26:221–31.
100 Hwang C.-F., Bhakta A. V., Truesdell G. M., Pudlo W. M. and Williamson V. M. Evidence for a Role of the N Terminus and Leucine-Rich Repeat Region of the Mi Gene Product in Regulation of Localized Cell Death. Plant Cell. 2000, 12 (8): 1319-1329.
101 Hwang I. and Goodman H. M. An Arabidopsis thaliana root-specific kinase homolog is induced by dehydration, ABA, and NaCl. Plant J. 1995, 8 (1): 37-43.
102 Jan F. J., Pang S. Z., Tricoli D. M., Gonsalves, D. Evidence that resistance in squash mosaic comovirus coat protein-transgenic plants is affected by plant developmental stage and enhanced by combination of transgenes from different lines. J Gen Virol, 2000, 81:2299-2306.
103 Jefferon, R. A. Assaying chimeric genes in plants: the gus gene. Plant Mol Biol Rep, 1987, 5:387-405.
104 Jelaska, S. Embryoid formation by fragments of cotyledons and hypoeotyls in cucurbitapepo. Planta (Berl.) ,1972, 103:278-280.
105 Jones J. Harpin. Pesticide outlook, 2001, 12(4):134-135.
106 Jones M. G. K. and Payne H. L. Early stages of nematode-induced giant-cell formation in roots of Impatiens balsamina. J. Nematol. 1978, 10, 70-84.
107 Jongsma M. A., Stiekema W. J. and Bosch D. Combatting inhibitor-insensitive proteases of insect pests. Trends in Biotechnology. 1996, 14 (9): 331-333.
108 Jongsma M., Bakker P., Peters J., Bosch D. and Stiekema W. Adaptation of Spodoptera exigua Larvae to Plant Proteinase Inhibitors by Induction of Gut Proteinase Activity Insensitive to Inhibition. PNAS. 1995, 92 (17): 8041-8045.
109 Kaloshian I, Yaghoobi J, Liharska T, Hontelez J, Hanson D, Hogan P, Jesse T, Wijbrandi J, Simons G, Vos P, Zabel P, and Williamson V M. Genetic and physical localization of the root-knot nematode resistance locus Mi in tomato. Mol. Gen. Genet., 1998,257:376-385.
110 Kaplan D. T. and Davis E. L. A Bioassay to Estimate Root Penetration by Nematodes. Journal of Nematology. 1991, 23 (4): 446-450.
111 Karimi M, de Oliveira Manes C-L, Van Montagu M, Gheysen G. Activation of a Pgrp-gus fusion in Arabidopsis thaliana roots upon nematode infection. J.Nematol, 2002, 34(2): 75-79.
112 Katavi? V., Jelaska S., Bakran-Petricioli T., David C. Host-tissue differences in transformation of pumpkin (Cucurbitapepo L.) by Agrobacterium spp.. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1991, 24:35-42.
113 Kathal R., Bhatnagar S. P., Bhojwani S. S. Regeneration of plants from leaf explants of cucumis melo cv. Pusa Sharbati. Plant Cell Rep, 1988, 7:449-451.
114 Kathiravan K., Vengedesan G., Singer S., Steinitz B., Paris H. S., Gaba1 V. Adventitious regeneration in vitro occurs across a wide spectrum of squash (cucurbita pepo) genotypes. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 2006, 85:285-295.
115 Keller B. and Baumgartner C. Vascular-specific expression of the bean GRP 1.8 gene is negatively regulated. Plant Cell. 1991, 3 (10): 1051-1061.
116 Khanna R., Lee E. J., Papazian D. M. Transient calnexin interaction confers long-term stability on folded K+ channel protein in the ER. J Cell Sci ,2004, 117:2897-2908.
117 Kim S. G., Chang J. R., Cha H. C., Lee K. W. Callus growth and plant regeneration in diverse cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1988 12:67-74.
118 Klein- Lankhorst R., Vermunt A., Weide R., Liharska T., and Zabel P. Isolation ofmolecular markers for tomato ( L 1 esculentum) using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). TAG, 1991,83(1):108-114.
119 Koltai H, Dhandaydham M, Opperman C, Thomas J, Bird D. Overlapping plant signal transduction pathways induced by a parasitic nematode and a rhizobial endosymbiont. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact,2001, 14:1168–77.
120 Koltai H. and McKenzie Bird D. Epistatic repression of PHANTASTICA and class 1 KNOTTED genes is uncoupled in tomato. The Plant Journal. 2000, 22 (5): 455-459.
121 Kondo H., Abe K., Emori Y. and Arai S. Gene organization of oryzacystatin-II, a new cystatin superfamily member of plant origin, is closely related to that of oryzacystatin-I but different from those of animal cystatins. FEBS Lett. 1991, 278 (1): 87-90.
122 Kondo H., Abe K., Nishimura I., Watanabe H., Emori Y. and Arai S. Two distinct cystatin species in rice seeds with different specificities against cysteine proteinases. Molecular cloning, expression, and biochemical studies on oryzacystatin-II. J Biol Chem. 1990, 265 (26): 15832-15837.
123 Kouzuma Y, Kawano K, Kimura M, et al. Purification, characterization, and sequencing of two cysteine proteinase inhibitors, sea and scb, from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds. Journal Biochem (Tokyo), 1996, 119 (6):1106~1113
124 Kraus T. W., Eble M. J. and Raeth U. Developments up to now and current status of adjuvant chemo- and radiotherapy in colonic and rectal carcinoma. Langenbecks Arch. Chir. 1994, 379 (6): 353-357.
125 Kuiper H. A., Kleter G. A., Noteborn H. P. J. M. and Kok E. J. Assessment of the food safety issues related to genetically modified foods. Plant Journal. 2001, 27 (6): 503-528.
126 Lambert K. N., Ferrie B. J., Nombel A. G., Brenner E. D. and Williamson V. M. Identification of genes whose transcripts accumulate rapidly in tomato after root-knot nematode infection. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 1999, 55 341-348.
127 Lamberti F, Lemos R M,Sasanelli N. Effect of some nematicides on root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp. ) on vegetable crops in Portugal. Nematologia Mediterranea, 2001, 29(1):167-176.
128 Liharska T B. Resistance to root - knot nematodes in tomato [A]∥Fenoll C, Grundler FMW, Ohl SA. Cellular and Molecular aspects of Plant-Nematode Interactions[C]. Netherland: Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1997. 191-199.
129 Lilley C. J. and Atkinson H. J. Promoters for control of root-feeding nematodes.UK.1997,
130 Lilley C. J., Urwin P. E., Johnston K. A. and Atkinson H. J. Preferential expression of a plant cystatin at nematode feeding sites confers resistance to Meloidogyne incognita andGlobodera pallida. Plant Biotechnology Journal. 2004, 2 (1): 3-12.
131 Lilley C. J., Urwin P. E., McPherson M. J. and Atkinson H. J. Characterization of intestinally active proteinases of cyst-nematodes. Parasitology. 1996, 113 ( Pt 4) 415-424.
132 Lilley C.J., Urwin PE, Johnston KA, et al. Preferential expression of a plant cystatin at nematode feeding sites confers resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera pallida. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2004, 2 (1):3~12
133 Liu S. T., Zhao Z. Z., Miao Q. Tissue culture and rapid propagation of cucurbita ficifolia. Plant Physiol Commun, 2004, 40:459.
134 Llave C., Kasschau K. D., Carrington J. C. Virus-encoded suppressor of posttranscriptional gene silencing targets a maintenance step in the silencing pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 2000, 97:13401-13406.
135 Logemann J. and Schell J. Nucleotide sequence and regulated expression of a wound-inducible potato gene (wun1). Molecular and General Genetics. 1989, 219 (1): 81-88.
136 Losey J. E., Rayor L. S. and Carter M. E. Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae. Nature. 1999, 399 (6733): 214.
137 Marban-Mendoza N., Jeyaprakash A., Jansson H. B., R. A. Damon J. and Zuckerman B. M. Control of Root-knot Nematodes on Tomato by Lectins. Journal of Nematology. 1987, 19 (3): 331-335.
138 Marroquin L. D., Elyassnia D., Griffitts J. S., Feitelson J. S. and Aroian R. V. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin susceptibility and isolation of resistance mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics. 2000, 155 (4): 1693-1699.
139 Martin R. J. Modes of action of anthelmintic drugs. Vet. J. 1997, 154 (1): 11-34.
140 Meng J. G., Zeng Y. W. Invaluable and scarce vegetable resources and their development and utilization in Yunnan. Resources Science, 2000, 22:69-71.
141 Milligan S B, Bodeau J, Yaghoobi J, Kaloshian I, Zabel P, and Williamson V M. The Root Knot Nematode Resistance Gene Mi from Tomato Is a Member of the Leucine Zipper, Nucleotide Binding, Leucine-Rich Repeat Family of Plant Genes. Plant Cell, 1998,10(8):1307-1319.
142 M?ller SG, Urwin PE, Atkinson HJ, Mc-Pherson MJ. Nematode-induced expression of atao1, a gene encoding an extracellular diamine oxidase associated with developing vascular tissue. Physiol.Mol. Plant Pathol,1998, 53:73–79
143 Moreno V., Garcia-Sogo M., Granell I., Garcia-Sogo B., Roig L. A. Plant regeneration from calli of melon (cucumis melo L., cv. 'Amarillo Oro'). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1985, 5:139-146.
144 Murashige T., Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio-assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant, 1962, 15:473-497.
145 Niebel A, de Almeida Engler J, Hemerly A, Ferreira P, Inz′e D, et al. Induction of cdc2a and cyc1At expression in Arabidopsis during early phases of nematode-induced feeding cell formation.Plant J. ,1996,10:1037–1043.
146 Niebel A, Heungens K, Barthels N, Inz′e D, Van Montagu M, Gheysen G. Characterization of a pathogen-induced potato catalase and its systemic expression upon nematode and bacterial infection. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact.,1995,8:371–878.
147 Niebel A., de Almeida Engler J., Tire C., Engler G., Van Montagu M. and Gheysen G. Induction Patterns of an Extensin Gene in Tobacco upon Nematode Infection. Plant Cell. 1993, 5 (12): 1697-1710.
148 Niedz R. P., Smith S. S., Dunbar K. B., Stephens C. T., Murakishi H. H. Factors influencing shoot regeneration from cotyledonary explants of cucumis melo. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1989, 18:313-319.
149 Oppenheimer D. G., Haas N., Silflow C. D. and Snustad D. P. The beta-tubulin gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana: preferential accumulation of the beta 1 transcript in roots. Gene. 1988, 63 (1): 87-102.
150 Opperman C H, Taylor C G, Conkling M A. Root-Knot nematode-directed expression of a plant root-specific gene. SCIENCE, 1994, 263(5144).221-223.
151 Paul R. Burrows A. D. P. B., Christine A. Newell, William D. O. Hamilton,. Plant-derived enzyme inhibitors and lectins for resistance against plant-parasitic nematodes in transgenic crops. Pesticide Science. 1998, 52 (2): 176-183.
152 Potenza C, Thomas SH, Sengupta-Gopalan C. Genes induced during early response to Meloidogyne incognita in roots of resistant and susceptible alfalfa cultivars. Plant Sci. ,2001, 161:289–299.
153 Pusztai A., Grant G., Brown D. J., Stewart J. C., Bardocz S., Ewen S. W. B., Gatehouse A. M. R. and Hilder V. Nutritional evaluation of the trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) inhibitor from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.). British Journal of Nutrition. 1992, 68 783-791.
154 Pusztai A., Koninkx J., Hendriks H., Kok W., Hulscher S., Van D., E., J., M., Peumans W., J., Grant G. and Bardocz S. Effect of the insecticidal Galanthus nivalis agglutinin on metabolism and the activities of brush border enzymes in the rat small intestine. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 1996, 7 (12): 677-682.
155 Puzio P. S., Cai D., Ohl S., Wyss U. and Grundler F. M. W. Isolation of regulatory DNA regions related to differentiation of nematode feeding structures in Arabidopsis thaliana.Physiological and molecular plant pathology. 1998, 53 (3): 177-193.
156 Puzio P. S., Lausen J., Almeida-Engler J., Cai D., Gheysen G. and Grundler F. M. Isolation of a gene from Arabidopsis thaliana related to nematode feeding structures. Gene. 1999, 239 (1): 163-172.
157 Riddle D., Blumenthal T., Meyer B. and Priess J. C. elegans II.New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1997.
158 Roman-Ramos R., Flores-Saenz J. L., Alarcon-Aguilar F. J. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. J Ethnopharmacol, 1995, 48:25-32.
159 Roman-Ramos R., Lara-Lemus A., Alarcon-Aguilar F., Flores-Saenz J. L. Hypoglycemic activity of some antidiabetic plants. Arch Med Res,1992, 23:105-109.
160 Rossi M., Goggin F. L., Milligan S. B., Kaloshian I., Ullman D. E. and Williamson V. M. The nematode resistance gene Mi of tomato confers resistance against the potato aphid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998, 95 (17): 9750-9754.
161 Sasser J N. The international Meloidogyne project-its goals and accomplishments. Annual Review Phytopathology, 1983,21.271-288.
162 Sasser J. and Freckman D. A world perspective on nematology: the role of the society In: Veech JA, Dickerson DW (eds) Vistas on nematology. Society of nematologists, Hyattsuiffe, Maryland. 1987, pp 7-14.
163 Sasser J. N. Plant parasitic nematodes: the famer's hidden enemy. Raleigh Carolina: Carolina State University. 1989,13-15.
164 Sasser J. N. The international Meloidogyne project-its goals and accomplishments. Annual Review Phytopathology. 1983, 21 271-288.
165 Saxena D. and Stotzky G. Bt toxin uptake from soil by plants. Nat Biotechnol. 2001, 19 (3): 199.
166 Schmitz V B, Burgermeister W,Braasch H. Molecular genetic classification of central European Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallar populations. Nachrichtenbl.Deut. Pflanzenschutzd, 1998,50(12):310-317.
167 Sheehy B. A., Ho N. F., Burton P. S., Day J. S., Geary T. G. and Thompson D. P. Transport of model peptides across Ascaris suum cuticle. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2000, 105 (1): 39-49.
168 Shelton A. M. and Sears M. K. The monarch butterfly controversy: scientific interpretations of a phenomenon. Plant Journal. 2001, 27 (6): 483-488.
169 Siddiqi M. R. Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects, 2nd Edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford UK. 2000. pp 848.
170 Snustad D. P., Haas N. A., Kopczak S. D. and Silflow C. D. The small genome of Arabidopsis contains at least nine expressed beta-tubulin genes. Plant Cell. 1992, 4 (5): 549-556.
171 Sokal R. R., Rohlf F. J. Biometry, 2nd eds. W. H. Freeman, New York, 1981.
172 Sonti R. V., Chiurazzi M., Wong D., Davies C. S., Harlow G. R., Mount D. W., Signer, E. R. Arabidopsis mutants deficient in T-DNA integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 1995, 92:11786-11790.
173 Srivastava D. R., Andrianov V. M., Piruzian E. S. Tissue culture and plant regeneration of watermelon (citrullus vulgaris Schrad. cv. Melitopolski). Plant Cell Rep,1989, 8:300-302.
174 Strittmatter G, Gheysen G, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Hahn K, Niebel A, et al. Infections with various types of organisms stimulate transcription from a short promoter fragment of the potato gst1 gene. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact, 1996, 9:68–73.
175 Suda H, Aoyagi T, Hamada M, et al., Antipain, a new protease inhibitor isolated from agtinomycetes. The Journal of Antibiotics, 1972, 25(4):263~265.
176 Tabara H., Grishok A. and Mello C. C. RNAi in C. elegans: soaking in the genome sequence. Science. 1998, 282 (5388): 430-431.
177 Tan C., Qin S., Zhang Q., Jiang P., Zhao F. Establishment of a micro-particle bombardment transformation system for Dunaliella salina. J Microbiol,2005, 43:361-365.
178 Taylor A. L. and Sasser J. N. Biology, identification and control of root-knot nematodes. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Graphics. 1978, 101-103.
179 Tricoll D. M., Carney K. J., Russell P. F., McMaster J. R., Groff D. W., Hadden K. C., Himmel P. T., Hubbard J. P., Boeshore M. L., Quemada H. D. Field evaluation of transgenic squash containing single or multiple virus coat protein gene constructs for resistance to Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2 and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus. Biotechnology , 1995, 13:1458-1465.
180 Trulson A. J., Shahin E. A. In vitro plant regeneration in the genus cucumis. Plant Sci , 1986, 47:35-43.
181 Tzortzakakis E A and Gowen S R. Occurrence of a resistance breaking pathotype of Meloidogyne javanica on tomatoes in Crete,Greece. Fundam. Appl. Nematol, 1996,19:283-288.
182 Tzortzakakis E. A. and Gowen S. R. Occurrence of a resistance breaking pathotype of Meloidogyne javanica on tomatoes in Crete. Greece. Fundam. Appl. Nematol. 1996, 19 (3): 283-288.
183 Udalova V B. Evaluation of varieties and hybrids of cucumber for resistance to root knot nematode. VNII Selektsii I semenovod ovoshch kul'tur, 1977, 6:42-44.
184 Umezawa S, Tatsuta K, Fujcmoto K, et al., Structure of antipain, a new sakagughi-positive product of streptomyces. The Journal of Antibiotics, 1972, 25(4):267~270.
185 Urwin P E, Atkinson H J, Waller D A, McPherson M J. Engineered oryzacystatin-I expressed in transgenic hairy roots confers resistance to Globodera pallida. The Plant Journal, 1995,8(1).121-131.
186 Urwin P E, Lilley C J, McPherson M J, Atkinson H J. Resistance to both cyst and root-knot nematodes conferred by transgenic Arabidopsis expressing a modified plant cystatin. The Plant Journal, 1997, 12(2).455-461.
187 Urwin P. E., Green J. and Atkinson H. J. Expression of a plant cystatin confers partial resistance to Globodera, full resistance is achieved by pyramiding a cystatin with natural resistance. Molecular Breeding. 2003, 12 (3): 263-269.
188 Urwin P. E., Levesley A., McPherson M. J. and Atkinson H. J. Transgenic resistance to the nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis conferred by Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing proteinase inhibitors. Molecular Breeding. 2000, 6 (3): 257-264.
189 Urwin P. E., Lilley C. J. and Atkinson H. J. Ingestion of double-stranded RNA by preparasitic juvenile cyst nematodes leads to RNA interference. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 2002, 15 (8): 747-752.
190 Urwin P. E., McPherson M. J. and Atkinson H. J. Enhanced transgenic plant resistance to nematodes by dual proteinase inhibitor constructs. Planta. 1998, 204 (4): 472-479.
191 Urwin P. E., Troth K. M., Zubko E. I. and Atkinson H. J. Effective transgenic resistance to Globodera pallida in potato field trials. Molecular Breeding. 2001, 8 (1): 95-101.
192 Urwin P. E., Zubko E. I. and Atkinson H. J. The biotechnological application and limitation of IRES to deliver multiple defence genes to plant pathogens. Physiological and molecular plant pathology. 2002, 61 (2): 103-108.
193 Urwin P., Yi L., Martin H., Atkinson H. and Gilmartin P. M. Functional characterization of the EMCV IRES in plants. Plant Journal. 2000, 24 (5): 583-589.
194 Vain P, Worland B, Clarke MC, et al. Expression of an engineered cysteine proteinase inhibitor (Oryzacystatin-I delta D86) for nematode resistance in transgenic rice plants. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1998, 96 (2):266~271
195 van Daelen R, Gerbens F, van R F, Aarts J, Hontelez J, and Zabel P. Long2range physical maps of two loci (Aps - 1 and GP79) flanking the root-knot nematode resistance gene (Mi) near the centromere of tomato chromosome 6. Plant. Mol. Biol., 1993,23(1):185 - 192.
196 Van der Eycken W., de Almeida Engler J., Inze D., Van Montagu M. and Gheysen G. A molecular study of root-knot nematode-induced feeding sites. Plant J. 1996, 9 (1): 45-54.
197 van der Vossen E. A., van der Voort J. N., Kanyuka K., Bendahmane A., Sandbrink H., Baulcombe D. C., Bakker J., Stiekema W. J. and Klein-Lankhorst R. M. Homologues of a single resistance-gene cluster in potato confer resistance to distinct pathogens: a virus and a nematode. Plant J. 2000, 23 (5): 567-576.
198 Vercauteren I, De Groodt R, de Almeida Engler J, Gheysen G. An Arabidopsis thaliana pectin acetylesterase gene is upregulated in nematode feeding sites induced by root-knot and cyst nematodes.Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact,2002, 15:404-407.
199 Vercauteren I, Goeleven E, Barthels N, Van Montagu M, Gheysen G. 1998. The rha1 gene, encoding a small GTPbinding protein, is induced in nematode infection sites. Arch. Physiol. Biochim.106:158
200 Vercauteren I, Van Der Schueren E, Van Montagu M, Gheysen G. Arabidopsis thaliana genes expressed in the early compatible interaction with rootknot nematodes. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact.,2001, 14:288–99.
201 Vik C. P. and Birchfreld W. Scanning electron microscopy of perineal patterns of three species of Meloidogyne. J of Nematol. 1978, 10 (2): 118 - 122.
202 Voinnet O., Lederer C., Baulcombe D. C. A viral movement protein prevents spread of the gene silencing signal in Nicotiana benthamiana. Cell, 2000, 103:157-167.
203 Voinnet O., Vain P., Angell S., Baulcombe D. C. Systemic spread of sequence-specific transgene RNA degradation in plants is initiated by localized introduction of ectopic promoterless DNA. Cell, 1998, 95:177-187.
204 von Mende N, Oufattole M, Arango M, Boutry M, Leigh RA. Plasma membrane H+-ATPase expression during infection with sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes. Presented Int. Congress Plant Pathol., 7th, Edinburgh, UK. 1998.
205 Vos P, Simons G, and Jesse T, et al. The tomato Mi-1 gene confers resistance to both root-knot nematodes and potato aphids. Nat. Biotechnol., 1998,16(13):1365-1369.
206 Walters S A, Wehner T C,Barker K R. Root knot nematode resistance in cucumber and horned cucumber. HortScience, 1993, 28(2):151-154.
207 Wesley S. V., Helliwell C. A., Smith N. A., Wang M. B., Rouse D. T., Liu Q., Gooding P. S., Singh S. P., Abbott D., Stoutjesdijk P. A., Robinson S. P., Gleave A. P., Green A. G. and Waterhouse P. M. Construct design for efficient, effective and high-throughput gene silencing in plants. Plant J. 2001, 27 (6): 581-590.
208 Williams V M and Hussey R S. Nematode pathogenesis and resistance in plants. ThePlant Cell, 1996(8):1735 - 1745.
209 Williams V M. Plant Nematode resistance genes. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 1999(2):327 - 331.
210 Winstead N N,Sasser J N. Reaction of cucumber varieties to five root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Plant Disease Reporter, 1956, 40(4):272-275.
211 Winter M. D., McPherson M. J. and Atkinson H. J. Neuronal uptake of pesticides disrupts chemosensory cells of nematodes. Parasitology. 2002, 125 ( 6): 561-565.
212 Xu J, Narabu T, Mizukubo T, and Hibi T. A molecular marker correlated with selected virulence against the tomato resistance gene Mi in meloidogyne incognita ,M. javanica and M. arenaria. Phytopathology, 2001,91(4):377 - 382.
213 Xu H. J. Effect of KT and NAA on the regeneration of the Cucurbita ficifolia Bouch. Northern Horticulture, 200, 74:200-202.
214 Yaghoobi J, Kaloshian I, Wen Y, and Williamson V. Mapping a new nematode resistance locus in lycopersicon peruvianum. TAG, 1995,91(3):457 - 464.
215 Yamamoto Y T, Taylor C G, Acedo G N, Cheng C L, Conkling M A. Characterization of cis-Acting Sequences Regulating Root-Specific Gene Expression in Tobacco. Plant Cell, 1991,3(4).371-382.
216 Zuckerman B. M. and Jansson H. Nematode Chemotaxis and Possible Mechanisms of Host/Prey Recognition. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 1984, 22 (1): 95-113.
217 Zupan, J., Muth, T. R., Draper, O., Zambryski, P. The transfer of DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants: a feast of fundamental insights. The Plant Journal, 2000, 23:11-28.
2顾兴芳,方秀娟,张天明.黄瓜根结线虫病的研究概况.中国蔬菜, 2000(6):48-51.
3霍雨猛.转Bt基因抗虫棉抗性鉴定及遗传规律研究,新疆农业大学硕士论文, 2004.
4李怀方等.园艺植物病理学.北京:中国农业大学出版社, 2001.
5李文超,董会,王秀峰.根结线虫对日光温室黄瓜生长、果实品质及产量的影响.山东农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2006,37(1):35-38.
6刘维信.番茄根结线虫病抗原材料的筛选.山东农业科学. 2000, 1 (39):
7刘维志,段玉玺.植物病原线虫学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.213-281. 2000,
8南兰,林慧馨,关育成,陈凡.根特异性表达顺式激活序列在转基因烟草中的功能分析.科学通报, 2002,47(1).49-53.
9彭德良.蔬菜线虫病害的发生和防治.中国蔬菜. 1998, (4): 57 - 58.
10王关林,方宏筠主编,植物基因工程.科学出版社,2002年,第二版.
11徐建华.江苏省大棚蔬菜寄生根结线虫的种类和发生.南京农业大学学报. 1994, 17 (1): 47-51.
12杨宝君.十五种根结线虫病害的病原鉴定.植物病理学报. 1984, 14 (2): 107-112.
13于秋菊,李景富,许向阳,王富,王傲雪.黑龙江省番茄根结线虫病病原鉴定及抗病种质资源筛选.中国蔬菜. 1999, (3): 7-10.
14喻盛甫.云南植物根结线虫种类调查与鉴定.云南农业大学学报. 1990, 5 (4): 212-217.
15余阳俊,朱其杰.黄瓜成熟胚离体培养中的胚状体诱导和植株再生.植物生理学通讯.1992, 28(1):37-39.
16张云美.蔬菜根结线虫病及其防治.山东农业科学. 1987 (3): 15-17.
17周兆澜,朱祯,陈荣,等.水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制cDNA在大肠杆菌中的表达.生物工程学报,1996, 12 (1):17-22.
18邹金环,张爱萍.根结线虫对日光温室黄瓜生长和品质的影响.北方园艺, 2007(11):197-199.
19 Abe K., Emori Y., Kondo H., Suzuki K. and Arai S. Molecular cloning of a cysteine proteinase inhibitor of rice (oryzacystatin). Homology with animal cystatins and transient expression in the ripening process of rice seeds. J. Biol. Chem. 1987, 262 (35): 16793-16797.
20 Abel S, Nguyen MD, Chow W, Theologis A. ASC4, a primary indoleacetic acid-responsive gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Structural characterization, expression in Escherichia coli, and expression characteristics in response to auxin. J. Biol. Chem. ,1995, 270:19093–19099.
21 Alarcon-Aguilar F., Hernandez-Galicia E., Campos-Sepulveda A. E., Xolalpa-Molina S., Rivas-Vilchis J. F., Vazquez-Carrillo L. I., Roman-Ramos R. Evaluation of the hypoglycemic effect of Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche′(Cucurbitaceae) in different experimental models. J Ethnopharmacol, 2002,82:185-189.
22 Ammati M, Thomason I J, and Roberts P A. Screening Lvcopersicon spp. for new Genes Imparting Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidocvne spp.). Plant Dis., 1985(69):112-115.
23 Ammiraju J, Veremis J, Huang X, Roberts P, and Kaloshian I. The heat-stable root-knot nematode resistance gene Mi-9 from Lycopersicon peruvianum is localized on the short arm of chromosome 6. Theor Appl Genet., 2003,106(3):478-84.
24 Ananthakrishnan G., Xia X., Elman C., Singer S., Paris H. S., Gal-On A., Gaba V. Shoot production in squash (cucurbita pepo)by in vitro organogenesis. Plant Cell Rep, 2003, 21:739-746.
25 Andres T. C. Biosystematics, theories on the origin and breeding potential of Cucurbita ficifolia. In: D. M. Bates, R. W. Robinson and C. Jeffrey (eds) Biology and utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA, 1990,pp102-199.
26 Arai S, Matsumoto I, Emori Y, et al. Plant seed cystatins and their target enzymes of endogenous and exogenous origin. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 2002, 50 (22):6612~6617
27 Astwood J. D., Leach J. N. and Fuchs R. L. Stability of food allergens to digestion in vitro. Nat Biotechnol. 1996, 14 (10): 1269-1273.
28 Atkinson H. J., Grimwood S., Johnston K. and Green J. Prototype demonstration of transgenic resistance to the nematode Radopholus similis conferred on banana by a cystatin. Transgenic Res. 2004, 13 (2): 135-142.
29 Awade A. C. On hen egg fractionation: applications of liquid chromatography to the isolation and the purification of hen egg white and egg yolk proteins. Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel untersuchung und Forschung A. 1996, 202 (1): 1-14.
30 Bakhetia M., Charlton W., Atkinson H. and McPherson M. RNA interference of dual oxidase in the plant nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2005,18 (10): 1099-1106.
31 Barrett AJ. A new assay for cathepsin B1 and other thiol proteinases. Analytical Biochemistry, 1972, 47 (1):280~293
32 Barthels N., van der Lee F. M., Klap J., Goddijn O. J., Karimi M., Puzio P., Grundler F. M., Ohl S. A., Lindsey K., Robertson L., Robertson W. M., Van Montagu M., Gheysen G. and Sijmons P. C. Regulatory sequences of Arabidopsis drive reporter gene expression in nematode feeding structures. Plant Cell. 1997, 9 (12): 2119-2134.
33 Batra S., Kumar S. Agrobacterium-mediated transient GUS gene expression in buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.). J Appl Genet, 2003, 44:449-458.
34 Baulcombe D. RNA silencing. Curr Biol. 2002, 12 (3): 82-84.
35 Baulcombe D. Viruses and gene silencing in plants. Arch Virol Suppl. 1999, 15 189-201.
36 Benfey P. N. and Chua N.-H. Regulated Genes in Transgenic Plants. Science. 1989, 244 (4901): 174-181.
37 Benfey P. N., Ren L. and Chua N. H. The CaMV 35S enhancer contains at least two domains which can confer different developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns. Embo J. 1989, 8 (8): 2195-2202.
38 Bertioli DJ, Smoker M, Burrows PR. Nematode-responsive activity of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and its subdomains. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact,1999,12:189–96
39 Birch A. N. E., Geoghegan I. E., Majerus M. E. N., McNicol J. W., Hackett C. A., Gatehouse A. M. R. and Gatehouse J. A. Tri-trophic interactions involving pest aphids, predatory 2-spot ladybirds and transgenic potatoes expressing snowdrop lectin for aphid resistance. Molecular Breeding. 1999, V5 (1): 75-83.
40 Bird DMcK,Wilson MA. 1994. DNAsequence and expression analysis of root knot nematode-elicited giant-cell transcripts. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7:419–424.
41 Blackman W. J., Reynolds, B. D. In vitro shoot regeneration of hibiscus acetosella, muskmelon, watermelon and winged bean. HortScience, 1982, 17:588-589.
42 Blanc G., Baptiste C., Oliver G., Martin F., Montoro, P. Efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of embryogenic calli and regeneration of Hevea brasiliensis Mull Arg. plants. Plant Cell Rep, 2006, 24:724-733.
43 Bonas U. and Lahaye T. Plant disease resistance triggered by pathogen-derived molecules: refined models of specific recognition. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2002, 5 (1): 44-50.
44 Brenner E. D., Lambert K. N., Kaloshian I. and Williamson V. M. Characterization of LeMir, a Root-Knot Nematode-Induced Gene in Tomato with an Encoded ProductSecreted from the Root. Plant Physiol. 1998, 118 (1): 237-247.
45 Breviario D. and Nick P. Plant Tubulins: a Melting Pot for Basic Questions and Promising Applications. Transgenic Research. 2000, 9 (6): 383-393.
46 Brigneti G., Voinnet O., Li W. X., Ji L. H., Ding S. W., Baulcombe D. C. Viral pathogenicity determinants are suppressors of transgene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. Embo J, 1998, 17:6739-6746.
47 Broadway R. M. Are Insects Resistant to Plant Proteinase Inhibitors? Journal of Insect Physiology. 1995, 41 (2): 107-116.
48 Cai D., Kleine M., Kifle S., Harloff H. J., Sandal N. N., Marcker K. A., Klein-Lankhorst R. M., Salentijn E. M., Lange W., Stiekema W. J., Wyss U., Grundler F. M. and Jung C. Positional cloning of a gene for nematode resistance in sugar beet. Science. 1997, 275 (5301): 832-834.
49 Carneiro R M D G, Randig O,Almeida M R A. Resistance of vegetable crops to Meloidogyne spp. : suggestion for a crop rotation system[J]. Nematologia Brasileira, 2000, 24(1):149-154.
50 Chen GFT, Inouye M. Suppression of the negative effect of minor arginine codons on gene expression, preferential usage of minor codons within the first 25 codons of the Escherichia coli genes. Nuclelic Acids Research, 1990, 18 (6):1465~147.
51 Chi G. L., Pua E. C. Ethylene inhibitors enhanced de novo shoot regeneration from cotyledons of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis (Chinese cabbage) in vitro. Plant Sci, 1989, 64:243-250.
52 Colijn-Hooymansa C. M., Bouwera R., Orczykb W., Donsa J. J. M. Plant regeneration from cucumber (cucumis sativus) protoplasts. Plant Sci, 1988, 57:63-71, .
53 Compton M. E., Gray D. J. Shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration from cotyledons of diploid, triploid, and tetraploid watermelon. J Am Soc Hortic Sci, 1993, 118:151-157.
54 Couty A., Down R. E., Gatehouse A. M., Kaiser L., Pham-Delegue M. and Poppy G. M. Effects of artificial diet containing GNA and GNA-expressing potatoes on the development of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Journal of insect physiology. 2001, 47 (12): 1357-1366.
55 Cowgill S. E. and Atkinson H. J. A sequential approach to risk assessment of transgenic plants expressing protease inhibitors: effects on nontarget herbivorous insects. Transgenic Res. 2003, 12 (4): 439-449.
56 Cowgill S. E., Bardgett R. D., Kiezebrink D. T. and Atkinson H. J. The effect of transgenic nematode resistance on non-target organisms in the potato rhizosphere. Journalof Applied Ecology. 2002, 39 (6): 915-923.
57 Craig W., Gargano D., Scotti N., Nguyen T. T., Lao N. T., Kavanagh T. A., Dix P. J., Cardi, T. Direct gene transfer in potato: a comparison of particle bombardment of leaf explants and PEG-mediated transformation of protoplasts. Plant Cell Rep, 2005, 24:603-611.
58 Cramer CL, Weissenborn DL, Cottingham CK, Denbow CJ, Eisenback JD, et al. Regulation of defense-related gene expression during plant-pathogen interactions. J. Nematol., 1993, 25:507–18.
59 Davis E. L., Hussey R. S. and Baum T. J. Getting to the roots of parasitism by nematodes. Trends Parasitol. 2004, 20 134-141.
60 de Almeida Engler J., De Vleesschauwe V., Burssens S., Celenza J. L., JrInze D., Van Montagu M., Engler G. and Gheysen G. Molecular markers and cell cycle inhibitors show the importance of cell cycle progression in nematode-induced galls and syncytia. Plant Cell. 1999, 11, 793-808.
61 de Almeida Engler J., Van Poucke K., Karimi M., De Groodt R., Gheysen G. and Engler G. ,. Dynamic cytoskeleton rearrangements in giant cells and syncytia of nematode-infected roots. Plant J. 2004, 38, 12–26.
62 Devidas P. and Rehberger L. A. The effects of exotoxin (Thuringiensin) from Bacillus thuringiensis on Meloidogyne incognita and Caenorhabditis elegans. Plant and Soil. 1992, 145 (1): 115-120.
63 Dirks R., Buggenum M. In vitro plant regeneration from leaf and cotyledon explants of Cucumis melo L. Plant Cell Rep, 1989, 7:626-627.
64 Donato AD, Nigris M, Russo N. A method for synthesizing genes and cDNAs by the polymerase chain reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 1993, 212 (1):291~293
65 Dong J. Z., Jia S. R. High efficiency plant regeneration from cotyledons of watermelon (citrullus vulgaris Schrad). Plant Cell Rep,1991, 9:559-562.
66 Douches D., T. Kisha, J. Coombs, W. Li, W. Pett, E. Grafius. Effectiveness of natural and engineered host plant resistance in potato to the Colorado potato beetle. HortScience. 2001, 36 (5): 967 - 970.
67 Down R. E., Ford L., Woodhouse S. D., Raemaekers R. J. M., Leitch B., Gatehouse J. A. and Gatehouse A. M. R. Snowdrop lectin (GNA) has no acute toxic effects on a beneficial insect predator, the 2-spot ladybird (Adalia bipunctata L.). Journal of Insect Physiology. 2000, 46 (4): 379-391.
68 Ehsanpour AA, Jones MGK. 1996. Glucuronidase expression in transgenic tobacco rootswith a Parasponia promoter on infection with Meloidogyne javanica. J. Nematol. 28:407–413
69 Eisenback J. D., Hirschmann H. and Sasser J. N.四种最常见根结线虫分类指南仁.杨宝君译.昆明:云南人民出版社,1986.
70 Ernst K., Kumar A., Kriseleit D., Kloos D. U., Phillips M. S. and Ganal M. W. The broad-spectrum potato cyst nematode resistance gene (Hero) from tomato is the only member of a large gene family of NBS-LRR genes with an unusual amino acid repeat in the LRR region. Plant Journal. 2002, 31 (2): 127-136.
71 Escobar C., De Meutter J., Aristizabal F., Sanz-Alferez S., del Campo F., Barthels N., Van der Eycken W., Seurinck J., van Montagu M., Gheysen G. and Fenoll C. Isolation of the LEMMI9 gene and promoter analysis during a compatible plant-nematode interaction. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1999, 12 (5): 440-449.
72 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (OEPP/EPPO). Cucurbits under protected cultivation. EPPO Bulletin,2004, 34:91-100.
73 Favery B., Lecomte P., Gil N., Bechtold N., Bouchez D., Dalmasso A. and Abad P. RPE, a plant gene involved in early developmental steps of nematode feeding cells. The EMBO Journal. 1998, 17 (23): 6799?811.
74 Fenoll C, Grundler FMW, Ohl SA, eds. Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Plant-Nematode Interactions. Dordrecht: Kluwer,1997.
75 Fernandes KVS, Sabelli PA, Barratt DHP, et al. The resistance of cowpea seeds to bruchid beetles is not related to levels of cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Plant Molecular Biology, 1993, 23 (1):215~219
76 Fire A., Xu S., Montgomery M. K., Kostas S. A., Driver S. E. and Mello C. C. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. 1998, 391 (6669): 806-811.
77 Gheysen G, Fenoll C. Gene expression in nematode feeding sites. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 2002(40).191-219.
78 Gheysen G, Van der EyckenW, Barthels N, Karimi M, Van Montagu M. The exploitation of nematode-responsive plant genes in novel nematode control methods. Pestic. Sci., 1996,47: 95–101.
79 Gheysen G. and Fenoll C. Gene expression in nematode feeding sites. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 2002, 40 191-219.
80 Goddijn O. J. M., Lindsey K., Lee F. M., Klap J. C. and Sijmons P. C. Differential geneexpression in nematode-induced feeding structures of transgenic plants harbouring promoter-gusA fusion constructs. Plant Journal. 1993, 4 (5): 863-873.
81 Goellner M, Wang X, Davis EL. Endo-beta-1,4-glucanase expression in compatible plant-nematode interactions.Plant Cell, 2001,13:2241–2255.
82 Goggin F L, Shah G, Williamson V M, and Ullman D E. Instability of Mi-mediated nematode resistance in transgenic tomato plants. Molecular Breeding, 2004,13:357-364.
83 Goggin F. L., Williamson V. M. and Ullman D. E. Variability in the Response of Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to the Tomato Resistance Gene Mi. Environmental Entomology. 2001, 30 (1): 101-106.
84 Grant J. E. Gene transfer to plants using Agrobacterium. In: Murray, D. R. (eds) Advanced methods in plant breeding and biotechnology. CAB International,Wallingford, U.K., 1991, pp50-73.
85 Green J., Vain P., Fearnehough M. T., Worland B., Snape J. W. and Atkinson H. J. Analysis of the expression patterns of the arabidopsis thaliana tubulin-1 and zea mays ubiquitin-1 promoters in rice plants in association with nematode infection. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 2002, 60 (4): 197-205.
86 Gubba A., Gonsalves C., Stevens M. R., Tricoli D. M. and Gonsalves D. Combining transgenic and natural resistance to obtain broad resistance to tospovirus infection in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill). Molecular Breeding. 2002, 9 (1): 13-23.
87 Hammond-Kosack K E, and Jones, J.D.G. Plant disease resistance genes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 1997(48):575-607.
88 Hansen E., Harper G. and McPherson M. J. Differential expression patterns of the wound-inducible transgene wun1-uidA in potato roots following infection with either cyst or root knot nematodes. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 1996, 48 (3): 161-170.
89 Hansen J., Jorgensen J. E., Stougaard J., Marcker K. A. Hairy roots-a short cut to transgenic root nodules. Plant Cell Rep, 1989, 8:12-15.
90 Hepher A. and Atkinson H. J. Nematode Control with Protease Inhibitors,European Patent Publication.1992,
91 Hilder V. A., Powell K. S., Gatehouse A. M. R., Gatehouse J. A., Gatehouse L. N., Shi Y., Hamilton W. D. O., Merryweather A., Newell C. A., Timans J. C., Peumans W. J., Damme E. v. and Boulter D. Expression of snowdrop lectin in transgenic tobacco plants results in added protection against aphids. Transgenic Research. 1995, 4 (1): 18-25.
92 Ho J, Weide R, Ma H, van W M, Lambert K, Koornnee M, Zabel P, and Williamson V.The root2knot nematode resistance gene (Mi) in tomato : construction of a molecular linkage map and identification of dominant cDNA markers in resistant genotypes. plant Journal, 1992,2(6):971 - 982.
93 Hoekema A., Hirsch P. R., Hooykaas P. J. J., Schilperoort R. A. A binary plant vector strategy based on separation of virand T-region of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti-plasmid. Nature, 1983, 303:179-180.
94 Holm H., Jorgensen A. and Hanssen L. E. Raw soy and purified proteinase inhibitors induce the appearance of inhibitor-resistant trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in Wistar rat duodenal juice. J. Nutr. 1991, 121 (4): 532-538.
95 HoodE. E., Gelvin, S. B., Melchers L. S., Hoekema A. New Agrobacterium helper plasmids for gene transfer to plants. Transgenic Res, 1993, 2:208-218.
96 Horsch R. B., Rogers S. G., Fraley R. T. Transgenic plants. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, 1985, 50:433-437.
97 Huang CS. Anatomy and physiology of giant cells induced by root-knot nematodes. In An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne(Sasser, J.N. and Carter, C.C., eds). Raleigh, NC, USA: North Carolina State University Graphics.1985.pp.155–164.
98 Huang G., Allen R., Davis E. L., Baum T. J. and Hussey R. S. Engineering broad root-knot resistance in transgenic plants by RNAi silencing of a conserved and essential root-knot nematode parasitism gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006, 103 (39): 14302-14306.
99 Hutangura P, Mathesius U, Jones MGK, Rolfe BG. Auxin induction is a trigger for root gall formation caused by root-knot nematodes in white clover and is associated with the activation of the flavonoid pathway. Aust. J. Plant Physiol, 1999, 26:221–31.
100 Hwang C.-F., Bhakta A. V., Truesdell G. M., Pudlo W. M. and Williamson V. M. Evidence for a Role of the N Terminus and Leucine-Rich Repeat Region of the Mi Gene Product in Regulation of Localized Cell Death. Plant Cell. 2000, 12 (8): 1319-1329.
101 Hwang I. and Goodman H. M. An Arabidopsis thaliana root-specific kinase homolog is induced by dehydration, ABA, and NaCl. Plant J. 1995, 8 (1): 37-43.
102 Jan F. J., Pang S. Z., Tricoli D. M., Gonsalves, D. Evidence that resistance in squash mosaic comovirus coat protein-transgenic plants is affected by plant developmental stage and enhanced by combination of transgenes from different lines. J Gen Virol, 2000, 81:2299-2306.
103 Jefferon, R. A. Assaying chimeric genes in plants: the gus gene. Plant Mol Biol Rep, 1987, 5:387-405.
104 Jelaska, S. Embryoid formation by fragments of cotyledons and hypoeotyls in cucurbitapepo. Planta (Berl.) ,1972, 103:278-280.
105 Jones J. Harpin. Pesticide outlook, 2001, 12(4):134-135.
106 Jones M. G. K. and Payne H. L. Early stages of nematode-induced giant-cell formation in roots of Impatiens balsamina. J. Nematol. 1978, 10, 70-84.
107 Jongsma M. A., Stiekema W. J. and Bosch D. Combatting inhibitor-insensitive proteases of insect pests. Trends in Biotechnology. 1996, 14 (9): 331-333.
108 Jongsma M., Bakker P., Peters J., Bosch D. and Stiekema W. Adaptation of Spodoptera exigua Larvae to Plant Proteinase Inhibitors by Induction of Gut Proteinase Activity Insensitive to Inhibition. PNAS. 1995, 92 (17): 8041-8045.
109 Kaloshian I, Yaghoobi J, Liharska T, Hontelez J, Hanson D, Hogan P, Jesse T, Wijbrandi J, Simons G, Vos P, Zabel P, and Williamson V M. Genetic and physical localization of the root-knot nematode resistance locus Mi in tomato. Mol. Gen. Genet., 1998,257:376-385.
110 Kaplan D. T. and Davis E. L. A Bioassay to Estimate Root Penetration by Nematodes. Journal of Nematology. 1991, 23 (4): 446-450.
111 Karimi M, de Oliveira Manes C-L, Van Montagu M, Gheysen G. Activation of a Pgrp-gus fusion in Arabidopsis thaliana roots upon nematode infection. J.Nematol, 2002, 34(2): 75-79.
112 Katavi? V., Jelaska S., Bakran-Petricioli T., David C. Host-tissue differences in transformation of pumpkin (Cucurbitapepo L.) by Agrobacterium spp.. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1991, 24:35-42.
113 Kathal R., Bhatnagar S. P., Bhojwani S. S. Regeneration of plants from leaf explants of cucumis melo cv. Pusa Sharbati. Plant Cell Rep, 1988, 7:449-451.
114 Kathiravan K., Vengedesan G., Singer S., Steinitz B., Paris H. S., Gaba1 V. Adventitious regeneration in vitro occurs across a wide spectrum of squash (cucurbita pepo) genotypes. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 2006, 85:285-295.
115 Keller B. and Baumgartner C. Vascular-specific expression of the bean GRP 1.8 gene is negatively regulated. Plant Cell. 1991, 3 (10): 1051-1061.
116 Khanna R., Lee E. J., Papazian D. M. Transient calnexin interaction confers long-term stability on folded K+ channel protein in the ER. J Cell Sci ,2004, 117:2897-2908.
117 Kim S. G., Chang J. R., Cha H. C., Lee K. W. Callus growth and plant regeneration in diverse cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1988 12:67-74.
118 Klein- Lankhorst R., Vermunt A., Weide R., Liharska T., and Zabel P. Isolation ofmolecular markers for tomato ( L 1 esculentum) using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). TAG, 1991,83(1):108-114.
119 Koltai H, Dhandaydham M, Opperman C, Thomas J, Bird D. Overlapping plant signal transduction pathways induced by a parasitic nematode and a rhizobial endosymbiont. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact,2001, 14:1168–77.
120 Koltai H. and McKenzie Bird D. Epistatic repression of PHANTASTICA and class 1 KNOTTED genes is uncoupled in tomato. The Plant Journal. 2000, 22 (5): 455-459.
121 Kondo H., Abe K., Emori Y. and Arai S. Gene organization of oryzacystatin-II, a new cystatin superfamily member of plant origin, is closely related to that of oryzacystatin-I but different from those of animal cystatins. FEBS Lett. 1991, 278 (1): 87-90.
122 Kondo H., Abe K., Nishimura I., Watanabe H., Emori Y. and Arai S. Two distinct cystatin species in rice seeds with different specificities against cysteine proteinases. Molecular cloning, expression, and biochemical studies on oryzacystatin-II. J Biol Chem. 1990, 265 (26): 15832-15837.
123 Kouzuma Y, Kawano K, Kimura M, et al. Purification, characterization, and sequencing of two cysteine proteinase inhibitors, sea and scb, from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds. Journal Biochem (Tokyo), 1996, 119 (6):1106~1113
124 Kraus T. W., Eble M. J. and Raeth U. Developments up to now and current status of adjuvant chemo- and radiotherapy in colonic and rectal carcinoma. Langenbecks Arch. Chir. 1994, 379 (6): 353-357.
125 Kuiper H. A., Kleter G. A., Noteborn H. P. J. M. and Kok E. J. Assessment of the food safety issues related to genetically modified foods. Plant Journal. 2001, 27 (6): 503-528.
126 Lambert K. N., Ferrie B. J., Nombel A. G., Brenner E. D. and Williamson V. M. Identification of genes whose transcripts accumulate rapidly in tomato after root-knot nematode infection. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 1999, 55 341-348.
127 Lamberti F, Lemos R M,Sasanelli N. Effect of some nematicides on root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp. ) on vegetable crops in Portugal. Nematologia Mediterranea, 2001, 29(1):167-176.
128 Liharska T B. Resistance to root - knot nematodes in tomato [A]∥Fenoll C, Grundler FMW, Ohl SA. Cellular and Molecular aspects of Plant-Nematode Interactions[C]. Netherland: Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1997. 191-199.
129 Lilley C. J. and Atkinson H. J. Promoters for control of root-feeding nematodes.UK.1997,
130 Lilley C. J., Urwin P. E., Johnston K. A. and Atkinson H. J. Preferential expression of a plant cystatin at nematode feeding sites confers resistance to Meloidogyne incognita andGlobodera pallida. Plant Biotechnology Journal. 2004, 2 (1): 3-12.
131 Lilley C. J., Urwin P. E., McPherson M. J. and Atkinson H. J. Characterization of intestinally active proteinases of cyst-nematodes. Parasitology. 1996, 113 ( Pt 4) 415-424.
132 Lilley C.J., Urwin PE, Johnston KA, et al. Preferential expression of a plant cystatin at nematode feeding sites confers resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera pallida. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2004, 2 (1):3~12
133 Liu S. T., Zhao Z. Z., Miao Q. Tissue culture and rapid propagation of cucurbita ficifolia. Plant Physiol Commun, 2004, 40:459.
134 Llave C., Kasschau K. D., Carrington J. C. Virus-encoded suppressor of posttranscriptional gene silencing targets a maintenance step in the silencing pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 2000, 97:13401-13406.
135 Logemann J. and Schell J. Nucleotide sequence and regulated expression of a wound-inducible potato gene (wun1). Molecular and General Genetics. 1989, 219 (1): 81-88.
136 Losey J. E., Rayor L. S. and Carter M. E. Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae. Nature. 1999, 399 (6733): 214.
137 Marban-Mendoza N., Jeyaprakash A., Jansson H. B., R. A. Damon J. and Zuckerman B. M. Control of Root-knot Nematodes on Tomato by Lectins. Journal of Nematology. 1987, 19 (3): 331-335.
138 Marroquin L. D., Elyassnia D., Griffitts J. S., Feitelson J. S. and Aroian R. V. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin susceptibility and isolation of resistance mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics. 2000, 155 (4): 1693-1699.
139 Martin R. J. Modes of action of anthelmintic drugs. Vet. J. 1997, 154 (1): 11-34.
140 Meng J. G., Zeng Y. W. Invaluable and scarce vegetable resources and their development and utilization in Yunnan. Resources Science, 2000, 22:69-71.
141 Milligan S B, Bodeau J, Yaghoobi J, Kaloshian I, Zabel P, and Williamson V M. The Root Knot Nematode Resistance Gene Mi from Tomato Is a Member of the Leucine Zipper, Nucleotide Binding, Leucine-Rich Repeat Family of Plant Genes. Plant Cell, 1998,10(8):1307-1319.
142 M?ller SG, Urwin PE, Atkinson HJ, Mc-Pherson MJ. Nematode-induced expression of atao1, a gene encoding an extracellular diamine oxidase associated with developing vascular tissue. Physiol.Mol. Plant Pathol,1998, 53:73–79
143 Moreno V., Garcia-Sogo M., Granell I., Garcia-Sogo B., Roig L. A. Plant regeneration from calli of melon (cucumis melo L., cv. 'Amarillo Oro'). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1985, 5:139-146.
144 Murashige T., Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio-assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant, 1962, 15:473-497.
145 Niebel A, de Almeida Engler J, Hemerly A, Ferreira P, Inz′e D, et al. Induction of cdc2a and cyc1At expression in Arabidopsis during early phases of nematode-induced feeding cell formation.Plant J. ,1996,10:1037–1043.
146 Niebel A, Heungens K, Barthels N, Inz′e D, Van Montagu M, Gheysen G. Characterization of a pathogen-induced potato catalase and its systemic expression upon nematode and bacterial infection. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact.,1995,8:371–878.
147 Niebel A., de Almeida Engler J., Tire C., Engler G., Van Montagu M. and Gheysen G. Induction Patterns of an Extensin Gene in Tobacco upon Nematode Infection. Plant Cell. 1993, 5 (12): 1697-1710.
148 Niedz R. P., Smith S. S., Dunbar K. B., Stephens C. T., Murakishi H. H. Factors influencing shoot regeneration from cotyledonary explants of cucumis melo. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1989, 18:313-319.
149 Oppenheimer D. G., Haas N., Silflow C. D. and Snustad D. P. The beta-tubulin gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana: preferential accumulation of the beta 1 transcript in roots. Gene. 1988, 63 (1): 87-102.
150 Opperman C H, Taylor C G, Conkling M A. Root-Knot nematode-directed expression of a plant root-specific gene. SCIENCE, 1994, 263(5144).221-223.
151 Paul R. Burrows A. D. P. B., Christine A. Newell, William D. O. Hamilton,. Plant-derived enzyme inhibitors and lectins for resistance against plant-parasitic nematodes in transgenic crops. Pesticide Science. 1998, 52 (2): 176-183.
152 Potenza C, Thomas SH, Sengupta-Gopalan C. Genes induced during early response to Meloidogyne incognita in roots of resistant and susceptible alfalfa cultivars. Plant Sci. ,2001, 161:289–299.
153 Pusztai A., Grant G., Brown D. J., Stewart J. C., Bardocz S., Ewen S. W. B., Gatehouse A. M. R. and Hilder V. Nutritional evaluation of the trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) inhibitor from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.). British Journal of Nutrition. 1992, 68 783-791.
154 Pusztai A., Koninkx J., Hendriks H., Kok W., Hulscher S., Van D., E., J., M., Peumans W., J., Grant G. and Bardocz S. Effect of the insecticidal Galanthus nivalis agglutinin on metabolism and the activities of brush border enzymes in the rat small intestine. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 1996, 7 (12): 677-682.
155 Puzio P. S., Cai D., Ohl S., Wyss U. and Grundler F. M. W. Isolation of regulatory DNA regions related to differentiation of nematode feeding structures in Arabidopsis thaliana.Physiological and molecular plant pathology. 1998, 53 (3): 177-193.
156 Puzio P. S., Lausen J., Almeida-Engler J., Cai D., Gheysen G. and Grundler F. M. Isolation of a gene from Arabidopsis thaliana related to nematode feeding structures. Gene. 1999, 239 (1): 163-172.
157 Riddle D., Blumenthal T., Meyer B. and Priess J. C. elegans II.New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1997.
158 Roman-Ramos R., Flores-Saenz J. L., Alarcon-Aguilar F. J. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. J Ethnopharmacol, 1995, 48:25-32.
159 Roman-Ramos R., Lara-Lemus A., Alarcon-Aguilar F., Flores-Saenz J. L. Hypoglycemic activity of some antidiabetic plants. Arch Med Res,1992, 23:105-109.
160 Rossi M., Goggin F. L., Milligan S. B., Kaloshian I., Ullman D. E. and Williamson V. M. The nematode resistance gene Mi of tomato confers resistance against the potato aphid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998, 95 (17): 9750-9754.
161 Sasser J N. The international Meloidogyne project-its goals and accomplishments. Annual Review Phytopathology, 1983,21.271-288.
162 Sasser J. and Freckman D. A world perspective on nematology: the role of the society In: Veech JA, Dickerson DW (eds) Vistas on nematology. Society of nematologists, Hyattsuiffe, Maryland. 1987, pp 7-14.
163 Sasser J. N. Plant parasitic nematodes: the famer's hidden enemy. Raleigh Carolina: Carolina State University. 1989,13-15.
164 Sasser J. N. The international Meloidogyne project-its goals and accomplishments. Annual Review Phytopathology. 1983, 21 271-288.
165 Saxena D. and Stotzky G. Bt toxin uptake from soil by plants. Nat Biotechnol. 2001, 19 (3): 199.
166 Schmitz V B, Burgermeister W,Braasch H. Molecular genetic classification of central European Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallar populations. Nachrichtenbl.Deut. Pflanzenschutzd, 1998,50(12):310-317.
167 Sheehy B. A., Ho N. F., Burton P. S., Day J. S., Geary T. G. and Thompson D. P. Transport of model peptides across Ascaris suum cuticle. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2000, 105 (1): 39-49.
168 Shelton A. M. and Sears M. K. The monarch butterfly controversy: scientific interpretations of a phenomenon. Plant Journal. 2001, 27 (6): 483-488.
169 Siddiqi M. R. Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects, 2nd Edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford UK. 2000. pp 848.
170 Snustad D. P., Haas N. A., Kopczak S. D. and Silflow C. D. The small genome of Arabidopsis contains at least nine expressed beta-tubulin genes. Plant Cell. 1992, 4 (5): 549-556.
171 Sokal R. R., Rohlf F. J. Biometry, 2nd eds. W. H. Freeman, New York, 1981.
172 Sonti R. V., Chiurazzi M., Wong D., Davies C. S., Harlow G. R., Mount D. W., Signer, E. R. Arabidopsis mutants deficient in T-DNA integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 1995, 92:11786-11790.
173 Srivastava D. R., Andrianov V. M., Piruzian E. S. Tissue culture and plant regeneration of watermelon (citrullus vulgaris Schrad. cv. Melitopolski). Plant Cell Rep,1989, 8:300-302.
174 Strittmatter G, Gheysen G, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Hahn K, Niebel A, et al. Infections with various types of organisms stimulate transcription from a short promoter fragment of the potato gst1 gene. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact, 1996, 9:68–73.
175 Suda H, Aoyagi T, Hamada M, et al., Antipain, a new protease inhibitor isolated from agtinomycetes. The Journal of Antibiotics, 1972, 25(4):263~265.
176 Tabara H., Grishok A. and Mello C. C. RNAi in C. elegans: soaking in the genome sequence. Science. 1998, 282 (5388): 430-431.
177 Tan C., Qin S., Zhang Q., Jiang P., Zhao F. Establishment of a micro-particle bombardment transformation system for Dunaliella salina. J Microbiol,2005, 43:361-365.
178 Taylor A. L. and Sasser J. N. Biology, identification and control of root-knot nematodes. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Graphics. 1978, 101-103.
179 Tricoll D. M., Carney K. J., Russell P. F., McMaster J. R., Groff D. W., Hadden K. C., Himmel P. T., Hubbard J. P., Boeshore M. L., Quemada H. D. Field evaluation of transgenic squash containing single or multiple virus coat protein gene constructs for resistance to Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2 and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus. Biotechnology , 1995, 13:1458-1465.
180 Trulson A. J., Shahin E. A. In vitro plant regeneration in the genus cucumis. Plant Sci , 1986, 47:35-43.
181 Tzortzakakis E A and Gowen S R. Occurrence of a resistance breaking pathotype of Meloidogyne javanica on tomatoes in Crete,Greece. Fundam. Appl. Nematol, 1996,19:283-288.
182 Tzortzakakis E. A. and Gowen S. R. Occurrence of a resistance breaking pathotype of Meloidogyne javanica on tomatoes in Crete. Greece. Fundam. Appl. Nematol. 1996, 19 (3): 283-288.
183 Udalova V B. Evaluation of varieties and hybrids of cucumber for resistance to root knot nematode. VNII Selektsii I semenovod ovoshch kul'tur, 1977, 6:42-44.
184 Umezawa S, Tatsuta K, Fujcmoto K, et al., Structure of antipain, a new sakagughi-positive product of streptomyces. The Journal of Antibiotics, 1972, 25(4):267~270.
185 Urwin P E, Atkinson H J, Waller D A, McPherson M J. Engineered oryzacystatin-I expressed in transgenic hairy roots confers resistance to Globodera pallida. The Plant Journal, 1995,8(1).121-131.
186 Urwin P E, Lilley C J, McPherson M J, Atkinson H J. Resistance to both cyst and root-knot nematodes conferred by transgenic Arabidopsis expressing a modified plant cystatin. The Plant Journal, 1997, 12(2).455-461.
187 Urwin P. E., Green J. and Atkinson H. J. Expression of a plant cystatin confers partial resistance to Globodera, full resistance is achieved by pyramiding a cystatin with natural resistance. Molecular Breeding. 2003, 12 (3): 263-269.
188 Urwin P. E., Levesley A., McPherson M. J. and Atkinson H. J. Transgenic resistance to the nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis conferred by Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing proteinase inhibitors. Molecular Breeding. 2000, 6 (3): 257-264.
189 Urwin P. E., Lilley C. J. and Atkinson H. J. Ingestion of double-stranded RNA by preparasitic juvenile cyst nematodes leads to RNA interference. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 2002, 15 (8): 747-752.
190 Urwin P. E., McPherson M. J. and Atkinson H. J. Enhanced transgenic plant resistance to nematodes by dual proteinase inhibitor constructs. Planta. 1998, 204 (4): 472-479.
191 Urwin P. E., Troth K. M., Zubko E. I. and Atkinson H. J. Effective transgenic resistance to Globodera pallida in potato field trials. Molecular Breeding. 2001, 8 (1): 95-101.
192 Urwin P. E., Zubko E. I. and Atkinson H. J. The biotechnological application and limitation of IRES to deliver multiple defence genes to plant pathogens. Physiological and molecular plant pathology. 2002, 61 (2): 103-108.
193 Urwin P., Yi L., Martin H., Atkinson H. and Gilmartin P. M. Functional characterization of the EMCV IRES in plants. Plant Journal. 2000, 24 (5): 583-589.
194 Vain P, Worland B, Clarke MC, et al. Expression of an engineered cysteine proteinase inhibitor (Oryzacystatin-I delta D86) for nematode resistance in transgenic rice plants. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1998, 96 (2):266~271
195 van Daelen R, Gerbens F, van R F, Aarts J, Hontelez J, and Zabel P. Long2range physical maps of two loci (Aps - 1 and GP79) flanking the root-knot nematode resistance gene (Mi) near the centromere of tomato chromosome 6. Plant. Mol. Biol., 1993,23(1):185 - 192.
196 Van der Eycken W., de Almeida Engler J., Inze D., Van Montagu M. and Gheysen G. A molecular study of root-knot nematode-induced feeding sites. Plant J. 1996, 9 (1): 45-54.
197 van der Vossen E. A., van der Voort J. N., Kanyuka K., Bendahmane A., Sandbrink H., Baulcombe D. C., Bakker J., Stiekema W. J. and Klein-Lankhorst R. M. Homologues of a single resistance-gene cluster in potato confer resistance to distinct pathogens: a virus and a nematode. Plant J. 2000, 23 (5): 567-576.
198 Vercauteren I, De Groodt R, de Almeida Engler J, Gheysen G. An Arabidopsis thaliana pectin acetylesterase gene is upregulated in nematode feeding sites induced by root-knot and cyst nematodes.Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact,2002, 15:404-407.
199 Vercauteren I, Goeleven E, Barthels N, Van Montagu M, Gheysen G. 1998. The rha1 gene, encoding a small GTPbinding protein, is induced in nematode infection sites. Arch. Physiol. Biochim.106:158
200 Vercauteren I, Van Der Schueren E, Van Montagu M, Gheysen G. Arabidopsis thaliana genes expressed in the early compatible interaction with rootknot nematodes. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact.,2001, 14:288–99.
201 Vik C. P. and Birchfreld W. Scanning electron microscopy of perineal patterns of three species of Meloidogyne. J of Nematol. 1978, 10 (2): 118 - 122.
202 Voinnet O., Lederer C., Baulcombe D. C. A viral movement protein prevents spread of the gene silencing signal in Nicotiana benthamiana. Cell, 2000, 103:157-167.
203 Voinnet O., Vain P., Angell S., Baulcombe D. C. Systemic spread of sequence-specific transgene RNA degradation in plants is initiated by localized introduction of ectopic promoterless DNA. Cell, 1998, 95:177-187.
204 von Mende N, Oufattole M, Arango M, Boutry M, Leigh RA. Plasma membrane H+-ATPase expression during infection with sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes. Presented Int. Congress Plant Pathol., 7th, Edinburgh, UK. 1998.
205 Vos P, Simons G, and Jesse T, et al. The tomato Mi-1 gene confers resistance to both root-knot nematodes and potato aphids. Nat. Biotechnol., 1998,16(13):1365-1369.
206 Walters S A, Wehner T C,Barker K R. Root knot nematode resistance in cucumber and horned cucumber. HortScience, 1993, 28(2):151-154.
207 Wesley S. V., Helliwell C. A., Smith N. A., Wang M. B., Rouse D. T., Liu Q., Gooding P. S., Singh S. P., Abbott D., Stoutjesdijk P. A., Robinson S. P., Gleave A. P., Green A. G. and Waterhouse P. M. Construct design for efficient, effective and high-throughput gene silencing in plants. Plant J. 2001, 27 (6): 581-590.
208 Williams V M and Hussey R S. Nematode pathogenesis and resistance in plants. ThePlant Cell, 1996(8):1735 - 1745.
209 Williams V M. Plant Nematode resistance genes. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 1999(2):327 - 331.
210 Winstead N N,Sasser J N. Reaction of cucumber varieties to five root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Plant Disease Reporter, 1956, 40(4):272-275.
211 Winter M. D., McPherson M. J. and Atkinson H. J. Neuronal uptake of pesticides disrupts chemosensory cells of nematodes. Parasitology. 2002, 125 ( 6): 561-565.
212 Xu J, Narabu T, Mizukubo T, and Hibi T. A molecular marker correlated with selected virulence against the tomato resistance gene Mi in meloidogyne incognita ,M. javanica and M. arenaria. Phytopathology, 2001,91(4):377 - 382.
213 Xu H. J. Effect of KT and NAA on the regeneration of the Cucurbita ficifolia Bouch. Northern Horticulture, 200, 74:200-202.
214 Yaghoobi J, Kaloshian I, Wen Y, and Williamson V. Mapping a new nematode resistance locus in lycopersicon peruvianum. TAG, 1995,91(3):457 - 464.
215 Yamamoto Y T, Taylor C G, Acedo G N, Cheng C L, Conkling M A. Characterization of cis-Acting Sequences Regulating Root-Specific Gene Expression in Tobacco. Plant Cell, 1991,3(4).371-382.
216 Zuckerman B. M. and Jansson H. Nematode Chemotaxis and Possible Mechanisms of Host/Prey Recognition. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 1984, 22 (1): 95-113.
217 Zupan, J., Muth, T. R., Draper, O., Zambryski, P. The transfer of DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants: a feast of fundamental insights. The Plant Journal, 2000, 23:11-28.