摘要
产品设计重用是在20世纪末国内外开始兴起的一个研究领域,其主要思想是基于计算机技术如何挖掘、管理、利用企业现有设计资源,使企业资源的利用率最大化,同时支持新产品的快速创新开发。设计重用可有效的缩短产品开发周期,降低产品的设计成本,并提高设计质量。本文研究的零部件设计重用是产品设计重用的重要组成部分,据调查,在新产品设计中,约有40%-50%是重用过去的零部件,约有30%-40%是对已有的零部件稍作修改。
我国中小企业在数量上占企业总数的99%,所占GDP比重超过了大型企业,零部件设计重用具有重要意义。目前的零部件设计重用研究大多针对大型企业的大规模定制,但是中小企业人力、物力、财力方面无法满足实现大规模定制系统要求,关键是中小企业现有的树状零部件库很难描述零部件之间相关联关系,但是重建零部件库需花费大量人力、物力,现在的问题是能否基于现有零部件库基础上实现设计重用。
为此,本文课题在国家自然基金项目资助下,面向中小企业研究了零部件设计重用若干关键问题,提出了双知识网映射的零部件设计重用方法。结合我国国情,研究适合于中小企业的零部件设计重用方法,无疑是一个值得研究的重要课题。本文主要工作内容如下:
(1)提出了一种粗细粒度双知识网映射的零部件设计知识重用方法。该方法在中小企业现有产品零部件图形数据库结构的关系树状表达知识基础上,借鉴语义网知识,构造了一个粗粒度网状零部件知识网,用来描述零部件的主要设计信息(例如齿轮的齿数、模数等)及零部件设计信息的特征与特征、特征与属性以及属性与属性的联系,建立各零部件之间的关联联系。将企业原有的图形数据库作为细粒度树状知识网,进而建立了两个知识网的映射关系,以实现零部件知识重用。给出了零部件基于CAD模型知识获取若干关键技术,包括基于CAD模型的零部件参数和几何信息装配关系等知识的获取、存储等关键技术的实现。
(2)给出基于粗细粒度双网映射的零部件知识相似度检索计算方法。根据中小企业零部件重用的需要检索的知识,给出了一个零部件设计重用的粗细粒度以及二者之间映射的零部件相似度检索算法,该相似度计算主要包括粗粒度知识网的数值型特征相似度计算、概念相似度计算、关系相似度计算;细粒度知识网的相似度计算以及其各相似度权重的估算方法,本检索方法通过实例进行了验证。
(3)给出了基于Web服务的零部件参数化设计重用共享资源方法。为中小企业提供零部件设计重用的共享资源,借鉴软件重用中的组件模型可重用服务,将接口与实现过程相分离思想,提出了一个基于Web服务的零部件参数化设计重用共享资源方法。用户在客户端既可以通过设计接口直接驱动服务器端设计服务层中的共享的设计重用模板完成相应的设计功能,也可以是由用户提出设计需求,由服务器端的人员驱动设计模板完成设计需求;设计服务层是由服务器端的一系列设计重用服务模板组成,用于零部件的三维实体建模、有限元仿真或其它设计过程;设计结果层表现形式上主要是实体模型,工程分析优化数据等。该方法为中小企业提供共享的设计资源,拓展了中小企业设计知识重用的范围。
上述工作期望有助于中小企业的零部件知识重用理论和方法研究进展,期望有助于提高中小企业的产品设计重用质量和效率,以及提高中小企业的产品知识的设计和信息化水平。
Design reuse of product has become a hot research field outside China since the late20th century. Its main idea is to maximize the usage of the resources, meanwhile to support the rapid innovative develop of new products by mining, managing and utilizing the existing design resources of enterprise with the help of computer technology.Design reuse can effectively shorten the development cycle of new product, reduce design costs and improve design quality.Parts design reuse is an important component of design reuse.It has been reported that when designing a new product, about40%to50%parts of the old products are reused and about30%to40%are slightly modified.
Ninety nine percent of the enterprises in china are the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs),and the GDP of SMEs has exceeded that of the large enterprises. Therefore, the parts design reuse technology is of great significance for the SMEs.However, the current design reuse mainly focuses on mass customization for the large enterprises,while most of SMEs are difficult to meet the requirements on mass customization due to the limitation in finance and human&material resources.The main obstacle is that the existing tree-structure-based parts library can hardly describe the relevant connection among different parts, while building a new parts library requires large costs such as manpower and money. Therefore, the present problem is how to realize the design reuse based on the current parts library.
This dissertation, under the support of National Natural Science Foundation of China, presentes parts design reuse methods with coarse-grained two-network-mapping to deal with several key problems of parts design reuse for SMEs.In accordance with the national conditions of China, study on parts design reuse methods for SMEs is undoubtedly an important project worth researching.This paper presents the following major tasks of the study:
Firstly, we propose a parts design reuse method with coarse-grained two-network-mapping. Based on the SMEs'existing graphic parts library with relation tree, the method adopts a semantic web to construct a parts knowledge network with coarse structure.This coarse parts knowledge network is used to describe the main design information(such as the number of gear teeth and gear modules) and their relationships among different features and different attributes,between features and attributes.Therefore,the associated relations between different parts are built. The existing graphic parts library of the enterprise is taken as a knowledge network with grained structure.Furthermore,a mapping relation between the two knowledge networks is established to reuse the parts design knowledge.The key technologies of acquiring the knowledge of CAD model of parts are also discussed, including the acquisition of assembly relation between parameter and geometrical information of CAD model, the data storage and so forth.
Secondly, a parts knowledge similarity retrieval algorithm based on coarse-grained two-network-mapping is presented. According to the required retrieval knowledge for parts reuse of the SMEs, we establish parts design reuse networks with coarse and grained structure respectively, and propose a part similarity retrieval algorithm based on the mapping between the two networks.The similarity calculation includes the computing between definition similarities,value similarities, relation similarities and the estimation method of different similarity weights.Finally, the retrieval algorithm is validated and demonstrated by an example.
Thirdly, we present a parametric design resource reuse method for parts design based on web service.The proposed framework borrows the ideas from component model of software reuse, such as reuse service,separation of interface and realization procedure.The reuse framework for parts can be divided into three layers:the design interface layer, the design service layer, and the design result layer. Users log onto the design interface layer on the user terminal and complete corresponding design by driving the shared design reuse templates on the design service layer of the server terminal.The design service layer consists of a series of service templates for parts design use to provide the following functions:3D solid modeling, finite element simulation and other design procedures.The design result layer provides and displays solid models, the optimizied data and so on.The propoposed method can provide the shared design resources for the SMEs and extend the range of design knowledge reuse for SMEs.
The above works are hoped to promote advance in the theory and method of parts design reuse for SMEs and to improve the product design quality and efficiency for the SMEs.It is also expected to promote the level of the product knowledge design and informatization.
引文
[1]路甬祥.团结奋斗开拓创新建设制造强国[J].中国机械工程,2002,13(23):1989-1996
[2]Rezayat M. Knowledge-based product development using XML and KCs[J]. Computer-aided design, 2000,32(5-6):299-309
[3]Sivaloganathan S, Shahin T M M. Design reuse:an overview[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B:Journal of Engineering Manufacture,1999,213(7):641-654
[4]Finger S. Design reuse and design research[C]. Proceeding of Engineering Design Conference on Design Reuse, Middlesex, UK,1998
[5]秦红斌,李仁旺.肖人斌.等.面向大批量定制的产品族基因模型研究[J].机械设计,2006.23(12):18-22
[6]Scherer A. Reuse of CAD design by a neural-network approach[J]. Engineering Application of Artificial Intelligence.1996,9(4):413-421
[7]王玉,邢渊,阮雪榆.设计重用研究[J].机械科学与技术.2001,20(5):767-770
[8]Shah J J, Finger S, Lu S, et al. ED2030:Strategic plan for engineering design[R]. Final Report NSF Workshop on Engineering Design in Year 2030. Gold Canyon, Arizona,2004
[9]Pahl G, Beitz W. Engineering design:a systematic approach[M]. New York:Springer,1996
[10]Ball L J, Lambell N J, Ormerod T C,et al. Representing design rationale to support innovative design reuse:a minimalist approach[J]. Automation in Construction,2001,10(6):663-674
[11]Majchrzak A, Cooper L P, Neece O E. Knowledge reuse for innovation[J]. Management Science, 2004,50(2):174-188
[12]Duffy A H B, Smith J S, Duffy S M. Design reuse research:a computational perspective[C]. Engineering Design Conference on Design Reuse, Middlesex, UK,1998
[13]Wognum P M, Smith I F C. Reuse of designs[J]. Knowledge-based Systems,1996,9(2):79-81
[14]Sudarsan R, Fenves S J. Sriram R, et al. A product information modeling framework for product lifecycle management[J]. Computer-Aided Design,2002,37(13):1399-141
[15]Peak R S, Fulton R E, Nishigaki I. et al. Integrating engineering design and analysis using a multi-representation approach[J]. Engineering with Computers,1998.14(2):93-114
[16]Szykman S, Sriram R D. Bochenek C. et al. Design repositories:engineering design's new knowledge base[J]. IEEE Intelligent Systems and Their Applications,2000,15(3):48-55
[17]Kitamura Y, Mizoguchi R. Ontology-based description of functional design knowledge and its use in a functional way server[J]. Expert Systems with Applications,2003,24(2):153-166
[18]Bidarra R, Bronsvoort W F. Semantic feature modeling[J]. Computer-Aided Design,2000,32(3): 201-225
[19]郭鸣,李善平,董金祥,等.基于本体论及语义Web的产品信息模型研究[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2004,38(1):22-28
[20]Lee R J V, Young R I M. Information supported design and manufacture of injection-moulded rotational products[J]. International Journal of Production Research,1998,36(12):3347-3366
[21]Costa C A, Young R I M Product range models supporting design knowledge reuse[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B:Journal of Engineering Manufacture,2001, 215(3):2041-2975
[22]蔡波,陆续翔,陆长德.产品概念设计重用研究[J].机械科学与技术,2002,21(4):669-674
[23]王玉,邢渊,阮雪榆.机械产品设计重用策略研究[J].机械工程学报,2002,38(5):145-148
[24]张树勋,唐洪英,龚箭.可重用集成设计单元模型研究[J].计算机工程与应用研究,2002,(3):23-26
[25]肖卫东,黄凯歌.语义信息模型及应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2002
[26]Wang Xin, Xiong Guangleng. Supporting design reuse based on integrated design rationale[C]. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Cybernetics,2001:1909-1912
[27]高天一.产品设计仓库系统的研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2003
[28]张开富,李原,邵毅.支持无余量装配的容差语义建模技术研究[J].机械科学与技术,2004,23(11):1356-1359
[29]莫建中,奚立峰,李锐,等.基于语义网络模型的面向装配的设计研究[J].上海交通大学学报,1997,31(3):66-69
[30]刘振宇,谭建荣,张树有.基于语义识别的虚拟装配运动引导研究[J].软件学报,2002,13(3):382-389
[31]冯毅雄,谭建荣,张树有,等.一种基于符号的产品设计单元重用技术[J].中国机械工程,2003,14(15):1309-1314
[32]李善平,尹奇,胡玉杰,等.本体论研究综述[J].计算机研究与发展,2004,41(7):1041-1052
[33]Patil L, Dutta D, Sriram R. Ontology-based exchange of product data semantics[J]. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering,2005,2(3):213-225
[34]高鹏,林兰芬,蔡铭,等.基于本体映射的产品配置模型自动获取[J].计算机集成制造系统,2003,9(9):23-27
[35]郝永平,王崇海,宁汝新,等.基于本体论的产品全过程知识共享研究[J].机械工程学报,2002,38(12):126-130
[36]吴健,陈珂,董金祥.基于语义网的产品配置知识表达及检索[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(1):129-136
[37]Ong S K, Guo D O. An online Web-based environment for detailed design reuse[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2006,27(5/6):462-467
[38]Ahmed S. Encouraging reuse of design knowledge:a method to index knowledge[J]. Design studies, 2005,26(6):565-592
[39]Yang M C, Wood W H, Cutkosky M R. Design information retrieval:a thesauri-based approach for reuse of informal design information[J]. Engineering with Computers,2005,21(2):177-192
[40]Ong S K, Guo D O. Online design reuse tool for the support of the generation, embodiment and detailed design of products[J]. International Journal of Production Research,2004,42(16): 3301-3331
[41]檀润华,杨伯军.张建辉.基于TRIZ的产品创新模糊前端设想产生模式研究[J].中国机械工程,2008.19(16):1990-1995
[42]陈志英,张向强.基于UG零件库的建立[J].机械设计与制造,2001,(8):49-51
[43]杜江,韩毅,李原,等.Pro/E 20001环境下基于参数化典型零件库的造型系统[J].机械科学与技术,2002,21(3):305-306
[44]范承亚,张素智.在I-DEAS软件中建立标准零件库的方法与实现[J].计算机辅助设计与制造,1996,(]1):39-41
[45]郭良辉,徐宏,刘宽宏,等.基于Pro/Engineer2001标准零件库的建立[J].机械研究与应用,2004,17(1):90-91
[46]刘洁,李言.二次开发SolidWorks建立国标零件库[J].计算机辅助设计与制造,2000,(10):43-44
[47]邱宏扬,张明超,谢嘉生.Pro/E标准零件库的建立[J].模具工业,2003,(]):11-13
[48]石晶,焦洪宇,张涛.Pro/E Wild Fire中零件库的建立方法[J].机械设计与制造,2005,5(5):137-138
[49]叶林,陈新度,周环伟.基于Pro/E的参数驱动的标准零件库的建立[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2005,(8):107-109
[50]张宝霞,韩培年.AutoCAD的二次开发及应用-常用标准零件库系统的建立[J].甘肃科学学报,1996,(1):48-50
[51]王小虎,殷国富,徐雷.面向Solid Edge的参数化标准件图库开发方法[J].机械设计与制造,2010,(8):190-192
[52]何毅斌,陈定方,杨建国,等.一个轴类零件参数化三维CAD系统的实现[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版),2008,32(2):248-250
[53]约瑟夫萧塔纳.制造企业的产品数据管理-原理、概念、策略[M].北京:机械[业出版社,2000
[54]杨志雄.面向大规模定制的Web零件库的若干关键技术和系统的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2004
[55]Pierra G, Potier J C, Girard M P. Design and exchange of parametric models for parts libraries[C]. Proc of the 27th International Symposium on Advanced Transportation Applications, Aachen, Germany,1994
[56]王平,詹俊峰.支持网络信息共享的标准零件库[J].世界标准化与质量管理,2001,30-31
[57]余军合,祁国宁,吴昭同.基于零件库标准的产品信息、建模技术[J].计算机集成制造系统,2002,8(4):263-268
[58]李云山,车帅,唐金翔,等.基于Web的参数化零件库系统设计与实现[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术、2003,(4):4-6
[59]吴斌,吴义忠,奚立峰.基于可扩展标记语言的典型零部件设计系统研究[J].计算集成制造系统,2006,12(1):9-13
[60]杨志雄,祁国宁,顾新建.面向大规模定制的Web零件库的研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2005,11(4):541-547
[61]徐毅,陈旺,金博,等.基于Web和Pro/E的零部件设计重用系统研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2007,13(12):2309-2315
[62]鲁泳,廖文和,黄翔.基于Web的零件库系统关键技术的研究与实现[J].机械科学与技术,2004,23(9):1076-1079
[63]孟宪福,崔建国.基于CORBA分布式零件库系统设计与实现[J].大连理工大学学报,2001,41(4):498-500
[64]庞如英,刘大成,陈红霞.基于Web的跨平台零件库系统的研究与开发[J].机械设计与制造,2003,6(3):12-14
[65]刘白,汪大鹏,郝诗明.敏捷制造环境下企业零件库建库方法[J].机械与电子,2001,(2):41-43
[66]李迎光,周儒荣,黄翔,等.动态扩充的零件库系统的研究与开发[J].机械科学与技术,2002,22(3):505-507
[67]Busby J S. The Problem with design reuse:An investigation into outcomes and antecedents[J]. Journal of Engineering Design,1999,10(3):276-296
[68]Brunetti G, Golob B. A feature-based approach towards an integrated product model including conceptual design information [J]. Comput-Aided Design,2000,32(14):877-887
[69]侯亮,颜黄苹,陈永明.面向大规模定制的网络化CAE系统研究与应用[J].机械:工程学报,2005,41(4):143-147
[70]刘飞,雷琦,宋豫川.网络化制造的内涵及研究发展趋势[J].机械工程学报,2003,39(8):1-6
[71]赵海燕,刘点兵.分布式网络化焊接数值模拟系统的研究[J].机械工程学报,2004,40(1):170-173
[72]3C Recommendation. OWL Web Ontology Language Overview[EB/OL]. [2004]. http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/
[73]谷文栋,夏国平,尤薇佳.基于语义网的企业知识集成方法[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2007,33(2):243-247
[74]付相君.基于本体和Semantic Web技术的产品知识集成基础研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2005
[75]Arndt W, Ehinger G, Mayr R. Use of the DIN standard parts library[C]. Proceedings of the 1991 International HP Users Conference,1991:232-42
[76]宁汝新,徐弘山.机械制造中的CAD/CAM技术[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,1991
[77]刘鹤坤,向文,周济,等.集成化CAD/CAM的产品定义模型[J].制造业自动化,1991,32-7
[78]李建康,程惟,丁宗红.柔性的分层次的、适用于CIMS的零件分类编码系统[J].成组技术与生产现代化,1991,3(5):20-24
[79]胡广云,姚寿广,陈宁.图纸标题栏与BOM表信息自动提取方法的研究[J].船舶,2005,(4):59-61
[80]HP Labs Semantic Web Programme.Jena 2-A Semantic Web Framework[EB/OL].[2004]. http://www.hpl.hp.com/semweb/jena2.htm
[81]丁玉兴,陶冶.国内中小企业CAD应用现状[J].农机化研究,2004,(2):210-211
[82]成大先.机械设计手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2008
[83]蔡文沁,彭培林,姜寿山.航空产品设计知识的表示与重用技术研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2004,10(1):55-58
[84]韦俊民,金隼,林忠钦,等.产品族设计中的零件相似性评价方法[J].上海交通大学学报,2007,41(8):1218-1222
[85]李双跃,殷国富,龙红能.基于工艺特征的夹具实例检索算法研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2007,13(7):1428-1431
[86]顾寄南,周小青.基于机械资源库的零部件相似性的研究和实现[J].中国机械工程,2006,17(12):1257-1260
[87]王珂,廖文和,郭宇,等.基于位索引的多层次实例检索模型研究[J].中国机械工程,2007,18(16):1953-1956
[88]周宏明,薛伟,詹永照,等.面向产品配置的相似度计算模型及实现方法[J].中国机械工程,2007,18(13):1531-1535
[89]周驰,马恺,阮锋.一种计算冲压零件轮廓相似度的快速算法[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(2):77-81
[90]宋玲.语义相似度及其应用研究[D].济南:山东大学,2009
[91]Surma J, Braunschweig B. Case-based retrieval in process engineering:supporting design by reusing flow sheets[J]. Engineering Application Artificial Intellignce,1996,9(4):385-391
[92]周小青.基于机械资源库的零部件相似性的研究[D].镇江:江苏大学,2005
[93]Floyd S, Jacobson V. Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance[J]. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Net2 working,1993,1(4):397-413
[94]Tverskv A. Features of similarity [J]. Psychological Review,1977,84(4):327-352
[95]吉锋.基于语义Web的协同制造链快速构建研究[D].西安:西北工业大学,2007
[96]于海英.字符串相似度度量中LCS和GST算法比较[J].电子科技,2011,24(3):101-104
[97]AGIRRE E, RIGAU G. A proposal for word sense disambiguation using conceptual distance[C]. International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing. Velingrad,1995: 258-264
[98]车万翔,刘挺,秦兵,等.面向双语句对检索的汉语句子相似度计算[C].全国第七届计算语言学联合学术会议,北京.2003:81-88
[99]金博,史彦军,滕弘飞.基于语义理解的文本相似度算法[J].大连理工大学学报,2005,45(2):291-297
[100]郭庆琳,李艳梅,唐琦.基于VSM的文本相似度计算的研究[J].计算机应用研究,2008,25(11):3256-3258
[101]Zhenyu Yanga, Ke Tanga, Xin Yao. Large scale evolutionary optimization using cooperative coevolution[J]. Information Sciences.2008,178(15):2985-2999
[102]Deb K, Pratap A, Agarwal S, et al. A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm:NSGA-Ⅱ[J]. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation.2002,6(2):182-197
[103]Tony, Richard. The Lancaster corpus of Mandarin Chinese[EB/OL]. [2004]. http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/projects/corpus/LCMC/
[104]Shahin T, Andrews P T J. Sivaloganathan S. A design reuse system[C]. Proceedings of the Engineering Design Conference. Brunei University, Uxbridge. West London,1998:163-172
[105]宋满仓,吴启峰.注射模零件三维参数化图库的开发[J].模具CAD/CAM,2004,(10):9-12
[106]Rine D C, Nada N.An empirical study of a software reuse reference model[J]. Information and Software Technology,2000,42(1):47-65
[107]Fichman R G,Kemerer C F.Incentive compatibility and systematic software reuse[J].Journal of Systems and Software,2001,57(4):45-60
[108]BROWN A W, SHORT K. On components and object:foundations of component-based development[C].Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Assessment of Software Tools and Technologies, Pittsburgh,1997:112-121
[109]Chen Y F, Huang Z D, Chen L P, et al. Parametric process planning based on feature parameters of parts[J].International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 2006,28(7-8):727-736
[110]耿建光.工程系统过程集成和设计优化-iSIGHT的过程集成与设计自动化[J].军民两用技术与产品,2002,(11):45-47
[111]AEA Technology Corporation. EASA 3.1 Users Guide[M].United Kingdom Harwell:AEA Technology Corporation,2005